Creative Computing Magazine (May 1980) Volume 06 Number 05

May 1980

vol 6, no 5

$2.50

Computer :
lalysis of Stock Options
dgeting Model
lopping Lists
ome Inventory
. Jome Purchase
• Retirement Planning

How Safe is Your Computer?

Computer-Aided .

Model Rocket Design

I
Carpooling Update

The Sargon Chronicle

Evaluations and Reviews:

• APF Imagination Machine

• Universal Data Entry System

• Personal Software's Desktop/Plan

• Microsoft Adventure

Charles Babbage: A Look Back

Two Natural Language System

Columns:
• PET • Apple

• TRS-80 • Reviews
• Intelligent Games

• Software Copyright

AM

iimcsse

QKJH

* .

Working its way through colleges.

The way in which some college and university-level
educators are using Apple computers is an education
in itself.

An economical, intelligent terminal.

The University of Michigan, for example, recently
clustered together a number of Apples as intelligent
terminals to a timesharing system for teaching
Engineering classes. For about the same cost as mere
terminals, they obtained stand-alone computers that can
receive down-loaded programs and operate independently
of the university's large Amdahl. As a result, computer
throughput has increased nearly five times.

To teach computer literacy, rely on Apple.

After being impressed by our system design, inherent
reliability and ability to provide hands-on usage, North
Texas State University picked Apple to teach BASIC in
computer literacy classes. And they haven't been
disappointed. In fact, the Apples have been such a success,
the university's now using them under a grant from the
National Science Foundation to teach programming to
Dallas school teachers.

CIRCLE 1 08 ON READER SERVICE CARD

RASCAL spoken here.

At the University of California, San Diego, dozens of
Apples are being used to teach PASCAL to Introductory Com-
puter Science classes. Not only are the Apples less expensive
than the previous systems the university used, they're
more versatile. They provide high-resolution color graphics.
And since their arrival, UCSD has been teaching PASCAL
to many more students than was formerly possible.

We're serious about education.

For more about Apple, its audio capabilities, range of
educational peripherals, powerful software, easy expandability,
extended warranty and in most cases, same-day service, see
your nearby Apple dealer. We'll give you his name, address
and phone number, plus a free copy of our Educational
Information Package when you call 800-538-9696.
800-662-9238 in California. Or write: Apple Computer,
10260 Bandley Drive, Cupertino, California 95014.

No one is more dedicated to higher »_*■#

education than Apple.

<XP^

jdUj

creative

computing

software

Creative Computing Software

offers the educator, small business-
man, and home user outstanding
applications programs at modest
prices.

We offer a comprehensive selec-
tion of over 400 programs, on 70
tapes and disks for Apple II, TRS-80,
Sorcerer PET, Sol-20, Challenger,
andCP/M Systems.

Now, Creative Computing Soft-
ware brings you Sensational Savings!

sensational
software

Coming in June

Graphics and
Music Features

• Shape-Maker for the Apple

• Animation in TRS-80 Level II Basic

• Computer-Aided Sight Reading :

A new approach to teaching music

• Computers for the Composer

• Sorcerer Kaleidoscope

• Poke Graphics on the TRS-80

• VersaWriter: An In-depth Evaluation

• Computer Enhancement of

Old Piano Recordings

• Plotter and Printer Graphics

• Digital Audio: digital electronics

in sound reproduction

• Digital Recording

Coming in July

• Simulations— large and small in busi-

ness, science, population and ecology

• Put a Dungeon in Your Computer : How

to construct an Adventure-type of data
base

• The Electric Company: an economic
simulation game

• Computer Simulated Golf: test a
variety of playing strategies

Coming in
September

1 Special big education issue

Latched
Outputs

4 MHz
Crystal Clock

On Card

Voltage
Regulation

Parallel
I/O Port #1

\

Parallel
I/O Port #2

/

Parallel
I/O Port #3

\

RS-232 or
Current Loop
I/O Port #4

/

*&

Programmable
Baud Rate
UART with

Interval Timers

4 MHz Z-80A

Completely Buffered
Bus Interface

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Crotnimco W(.

8KROM
Capacity

IK RAM

- Standard Bus

for System

Expandability

The single card computer

with the features

that help you in real life

COMPLETE COMPUTER

In this advanced card you get a pro-
fessional quality computer that meets
today's engineering needs. And it's one
that's complete. It lets you be up and
running fast. All you need is a power
supply and your ROM software.

The computer itself is super. Fast
4 MHz operation. Capacity for 8K bytes
of ROM (uses 2716 PROMs which can
be programmed by our new 32K BYTE-
SAVER* PROM card). There's also 1K of
on-board static RAM. Further, you get
straightforward interfacing through an
RS-232 serial interface with ultra-fast
speed of up to 76,800 baud — software
programmable.

Other features include 24 bits of bi-
directional parallel I/O and five on-
board programmable timers.

Add to that vectored interrupts.

ENORMOUS EXPANDABILITY

Besides all these features the Cro-
memco single card computer gives you
enormous expandability if you ever need
it. And it's easy to expand. First, you
can expand with the new Cromemco
32K BYTESAVER PROM card mentioned
above. Then there's Cromemco's broad
line of S100-bus-compatible memory
and I/O interface cards. Cards with fea-
tures such as relay interface, analog
interface, graphics interface, opto-
isolator input, and A/D and D/A con-
version. RAM and ROM cards, too.

I

Card Cage 32K BYTESAVER PROM card

EASY TO USE

Another convenience that makes the
Model SCC computer easy to use is our
Z-80 monitor and 3K Control BASIC (in
two ROMs). With this optional software
you're ready to go. The monitor gives
you 12 commands. The BASIC, with 36
commands/functions, will directly ac-
cess I/O ports and memory locations —
and call machine language subroutines.

Finally, to simplify things to the ulti-
mate, we even have convenient card
cages. Rugged card cages. They hold
cards firmly. No jiggling out of sockets.

AVAILABLE NOW/ LOW PRICE

The Model SCC is available now at a
low price of only S450 burned-in and
tested (32K BYTESAVER only $295).

So act today. Get this high-capability
computer working for you right away.

Q

Cromemco

Incorporated
Specialists in computers and peripherals
280 BERNARDO AVE., MOUNTAIN VIEW, CA 94040 • (415) 964-7400
CIRCLE 140 ON READER SERVICE CARD

II

A

J^

Here's to your health! Six Vitaf acts
programs for you and your family.

Being healthy and happy is so very important. And now you
can use your Apple" PET/CBM" or TRS-80 '" computer to
help stay that way.

Introducing six new Personal Software'" Vitafacts Series
programs for your health: Growing Up, Heart Attacks, Talking
About Sex, Drinking St. Drugs, Birth Control, and Your Blood
Pressure.

Using a Vitafacts program is like getting advice from your
family doctor. Accurate, up-to-date medical information about
physical and mental health, presented in a friendly, straight-
forward way. You'll feel even more confident knowing that
each program is approved and endorsed by The College of
Family Physicians in Canada, where the Vitafacts Series is
created by The Richmond Software Group and Medifacts Ltd.

Each program includes a manual with diagrams and glossary,
a computer cassette, and an audio
cassette. The audio tape uses short
dramas and straight talk to tell the
story. Then the computer exercises
verify your new knowledge. And
because you use your knowledge
right away, you remember more. It's
fun! And a great way to learn.

Growing Up helps families cope
with the teenage years. Teenagers
learn more about their physical and
emotional changes, and parents learn
more about helping their children
through it all.

Heart Attacks describes what one
is, how to recognize it, what to do

TM-Vtufjctsisjtrjdrnurkof MedifactsLtd ;
Applrisitrjdrmjrk of Applr Computer. Inc.. rET
is j trademark of Commodore Business Machines.
/nc.;TRS-0O isa trademark of the Radio ShackHiv
of Tandy Corp.

when someone is experiencing one, and— most important-
how to help prevent one.

Talking About Sex, presented by two of Canada's fore-
most sex counselors, offers to adults the proper information
and appropriate attitude for a satisfying sex life.

Drinking & Drugs. No lecturing or talking down. Just
straight facts about the very real dangers of alcohol and
drugs. Prepared for teenagers, but good for adults.

Birth Control explains clearly and completely conception,
birth and prevention of unwanted pregnancies. Important
information for teenagers, and helpful for adults.

Your Blood Pressure. No one is immune to the risks of
high blood pressure. Knowledge is your best defense, and
this program has the information.

"Vita" means "Life" in Latin. We hope these programs
make your life healthier and happier.
Retail price is just $19.95.
Ask your Personal Software
dealer for a demonstration, and for
our new catalog. Call or write to find
your nearest dealer. (408) 745-7841
rtrsonal Software, Inc., 592 Weddell
Dr., Sunnyvale, CA 94086.

SEEUSATNCC
BOOTH 48-49

VITAFACTS

CIRCLE 178 ON READER SERVICE CARD

In This Issue

Information about the cover on page 4.

articles

24

28
32
42
46
50
52
54

56

64
74
82

84

88

92

The Magnificent Damon of Charles Babbage

Spangenburg

Babbage dreamed great quixotic dreams

Sam and Sir Davis

Two natural language systems

How Safe Is Your Computer? Powers

Big or small— computers are under attack

The Sargon Chronicle Ehara

An interview with the Spraklens

"So He Says He's Going to Qet

a Home Computer" Stonelake

Do You Need REM Statements? Boynton

There are other ways to make your programs clear

Stan and the Secret Language Wlnkless

Encryption and codes for home computers

The Kit That I Bought Pearson

Just a few vital parts missing

i Money With Your Computer

Stocks and Listed Options..

An introduction to analysis

Speedy Spend

Alternate personal budget models

Shoplist

Latest kitchen utensil

Computing Trash to Treasure

"Kick-back cash" is waiting

Home Inventory...

Complete with replacement costs

Home Buying by Computer.

Can you afford a home today?

Retirement and Inflation

Can you afford to retire?

Adler

.. Tinsley

McClure
Miller

...Sparks

...Lappen

..Whitney

evaluations & profiles

14 Pet 2022 Line Printer Watkins

Pros and cons, but for $995 it does the job

17 Desktop/Plan Carpenter

Personal Software's financial model system

20 Microsoft Adventure Cotter

The original version for the TRS-80

22 APF Imagination Machine VanHorn

Amazing capability from this low-cost entry

102 Universal Data Entry System Didday

A versatile package from the software store

applications - games

94 Checkboard Problem Reed

Comments on an (incorrect) solution

98 Carpooling & Personal Computers Craig

An update on this vital application

112 Computer-Aided Model Rocket Design Schlarb

Send your model rocket to the moon

118 Apple Strings Geiger

How to handle strings in Applesoft

124 InSearchof PI Mechner

Approximating Pi in Basic and APL

128 Magic Squares & Cubes Anstis & Howard

Computational techniques

134 Debouncing Your TRS-80 Hlnrichs

138 TRS-80 Software Challenge #1 Gray

departments

6 Input/Output Readers

Al, disk directory, clear Basic, flipping Frenchmen

10 Etcetera etal

12 Effective Writing Whitney

The Joy of Rewrite

146 TRS-80 Strings Gray

Drawing circles, challenge #2

1 52 Personal Electronic Transactions Yob

Data Pointers, Hangmath, modifications

158 Apple Cart Carpenter

Apple II vs Apple II Plus, more

166 Intelligent Computer Games Levy

Short look ahead, killer heuristic

172 Puzzles & Problems Ahl

174 Software Legal Forum Novick

1 76 Compleat Computer Catalogue Staples

Five pages of new products

182 Store of the Month

184 Book Reviews North, etal

192 Index to Advertisers

MAY 1980 VOLUMES, NUMBER 5

Creative Computing magazine it published monthly ty Creative Computing. P.O.
Box78»-M Morristown. NJ 07960 (Editorial office St Oumont Place. Morrietown. NJ
07960 Phono: (201 ) 540-0445. )

Domestic Subscription*: 1 2 Ihum. f 1 5. 24 Mum $28. 36 Mum $40 Sond »ub*cr i ptran
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Second class postage paid at Morristown. New Jersey end at additional mailing offices

Copyright* 1 980 by Creetive Computing All rights reserved Reproduction prohibited
Printed in USA

MAY 1980

Publisher/ Editor-in-chief David H. Ahl

Editor

Managing Editor
Associate Editor
Contributing Editors

Art Department

Production Manager
Editorial Assistant

Ted Nelson

Burchenal Green

Steve North

Frederick Chesson

Charles Carpenter

Margot Crltchfleld

Thomas W. Dwyer

Stephen B. Gray

Richard Kaapke

Stephen Klmmel

Harold Novlck

Peter Payack

Alvin Tolfler

C. Barry Townsend

Gregory Yob

KarlZinn

Nils Lommerin

Diana Negri

Chris DeMilia

Bob Borrell
Paulette Duval

Advertising Sales Marcia Wood

Renee Fox Chrlstman

Marketing Coordinators Nancy Wood
Sheryl Kennedy

Software Development Eric VanHom

Laura McLaughlin

Chris Vogell

Rob Rich

Software Production Mariellen Walsh

Business Manager Betsy Staples

Financial Coordinator William Baumann
Retail Marketing

Circulation
Office Assistants
Order Processing

Jennifer Burr
Laura Gibbons

Suzanne Guppy
Frances Mlscovich

Rosemary Bender
Linda McCatham

Carol Vita

Jill Eisgrau

Jim Zecchin

Karen Knight

Dorothy Staples

Gall Harris

Book Service Supervisor
Book Service

Byron Ware

Scott McLeod

Nick Ninnl

Mark Archambault

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Responsibility

Creative Computing will not be re-
sponsible for the return of unsolicited
manuscripts, cassettes, floppy disks,
program listings, etc. not submitted with
a self -addressed, stamped envelope.

Advertising Sales

Advertising Coordinator

Marcia Wood
Creative Computing
P.O. Box 789-M
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(201)540-9168

Western State, Texas

Jules E. Thompson, Inc.
1 290 Howard Ave., Suite 303
Burlingame, CA 94010
(415)348-8222

Southern California

Jules E. Thompson, Inc.

2560 Via Tejon

Palos Verdes Estates, CA 90247

(213)378-8361

MId-Atlentlc. Northeaat
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Co has set, MA 02025
(617)383-6136

New York Metropolitan Area
Nelson & Miller Associates, Inc.
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Hastlngs-on-Hudson, NY 10706
(914)478-0491

Southeast

Warren Langer Associates,

234 County Line Road

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(215)367-0820

Inc.

OK to Reprint

Material In Creative Computing may
be reprinted without permission by
school and collage publications, person-
al computing club newsletters, and
non-profit publications. Only original
material may be reprinted; that la, you
may not reprint a reprint. Also, each
reprint must carry the following notice on
the first page of the reprint in 7-point or
larger type (you may cut out and uae thia
notice if you wlah):

Copyright ©1980 by Creative Computing
51 Dumont Place, Morrlstown, NJ 07960
Sample Issue $2; 12-issue subscript $15

Please send us two copies of any
publication that carries reprinted materi-
al. Send to attention: David Ahl.

Back Issues

Back Issues of Creative Computing
are usually in stock for the current and
previous volume. Prices on back issues
are $2.00 each postpaid, three for $5.00,
or 10 for $15.00. Add $1.00 for postage
for up to 3 Issues or $2.00 for 4 or more.

Microform

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plete Information contact University
Microfilms International, Dept. F.A., 300
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18 Bedford Road, London WC1R 4EJ,
England.

Foreign Customers

Foreign subscribers In countries listed be-
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Many foreign agents stock Creative Com-
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Computing products may be ordered direct
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*

CREATIVE COMPUTING

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will *& W C tf OK H V A s 'JeS feS* MBff fS? »

$18.50. CHECK

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MAY 1980

input/

Output

Humanity = Intelligence = Chauvinistic

Dear Editor:

Though not an expert in the computer field, I enjoyed

C' recent issue concerning Artificial Intelligence. Dr.
ng's article made fascinating reading and the articles by
Doctors Dreyfus and Neisser brought up many interesting
points.

Webster defines intelligence as "the ability to learn or
understand or to deal with new or trying situations."
Obviously, this ability is not an absolute: in the development
of a brain (natural or artificial) there is some point below
which intelligence cannot exist, but above that point
intelligence exists on many levels. The point at which
intelligence first occurs is very unclear, but recent work
with animals indicates that at least many mammals and
birds appear to be able to fulfill Webster's definition and are
thought to possess at least a limited intelligence. This fact
alone appears to negate Dr. Dreyfus' statement that
"intelligence or the ability to reason cannot be separated
from the rest of human life."

My limited knowledge of the human mind makes me
agree completely with Dr. Neisser that machines do not now
and probably never will carry out mental processes as do
humans. I fail to see, however, how this fact eliminates the
possibility of intelligence in machines any more than it
eliminates some level of intelligence in the lower primates.

An interesting study might be to conduct Dr. Turing's
"imitation game" with the roles reversed by making the
interrogator and one subject a machine, and the other
subject a man. If the machine interrogator was easily able to
identify which subject was a man, would this prove the man
to be unintelligent? Hardly. It would simply prove that the
man was not adequately machinoid.

Although artificial intelligence researchers who attempt
to make machines humanoid may be pursuing an elusive
(perhaps impossible) goal, their critics who equate humanity
with intelligence are taking a very chauvinistic viewpoint.
Just as it is an error to create God in man's image, it is also a
mistake to create intelligence in man's image.

I appreciate your excellent magazine and look forward
to receiving the next issue.

Kenneth L. Farrimond, M.D.

914 Oak Hills Medical Building

San Antonio, TX 78229

Help With Stock Monitor

Dear Editor:

I liked the program in the February '80 issue, "Stock
Monitor" beginning on page 56. There were three errors:

Line 80 extra comma after 160

Line 176 need comma in blank space after A(L)

Line 194 extra comma after B$

The missing comma in 176 took me and Fred, a
programmer at Union Pacific, over an hour to figure out.

The article, although interesting, failed to describe the
program and it's variables.

Thank you for a fine magazine.

Richard Swig

104A Jennings Rd.

Council Bluffs, IA 51501

Master Disk Directory in Basic

Dear Editor:

In reference to your article "A Master Disk Directory" in
the February 1980 issue:

It would seem my progress along similar programming
paths has paralleled his. However, I have been able to do the
same task without having to leave Basic as he points out
is required. All that is required is a simple object code
routine (written in free RAM scratchpad area) which can
be included in the Basic program. The following data
illustrates:
no >» ■ ■ ■ ■■■■■■ ■ ■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■»■■

113 KtM» READ DI8K DIRECTORY ROUTINE

116 REM* G.ft. SMITH 1/1H/80

11V REM* INSERT THI8 CUDE BETWEEN LINES 100 AND 1B0

122 REH>««>>»««..»><..........m...„.........„„„.»..„.......

12b Z-514S4SREM «R0UTINE TO BE LOCATED AT LVOO<H)>>
120 FOR Zl-1 TO 14
131 HEAD 22
134 FILL Z,Z2
137 /-/>1

140 NEXT Zl

143 REM «8inc* objact cod* routin* «u»t b. in DEL'1HAL»

146 REM «Th« d»ci«ol ntiHbar 15s aauatas to hax 'ft' or »
14V REM «V»14+12 thus m* or* locating directory data »
1S2 REM «at location 9C0O Hox »
15b UOTO 141

156 DA1A 42,04,04,01,14,01,17,0.154,33,0,0,205,34,32,201

141 REM » NOW CALL THE SUBROUTINE WRITTEN BY THE AB0VF. «
164 KEM

147 lCHR«<U)\l\i'READ DIRECTORY DATA INTO RAM AREA'S!
170 INPUT 'PLACE DESIRED DISK INTO DRIVE | HIT C/Rl ',Z»
173 X2-CALL<51454>

N0RTHD8TAR BASIC 4.5 RELEA8E 4 READY...

This type of approach to directory management, using
Basic CALLS to existing DOS routines, makes the task
much easier and eliminates the chance of accidentally
crashing the system through inadvertent entry to Basic at
wrong address, etc.

Also the task of building the Master File moves along

much faster!!

Gregori A. Smith

2845 Westberry Drive

San Jose, CA 95132

Applause For The Good Guys

Dear Editor:

I believe that when companies give extra service to their
customers they need to be commended for it. I am writing to
make such a commendation about a company: C & H Micro. I
believe my association with this company should be told to
your readers. (Don't your readers deserve to know about
super companies who will make their mail order buying a
pleasure?)

I purchased C & H Micro's Textpage. I had some
difficulty with it and I wrote to them expecting to get a
letter in return. Much to my surprise they called me long
distance to tell me what changes to make in the program.
Also, they followed up the telephone call with further
information and documentation.

Do you agree that this company has a refreshing
attitude? I will certainly continue to do business with them
and I hope with this recommendation your readers will do
the same.

Robert B. Reese, D.D.S.

9104 Spring Lake Drive

Austin. TX 78750

[ED. NOTE: C & H Micro's address is P.O. Box 249, Clifton

Park, NY 12065) circle 305 on reader service card

CREATIVE COMPUTING

Now! North Star
Application Software!

North Star now offers application
software for use on the HORIZON!
Now you have one reliable source
for both hardware and software
needs! The first packages avail-
able are:

NorthWord—

NorthWord is a simple-to-operate
word processing system designed
for use with the popular North Star
HORIZON. NorthWord enables you
to increase office efficiency and cut
document typing time and cost.
NorthWord incorporates the most
sought-after word processing fea-
tures: easy editing, on-screen text
formatting, simultaneous document
printing, and much more. NorthWord
can be integrated with other North
Star software packages to produce
customized letters, labels and
reports quickly and efficiently.

MailManager —

MailManager enables you to com-
pile and maintain complete organ-
ized mailing lists. Lists are easily
accessible and can be compiled
with a great deal of flexibility. Entries,
corrections and deletions are easily
made. The North Star MailManager
can print your list on individual enve-
lopes, on mailing labels, or in com-
pact summary form.

InfoManager —

InfoManager is a powerful list-
oriented, data management system.
It will accept up to 50 categories of
information for each record and has
the ability to select and sort before
printing. The North Star InfoManager
has power and flexibility for many
applications: product inquiry, in-
ventory, customer/client records,
calendar reminders, and as an easy
way to fill in often-used forms.

GeneralLedger —
General Ledger and Financial
Reporting, two programs in one,
maintains general ledger accounts
based on such input as checks,
bank deposits and journal entries,
and uses the information in the
general ledger to produce custom-
ized financial statements and
financial reports.

NorthWord is the central building
block for all the North Star applica-
tion software to follow. Packages
now being tested include other
accounting and professional appli-
cation packages. For more informa-
tion or a demonstration, contact
your local North Star dealer.

CIRCLE 170 ON READER SERVICE CARD

NorthStar^

North Star Computers, Inc.
1440 Fourth Street
Berkeley, CA 94710
(415) 527-6950
TWX/Telex 910-366-7001

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I/O, cont'd...

Still Flipping Frenchman

Dear Editor: N. B. Winkless, Jr. has a good procedure
for his probability argument in Two million Frantic
Frenchmen: A study in probability" (June 1979). He
calculated the first few cases for the probability p(2n) that
flipping 2n coins will give exactly n heads, and concluded
that p(2n+2) _ 2n + 1
p(2n) ~ 2n + 2

He was right, as can

coefficients C(n,k) = nl

be seen by using binomial

k!(n-k)t
Namely, of the 2n flips, there are C(2n,n)
get n heads out of 2 n possibilities.

ways to

So p(2n)

_ C(2n.n) _
22"

(2n)l
(n!) z 2 Zn

Then the Winkless result follows quickly:

p(2n+2)
p(2n)

(2n+l)(2n+2) _ 2n+l

(n+l)Z 2 2

2n+2

Before using our calculator mode to check his
calculations, though, let's first note the approximation for
large values of n : p(2n) S l/ % /7tn , which follows from the

ts first note

x 1/i/rcn ,

>ve and Stirli

description of p(2n) above ami Stirling's approximation for
factorials.

Now, let the game begin! Ten years (i.e., 3.156 x 10*

seconds) later, we expect to find p(3.156 x 10*) x 2 million

~ 63.52 Frenchmen left in the game. This is the statement

attributed to Borel that after ten years there would still be

about a hundred (not thousand) still flipping Frenchmen.

If you don't want

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CIRCLE 1 1S ON READER SERVICE CARD

And finally, if the game ran for 1000 years (i.e.,
3.156 x 10 10 seconds), then we should expect to find
p(3.156 x 10» ) x 2 million % 6.35 (i.e., about ten) French-
men still at work. Ill leave it an exercise to verify H. R.
Hollander's calculations (subsequent letter to Creative) by
using the approximation p(2n) % 1/. — n.

v Peter R. Atwood

Mathematics Department

Grand Rapids Baptist College

Grand Rapids, MI 49505

PS — Hollander's request for information on Borel is more
difficult. I suspect that it was not a 17th century Edmund
Borel, but the 20th century Emile Borel (1871-1956) that was
intended. Emile Borel was a preacher's kid who had a kdeep
interest in mathematical analysis and probability, and was a
mathematics professor most of his life. A biographical sketch
is given in Grove & Ladas, "Introduction to Complex
Variables," page 47 (Houghton-Mifflin: 1974).

More on GENE

Dear Editor:

I enjoyed reading GENE: Retracing Your Past Through
Genealogy in the February '80 issue. I found a simple way of
maintaining birthdays with the following two changes:
(new) 1415G = LEN(R$)
(rev) 1420 IF LEFT$(NJ(J),G) = R$ THEN 1460
The birthdays can then be carried after the names and at no
extra increase of dimensioned arrays. The small problem of
the top line no longer being symmetric is a small price to
pay.

Peter R. Ohs

4605 Westridge Place

Camp Springs, MD 20031

A Note on Labanotation

Dear Editor:

I have been watching for readers' comments on your
article on computers and dance (Aug 1979). Since none have
appeared, maybe I can encourage some comment.

As both a long time amateur notator (Labanotation) and
computer professional, one of my first experiments with my
Level 1, 4K TRS-80 was keyboard entry to generate notation
on the screen. It was more successful than I had expected
and an interesting project in the limited TRS-80 graphics.
(Labanotation is read from bottom to top, with 10 to 20
possible columns of symbols per staff.)

Although the project was a potentially useful one, I ran
out of memory, and was not happy with the time required to
enter the data. By the time I got more memory, I haa several
other exciting projects for the TRS-80 so I have done very
little other than convert the program to Level H and light
pen input.

The problems for which the computer could be a great
help are:

• editing existing computer readable scores— add,
change, delete

• editing for reasonableness— you can't take two
successive steps on the same foot except as a hop

• generating printout of (nearly) publishable quality

• style analysis.

New symbols are being added to the system as we find
better ways to deal with the complexities of recording
movement.

I would like to hear from anyone who is working on, or
interested in, movement notation on personal computers.

There is another computer-Labanotation project at the
University of Iowa which Ms. Hirschmann may not have
been aware of.

Dawn A. Smith

Box 115 Turnpike Sta.

Shrewsbury, MA 01545

CREATIVE COMPUTING

The easiest, least expensive way to generate

spectacular multi-color graphics, sharp two-color alphanumerics:

Your computer, a color tv set and the Percom Electric Crayon™.

Add the Electric Crayon™ to your
system and your keyboard be-
comes a palette, the tv screen
your medium.

You dab and stroke using one-
key commands to create dazzling
full-color drawings, eye-catching
charts and diagrams.

Or you run any of innumerable
programs. Your own BASIC lan-
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dynamic pyrotechnic images,
laugh-provoking animations.

From a combined alphanu-
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As shipped, the Electric
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But that's not all

The Electric Crayon is not just a
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It is also a complete self-
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peripherals. The applications are
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Shipped with EGOS™, 1K-byte of
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• A 34-conductor ribbon
cable to interconnect the Elec-
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• RAM chips for adding re-
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SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS: the video cir-
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9 CIRCLE 177 ON READER SERVICE CARD

I/O, cont'd...
Clear Basic

Dear Editor:

The article by David E. Powers (Feb.'80) on the FMG
Pascal for the TRS-80 was an informative and helpful
overview of Pascal, but it failed to give proper credit to the
potential for "clean" programming with TRS-80 Basic. His
Basic version of the FACTROOT program, meant to parallel
the Pascal version, had the usual coding faux pas that make
a program difficult to read in any language, i.e., multiple
statements per line, gratuitous branching and lack of
documentation. Herewith is a rewritten version of FACT-
ROOT that attempts to take full advantage of the styling
available in the Microsoft Basic implemented on the TRS-80:
Ample use of remarks (using the apostrophe, which is less
distracting than REM), mnemonic variable names, and
indentation of loops and related subroutines.

The rewritten program also corrects a couple of errors in
Powers's original version. TRS-80 Basic cannot distinguish
between his variables, LOWLIMIT and LOOPCOUNT, since
it keys on the first two characters in the name. This was
corrected by calling the former LWLIMIT, which still
retains the mnemonics. In his output (line 140) LOWLIMIT
should be LOOPCOUNT. Also, in his routine for square
roots (lines 1010 and 1020), RESULT should be LOOP-
COUNT. These have also been corrected in my revision.

I'm not trying to defend Basic, per se, so much as urging
the proper use of what we have available. Basic need not
produce muddy, mysterious pieces of code. Admittedly,
'proper" coding takes more memory— my code takes about

1400 bytes vs 700 for Powers's— but isn't it worth it to be
able to read it intelligibly months later?

Donald B. Heckenlively, Ph.D

Department of Biology

Hillsdale College

Hillsdale, MI 49242

Ui ' mm FOR FtiCTORlfU W SURE HOTS

121 ' BASED ON FfiOGRAH BY D E POOS III

US ' CREATIW CONVTINB WGAZINE. FEB, 19M

M'

'FACTORIAL .■

UI 'REVISION BV B HEOBUKLV

371

RESULT -1

135 ■ HILLSPLE OlLEg

W

FORI ■ LOOraUNT TO 1 STEP -1

14 'AM: 10 SHU TWT BASIC IBS NOT BE

391

RESULT > RESULT • I

1« ' UNJEADABU W CM MET BE PRETTV

m

at

en i

'SOUK ROOT )

M'

420

ROOT ■ 1

171 WINE WRIABLES

m

ROOT « (ROOT » LO0RC0UNT/1!OOT)/2

175 '

44R

IF «<LOOPCOUNTAROOT!2>-1> > EPSI THEN 431

lMDEFMrtiLI

451 '

'PRINT RESULTS OF CONFUTATIONS )

131 EPSI « 1E-5

«■

PRINT USING Pit; LOOPCOUNT,

tfW TO * "WfWfffff

471

PRINT USING P2I, RESULT, ROOT

211 P» ' 'N HM«[[[ ■

<m next loopcout

221 '

MM

231 ' INTROSUCTION M> INWT OF LIAITS

233 '

240 OS PRINT, -FACTORIAL A» ROOT CONFUTATION-

29 INPUT -ENTER LOR LINT (I < LON < 21) -> -.LONLINIU

201 ULINIT * VHLOORUAITI)

271 IF LNLIMT < 1 OR LHUHIT > 21 THEN 251

201 DMT -ENTER NIGH LIBIT a < HIGH < 21) => •.NIOKWITI

291 HILINIT ■ WKHIOHLINITI)

m IF HILINIT < 1 OR HILINIT ) 21 THEN 2B»

310'

321 ' FACTORIALS ANS SOUARE ROOTS

325"

331' aeoiRSS FIRST )

341 PRINT • NUNBER-, -FTCTORIAL-, -SOUARE ROOT-

351 FOR LOOPCOUNT - LRLIAIT TO HILINIT

et cetera

DEC Opens Digital
Computer Museum

The Digital Equipment Corporation
(DEC) opened the Digital Computer
Museum in September, 1979, for use by
DEC personnel and their customers. The
museum occupies the lobby and mezza-
nine of DEC'S Tower Building in Marl-
boro, Massachusetts. It will be open to
the public in May, 1980.

At this time the museum contains:
various posters and computer family
trees which outline the growth of
computing devices; parts from MIT's
Whirlwind computer; the complete TX-O
from Lincoln Laboratory; an extensive
calculator exhibit showing the progres-
sion from the abacus to the electronic
calculator and including "Napier's
bones"; an exhibit showing four genera-
tions of logic; a primary memory exhibit
with nearly all technologies; aPDP-1 and
PDP-8, both operational; and the LINC-
based Laboratory Computers— LINC,
LINC-8, PDP-12, and MINC. A CRT,
connected to a local VAX-11, is utilized

as the exhibit guide/directory to the
museum. About half of the museum is
comprised of non-DEC parts, and this
balance is intended.

As the museum evolves it will
acknowledge a variety of audiences, but
for now it is oriented to those with
computer backgrounds. The exhibitions
will include not only displays in cases,
but viewer-operated, audio-visual pre-
sentations and interactive exhibits and
slide presentations on logic/memory
evolution. Also planned is a gallery of
parts and manuals from DEC machines
and an exhibit showing the evolution of
secondary memory.

—— — — —— — OR) RJ»R>

Computer Power

Call for Papers

The Thirteenth Annual ASCUE Con-
ference will be held at the University of
Tennessee at Martin, June 16-19. Papers
to be given by members should be sent to
the conference director: James West-
moreland, University of Tennessee at
Martin, Martin, TN 38238. Jim's phone
number is: 901-587-7891. Some topics in
which members have expressed interest
are: Structured Programming, Database
Management Systems, Programming in
Pascal, Applications of Microcomputers
and Computer Graphics. Other topics, of
course, are always acceptable.

A curriculum development project for
high school computer science for the
1980s is being developed by the National
Science Foundation and the University of
Tennessee. The curriculum is based on
color graphics on microcomputers, uses
the Pascal language, and is designed for
the general audience rather than "sci-
ence-track" students. The basic idea is to
use graphics, rather than numbers, as
the fundamental "product" of computing.

Twelve test schools in the Southeast
will be chosen to use the curriculum in
1981. National distribution will begin in
Spring, 1980. A school can be one of the
twelve test schools if it is within 400
miles of Knoxville, Tennessee; it has, or
will acquire, one or more microcompu-
ters of a type compatible with the
software being used by the project; one
of its teachers can attend a one-week
workshop in Knoxville during the sum-
mer of 1981 (expenses paid by NSF).

It is not necessary that a school have
been teaching computing prior to 1981 ;
we want some schools that have and
some that haven't. For further informa-
tion, contact:
Michael Moshell, Director
High School Computer Science Project
Computer Science Department
University of Tennessee
Knoxville, TN 37916
Phone:(615)974-5067

10

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Microprocessor Cookbook

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11

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CIRCLE 145 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Effective Writing

Carl E. Whitney

The Joy of Rewrite

Writing crisp, communicative
prose is hard work. It involves getting
something on paper, looking at it
from the reader's point of view,
finding the rough sports, and cor-
recting them. The secret of good
writing is rewriting.

But what is a "rough spot"? It's
anything that will confuse, obstruct,
or bore the reader. It's a paragraph
with no coherence, a sentence
without simplicity. It's a line of
excess verbiage, a phrase that com-
municates nothing. It's a grammati-
cal blunder, or a pronoun with
uncertain antecedent. It's an awk-
ward phrasing. It's a careless paren-
thetical remark that interrupts the
smooth flow of thought.

The unfailing antidote to the
rough spot is "the ear." "The
question of ear is vital," says E. B.
White in The Elements of Style.'
"Develop your ear!" say Marie L.
Waddell and her co-authors in The
Art of Styling Sentences, a useful
though unexciting manual. Develop
your ear! One imagines an exotic cult
paying reverence to a huge papier-
mache ear. . . earlobe fetishists. . .inner
ear partisans... anvil liberationists...

A sense of gracefulness and
efficiency is indeed valuable to the
writer, and he or she can cultivate it
by reading good literature. But logic
plays an important part in discover-
ing and correcting rough spots; we'll
explore this more fully in future
columns. Right now, the subject is
more fundamental than style; it is
thinking— and motivation. For much
of the rewriter's art is simple willing-
ness: willingness to apply logic,
willingness to undertake the labori-
ous, often frustrating chore of turn-
ing out clean prose. We can admire
the effortless, translucent quality of
E. B. White's writing, and despair at
the clumsy, amateurish tinge of our
own. But we're forgetting something.
More likely than not, White wrote
three or four drafts. We write only
one.

And our ideas don't flow smooth-
ly in that first draft. They have rough
spots; they don't appear in the
proper order, appropriately stressed
and smoothly linked. Before the ear
can consider matters of style, the
mind must grapple with questions of
content. However carefully we plan,
and whatever we write— novel, maga-
zine article, operating manual— we'll
have to polish up our ideas during
rewrite.

For example, your fearless cor-
respondent recently wrote an article
for this magazine; the subject was
the effect of inflation on retired
people. The first draft began: "Des-
pite today's historically high interest
rates, the 'real' return on many
investments is still negative." This
was meant to hook the reader's
interest by mentioning a current
news item. But the article was about
retired people's money, not interest
rates; I was misleading the reader.
Furthermore, I used the technical
term "real return" to abruptly; un-
sophisticated readers would be con-
fused by this term. (It means the
inflatin-adjusted, after-tax return on
an investment.)

So I asked myself the always-
useful question, "What is it you
really want to say?" And what I
wanted to say was: "Inflation puts
many retired people in a difficult
position." This was simpler, cleaner,
and more logical. It rang true.

Clear thinking, then, is a pre-
requisite of good writing. Substance
precedes form; the flow of thought
dictates the optimum structure of
paragraphs and sentences. After
you've formed a clear picture of your
message, then you'll have a logical
framework for the host of minor
stylistic decisions you must make.

(Regarding overall structure, the
manuals say: "Choose a suitable
design, and hold to it." This won't
always work. Ideas are protean ; they
look different on paper than in the
mind. Facts, too, can be uncoopera-
tive. In many cases, the design itself

will prove inadequate after the first
draft is completed; better to resign
yourself in advance to an extensive
rewrite. You might also think about
text editing/word processing capa-
bility.)

Suppose that you're one of those
well-financed purists who regard the
TRS-80 with disdain. "In the opinion
of this writer," you begin, "the
TRS-80 is a basically good machine,
though it has some hardware prob-
lems. The Pet, on the other hand, is a
well-designed machine with a some-
what less powerful Basic." This is
typical first-draft stuff— wordy,
mushy, and ugly; a kind of verbal
smog. So start pruning. First, it's
rarely necessary to point out that
something you write is your opinion.
The reader already knows that. Strike
"in the opinion of..." Next, strike the
word "basically." Always strike the
word "basically," and cast a suspi-
cious eye on "somewhat."

Now, think about what you want
to say. You have three utterly vague
expressions: "good machine,"
"some hardware problems," and
"well-designed machine." What ex-
actly do you mean? What is it you
really want to say? How would you
say it in conversation? You mean that
the TRS-80 has a dynamite Basic but
why did they have to put in all those
tacky cables? The Pet's problem,
you've decided, is mostly one of
image.

Now you have it. "The TRS-80 is
flimsy but powerful; the Pet is
reliable but unglamorous." By re-
thinking your message, and using a
powerful trick called "parallel con-
struction," you've summarized your
opinions in an intriguing contrast. If
you're writing a formal report instead
of a magazine article, and aren't so
worried about the reader's wandering
attention, then you'll do it a little
differently. But the principle is the
same. Think about your message,
and build a structure to fit it.

Next: awkwardness. □

12

CREATIVE COMPUTINQ

^ACTION, STRATEGY, AND FANTASY-
for the SERIOUS games player

Brain Games - 1 demands ingenuity.

Two players bombard radioactive material with protons
and electrons until it reaches critical mass and sets up a
Nuclear Reaction. Dodgem requires you to outmaneuver
another player to get your pieces across the board first.
Dueling Digits and Parrot challenges your ability to
replicate number and letter sequences. Tones lets you
make music with your Apple (16K) CS-4004 $7.95. Strategy
Games and Brain Games are on one disk (16K) CS-4503
$14.95.

Strategy Games - 1 keeps games players in suspense

You and your opponent trail around the screen at a
quickening pace attempting to trap each other in your
Blockade. A 7 category quiz game will certify you as a
Genius (or an errant knave!). Beginners will meet their
master in Checkers. Skunk and UFO complete this classic
collection (16K) CS-4003 $7.95

Know Yourself through these valid self -tests.

Find out how your life style effects your Lite Expectancy
or explore the effects of Alcohol on your behavior. Sex
Role helps you to examine your behavior and attitudes In
light of society's concept of sex roles. Psychotherapy
compares your feelings, actions, and phobias to the
population's norms and Computer Literacy tests your
microcomputer savvy. A fun and instructional package
(16K) CS-4301 $7.95. Know Yourself and CAI Programs
are on one disk (16K) CS-4503 for $14.95

You're in command in Space Games - 1.

Maneuver the TIE fighters into your blaster sights and
zap them with your lasers to save the rebel base camp
from annihilation in Star Wars. Rocket Pilot is an ad-
vanced real time take off and landing game. High resolu-
tion graphics, exploding saucers and sound effects add to
the suspense as you repel the Saucer Invasion. Finally, a
bonus graphics demonstration, Dynamic Bouncer (16K)
CS-4001 $7.95. Space Games and Sports Games are on
one disk (16K) CS-4501 for $14.95

ACTION

Sports Gomes - 1 puts you in the Apple World Series

Take the field in the Great American Computer Game.
Mix up your pitches to keep the batter off balance. Move
your fielders to snag the ball before he gets to first. Balls
and strikes, double plays, force outs, and errors let you
play with a realistic strategy. Also in the line up— Slalom,
a championship downhill ski race, Torpedo Alley, and
Darts (16K) CS-4002 $7.95. Space Games and Sports
Games are on one disk (16K) CS-4501 for $14.95

It's easy to order SENSATIONAL SOFTWARE for your Apple II.

Send payment plus S1.00 shipping and handling in the U.S. ($2.00 foreign) to
Creative Computing Software, P.O. Box 789-M. Morristown, N.J. 07960. N.J. residents
add $1 .00 sales tax. Visa, Master Charge and American Express orders may be called in toll
free to 600-631-6112 (in N.J. 201-540-0445). .

For a FREE Sensational Software Catalog of over 400 programs for eight popular systems circle reader service #300

MAY I960 13

A Printer For Your PET
— From Commodore?

A critical look at the Model 2022
Larry Watkins

I had given up hope months ago of
Commodore ever being able to pro-
duce a PET printer. It was very difficult
through those long printless months
not to give up and order another
printer and forego the PET graphics.

After waiting so long, I had several
proconceived ideas about what the
printer should do. I was right on only
two counts. It is a dox-matrix impact
printer, and it does print on paper. The
print quality is excellent except for two
design shortcomings. The printer will
not print the same 8x8 matrix as the
PET, but instead prints a 7x6 matrix.
This only shows up in inverse printing
or light on dark. The problem is that
portions of some characters print at
the edge and are difficult to read. The
top of a T, for example, blends into the
spaces between the lines and makes
for hard reading. Another problem is
the limitation of five lines of print in
reverse field. The caution from the
users manual is as follows: "Extended
use of this mode of printing is not
recommended since damage will
occur to the print head if more than five
consecutive lines are printed." This
causes some severe limitations for
certain graphics applications.

The 2022 is very noisy, in fact
almost as noisy as a Model 33 Teletype.
My system is in the utility room, and
once, when the kids were using it, I
mistook the sound of the printer for the
washing machine. The entire inside of
the cover is lined with a sponge foam
material, but it doesn't quiet it very
much. I have to shut the printer off
when the phone rings in order to carry
on a conversation.

Another complaint concerns two
screws which hold the cover down. If
they're removed, which is necessary to
insert paper, the cover has no latch
until you put the screws back. A further
problem with the cover is that you must

Larry Watkins. Rl. #1, Box 143. Nixa. MO 65714.

tilt the tractor assembly forward to
raise or lower it. This is a minor
mechanical engineering problem that
shouldn't exist in a production
machine.

Documentation is better than
usual for Commodore, even though
the manual I received was a prelim-
inary version. I sent in the card to get

Once, when the kids were
using it, I mistook the
sound of the printer for
the washing machine.

the final release when it becomes
available, but I wonder if I'll have to pay
for it as I did my PET user's manual.
The only documentation lacking is in
the mechanical area. The mechanical

illustrations are of poor quality and
difficult to understand. I believe all
factory documentation should include
a full set of parts numbers and
adequate mechanical illustrations to
complement the programming parts of
the Manual.

Physically, the printer is very
sound, and construction is of good
quality. The only thing I've found that
doesn't work at all is the rod for holding
the cover open while you change your
paper. It is too big and is going to
require some filing to fit.

At $995, plus the cable, the printer
seems overpriced. I suspect that if
someone else had produced a PET-
compatible printer, the price would
have been more reasonable. Since no
one has, the price will probably stand.
But I'd buy the 2022 again if I had it to
do over, and I guess that's the best
indication that it's doing the job for me.

14

CREATIVE COMPUTING

The only computer with color,
sound, user programmability
and expandability at $599.

The Imagination Machine offers
more at its price than any other
personal computer on the market
today.

Consider these features: 9K RAM.
with 14K BASIC in ROM,53-key
typewriter keyboard. A fine resolu-
tion picture, generated on your
television set or monitor in 8 colors!

A built-in, dual-track cassette tape
deck with 1500 baud rate, for APF's
digitally recorded, "saturated'.'
tape programs. A built-in sound
synthesizer. And two, built-in.
game style controllers, with
joysticks and numeric keypads.

When you want to go beyond
APF's library of educational, home-
and-personal management or
entertainment programs. . . when
you want to create your own pro-
grams . . . you can. The Imagination
Machine is programmable in
BASIC and 6800 machine lan-
guage. The Imagination Machine

SEE US AT NCC BOOTH «85

is also expandable. Just add our
"Building Block", an optional, four-
port expansion device, and you
can hook up a printer, telephone
modem, and additional memory
cartridge or mini-floppy disk drive.

For the name of your nearest
Imagination Machine dealer call,
TOLL FREE: 1-800-223-1264. (New
York residents call: (212) 758-7550)
or write: APF Electronics. Inc. 444
Madison Avenue, N.Y., N.Y. 10022.

$599 Manufacturer's suggested retail price.

electronics inc.

w

YOUR LIFE WILL NEVER BE THE SAME:'

CIRCLE 108 ON READER SERVICE CARD

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as we campaign to
give you more for less

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IQ140 VS. ADM-2

:HECK OUR PROPOSITIONS:

B PLUG FOR PLUG COMPATIBILITY

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WITH UP TO 15% SAVINGS OVER PREVIOUS DISTRIBUTION
& O.E.M. DISCOUNT, THE TIME IS NOW TO CHECK YOUR
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* CAMPAIGN HEADQUARTERS *

TECHNOLOQY, INC.

165 FREEDOM AVE., ANAHEIM. CALIF. 92801
(714) 992-2860 (800) 854-0147 TWX. (910) 592-1269

CIRCLE 198 ON READER SERVICE CARD

A Planning & Development System
Financial "models" on the Apple

Desktop/Plan is a flexible, busi-
ness planning and development
system. Its purpose is to assist man-
agers and planners with the develop-
ment and operation of financial
"models" of business systems. The
planning system is designed for
execution in "desktop computers":
specifically, the Apple II with DOS and
a printer. Desktop/Plan provides
computer assistance in performing the
four major functions of financial
modeling:

• Developing the model

• Executing the model

• Modifying the model

• Presenting the results

This planning system will be
useful to managers and planners in
businesses of all sizes. The small
business manager would plan the data
base model then use it to predict and
measure performance. The large-
company executive could use it as an
adjunct to the main computer system.
Any manager would have complete
visibility and the flexibility to manipu-
late and monitor the activity of the
business on a real time basis.

Desktop/Plan has many good
features. It is a very comprehensive
and detailed planning system. The
amount of work put into the design and
the practicality of the results, is a
tribute to the skill of its developer, Don
Williams.

Documentation

Documentation included in the
manual is extensive, comprehensive
and detailed. The documentation is a
refreshing change from the present

Chuck Carpenter. 2228 Montclair PI., Carrollton,
TX 75006.

norm in products for personal, desktop
computers. There are many good
illustrations and the examples are
clear. Descriptions are kept short and
to the point. Additionally, there is
plenty of space for user notes and
comments. Nothing is crammed in or
squeezed together. There are several
typos and errors of omission — typical
of many newly published documents.
But they do not create confusion or
reduce readability of the manual.

Getting Started

Introduction to the system is
characteristic of the depth of coverage
in the manual. The user is provided
with descriptions and explanations of
financial modeling, some good points
on single-job applications and the
significance of using desktop com-
puters for the protection of your
private data.

Other topics introduced include
how to use the manual, some facts on
the application of planning systems in
small computers (Apple) and main-
frame systems and a system overview.
The system overview provides the user
with a summary of each of the system
options and describes various menu
options and operating features. Figure
1 is a listing of the Desktop/Plan main
menu. Sub-menus under each main
topic further divide the selection and
function capability.

Reports

Although not the first selection on
the menu, reports are described first.
And this is a good choice. Because the
Reports function is used as a develop-
ment tool, this section provides the
user with needed support documen-
tation. Instructions provided help you

DESKTOP/PLAN
JULY 24, 1?7?

1. DESI6N A MODEL

2. MODIFY A MODEL

3. EXECXUTE MODEL CALCULATIONS

4. DISPLAY MODEL VALUES
3. PRINT MODEL REPORTS

6. CONSOLIDATE MODEL VALUES

7. COPT MODEL FILE TO BACKUP DISKETTE
0. RETURN TO 0PERATIN6 SYSTEM

...SELECT FUNCTION DESIRED I

1

DEVELOP A MODEL

1. CREATE A REPORT SPECIFICATION FILE

2. CREATE A PLANNIN8 VALUES FILE

3. CREATE A CALCULATION RULES FILE

4. RETURN TO MAIN MENU
...SELECT FUNCTION lOINEOl

Main menu and a sub-menu selection.

generate a customized blank report
format. This blank format will be used
to develop your unique simulation
model. In this way you can build and/or
modify the model according to the
actual work sheet you will use (see
Figure 2).

The contents and options of
Reports are described along with
definitions for designing a report,
entering report specifications and
printing the report. The sections on
generating the Report are concluded
with a discussion on developing and
entering values. Throughout, there are
illustrations, diagrams and detailed
dialogue to show and tell you how to
do it.

Helpful Assistance

In the introduction to Desktop/
Plan it is mentioned that a user could

MAY 1980

17

Desktop, cont'd .

develop financial plans without train-
ing in accounting techniques. And,
you probably could do it. However,
here's a book recommended to you to
make the job much easier:

Finance for the Non-financial
Manager

By: Herbert T. Spiro

John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1977
Knowledge of the contents of this book
will make the design of your financial
plans more meaningful. The book is
230 pages of the easiest reading on
financial accounting that I have ever
encountered. It will provide you with
knowledge of financial terminology
and a basic understanding of financial
management.

Making it Work

Calculation rules are given the
most extensive treatment in the man-
ual and it should be. After all, your data
isn't worth much unless you can
manipulate and analyze it. And, with
Desktop/Plan, you can add, subtract,
multiply and divide in combinations of
rows and columns. You can also fill a
line using a starting value derived
elsewhere. The value can be changed
in the middle of a line, too. This feature
lets you input and fill across the
columns with planned changes. Then,
you can interpolate aline. By inputting
a starting and ending value, you can
produce a range of interpolated values
for each period in between. Very handy
for developing cash growth curves or

CONPUTFR IMAGINEERING

DALLAS
1ST QUARTER-FISCAL 1979

VALUES ONLY

JANUARY

FFBRUflRV

AUGUST 7. 1979
PAGE 1

MARCH STR TOTAL

GROSS SflLFS

LFSS RETURNS « ALLOWANCES

NET SK FS

COST OF (MODS SOU)

CROSS PROFIT

OPERATING FXPFNSFS
SELLING
GENERAL

ADMINISTRATIVE
DEPRECIATION

OPERATING INCOME
OTHER INCOME

NET INCOME BEFORE TAKES
ESTIMATED INCOME TAXES

NET INCOME

Example of Desk

CALCULATED VALUES

2358*8 88 738888 88 237888 88
752S £988 7888

-

138888

t??000

125888

-

S2888

73598

11888

858

51008

11588
888

?0B0

54888

73888

11288

825

-

7588

20000
18787

-

9165

9464

-

top/Plan repo

JANUARY

235888 88

7525

rts.
FEBRUARY

MARCH OTR TOTAL

GROSS SALES

LESS RETURNS « ALLOWANCES

NET SALES

COST OF GOODS SOLD

GROSS PROFIT

OPERATING EXPENSES

SELLING
GENERAL

ADMINISTRATIVE
DEPRECIATION

OPERATING INCOME
OTHER INCOME

NET INCOME BEFORE TAXES
ESTIMATED INCOME TAXES

NET INCOME

PREPARED NITH DESK

38888 88
6588

737888 88
7888

238888

125088

185800

2380O
11280

825

702888 88
21025

227475
138888

223588
177888

688975
377888

97475

52888

73588

11888

858

181588

51888
27888
11588

303975

157880

68500

33708

2475

18125
7588

16288

15975

42380
29510

17*25
9165

18288
9464

35975
10707

71888
37336

9468 8736 17268
TOP/PI AH-COMPAMY CONFIDENTIAL

34464

Example of a report generated with Desktop/Plan
at The Computer Imagineering Store. Paul
Dishman. owner of Computer Imagineering, has
used Plan on the Polymorphics system. Paul

indicates that Plan for the Apple II is a much
expanded system. Note that lop part is data before
calculations and bottom section shows values
after calculations.

product build-up curves. Finally, you
can grow a line. If you have a growth
rate planned for any period of time, this
factor can be extended across the
page. And, you can change the growth
rate at any point. Very useful for
planning percentage volume changes
(increase or decrease). The grow and
fill features are provided for column
calculations, too.

For your specific requirements,
the custom rule lets you provide
programs to fit the personality of your
operations. For instance, you can
include manpower forecasting or
progress curve modelling. Any number
of special features (up to 20) can be
implemented here. Custom rules can
be used anywhere in the user's se-
quence of calculation rules. Adequate
instructions are provided for imple-
menting custom rules along with a
warning to the 'beginner' not to take
this task lightly.

Calculation rules development is
described by illustrations throughout
and a sample work-sheet is provided.
More illustrations and examples are
provided for entering and executing
calculation rules. Figure 3 is a sum-
mary listing of Desktop/Plan calcula-
tion rules.

ENTER CALCULATION RULES

1-A00 2 LINES
2-AM 6R0UP LINES
3-SUITRACT LINE
4-HULtIPLT LINE
5-DIVItE LINE
e-ACCURULATE LINES
7-EXTENt/FILL LINES
8-INTERPOLATE LINES
V-8R0U A LINE

IO-AD0 2 COLUMNS
11 -Alt GROUP COLS
12- SUBTRACT COLS
13-NULTIPLT COLS
14-IIVIBE COLS
13-CDNPUTE 0/R
14-FILL A COLUMN
17-USE CUSTOM RULE
18- 'NULL' RULE

TYPE 'END' TO OUIT ENTERING RULES
MIABEft FOR FUNCTION DESIRED:...

Listing of calculation options.

More Features

Other options include the ability to
build sub-models, make changes to
models and sub-models and print
reports. Sub-models are useful for
building the overall model in smaller
chunks. These easy to handle sections
are then linked together to make the
total plan. The change function pro-
vides the capability to modify any part
of your model as needed. Duplication
of your model files is made using
instructions included in the BACKUP
section.

Two printer driver options are
provided in Desktop/Plan. Both are
serial and include the use of the Com-
munications card or the High Speed
Serial card. The manual describes the
procedure to use for customizing your
configuration. Once you make the
changes, you can delete several files

18

CREATIVE COMPUTING

desktop, cont'd . . .

from the catalog. More disk space is
made available on your operating
diskette this way.

Addition of the capability to
automatically lock and unlock files and
to delete unwanted trials' and develop-
ment 'mistakes' would be helpful.
Otherwise, your diskette catalog may
become cluttered with unneeded
entries. You can, of course, lock,
unlock and delete catalog entries
using the DOS commands.

What Wasn't So Good

First, let me state that, overall, this
is an excellent software package. Most
of my gripes are not of major conse-
quence. But, there are some things
that, from my point of view, are unde-
sirable or lacking. Here's my brief list:

• There is no summary of operation
steps in the manual. If you go
through from beginning to end
you will eventually press all the
right keys. Once you have done
this, though, there is no summary
to lead you through quickly the
next time. Any procedure having
as much detail as Plan does should
have a guideline summary of steps
(for use when you're part way up
the learning curve).

• A disclaimer that leaves you in
doubt about the ultimate useful-
ness of the package. To flatly state
that once you purchase the pack-
age you're on your own is some-
what counter-productive. You
should expect support of software
that is this extensive and involved.
Correction of bugs and answers to
what, why and how questions are
minimum requirements.

Although $95.00 is a more-than-
fair price for this much planning
capability, support to the custo-
mer is necessary. If the one-time
charge is too low to cover follow-
on service, then charge a nominal
fee for the support. Most users
would pay for the comfort of
knowing they are not dangling
loose out there.

• Master Diskette Quality. The one
with my package was noisy and it
had to be re-read three times in
order to make a useable copy. If
you want to save money in the
long run use good quality disk-
ettes. There are several manu-
facturers whose product quality
exceeds the ANSI standards. The
low-cost diskettes may be OK for
the personal hobbyist. But, for
revenue producing businesses
that depend on reliability, don't
skimp on diskette quality.

Conclusion

A final note — Desktop/Plan is not
limited to financial planning. Anytime-
related calculation series can be imple-
mented. For instance, production build
schedules, material flow quantities and
any numeric progression can be
simulated. Also remember that the
system can be customized. (This in
addition to the special calculation
features you can add.) Desktop/Plan
has the potential to be a complete and
creative simulation aide. In this regard,
a progressive manager can take
advantage of real-time data to aid in
common sense decision making. □

Available from Personal Software,
Weddell Dr., Sunnyvale, CA 94086.

592

©Creative Computing

Want to

REALLY UNDERSTAND

The BASIC Language?

From the author of the highly acclaimed TRS-80 Users/
Learners Manual comes the book you've been asking for! The
BASIC Handbook is THE definitive reference and "idea" book.
explaining in detail the BASIC language as used in over 50

favorite micros, maws ana memfr ernes.

It's not a dictionary, and not a textbook, but a virtual ENCYCLOPEDIA of the
BASIC language. In it is everything you need to know about the most
important BASIC statements, functions, operators and commands, explained
in a way that you can put them right to work

This HANDBOOK is written to be used!

With the BASIC Handbook you can finally make those programs found in
magazines run on your computer - or know the reason why they can't.

If there is an alternate way to write a program using other BASIC words, the

Handbook shows you how. If there is a function needed but your machine

doesn t have it. the Handbook gives you a subroutine that accomplishes the

same thing. About the only thing it won't help you with is an additional 1 6K of

memory

Is TRS-80 Level II covered - YES!

Is PET covered - YES!

Is Apple covered - YES!

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360 pages
Soft Cover

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i understand my handbook will be shipped promptly and there
is a 30-day money back guarantee

CC My Computer is a

MAY 1980

CIRCLE 122 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Microsoft
Adventure

Bill Cotter

By now, most computer enthusi-
asts are probably familiar with the
computer game Adventure. Based on
the increasingly popular board game
of Dungeons And Dragons, the player
must pit himself against unknown
dangers (such as giant snakes,
dragons and evil dwarves) to retrieve
hidden treasures and escape alive.
While many variations of the game
exist, the original was written in
Fortran for the PDP-11 series of
computers, and was limited to those
players with access to large time-
It comes with its own
operating system, pro-
viding all of the
necessary file handling
features and control
routines.

sharing systems. The size of the
necessary data bases prevented adap-
tation for the average home computer
user, resulting in subsets of limited
versions which were usually written in
Basic.

Microsoft, a firm best known for its
Basic interpreter on systems such as
the TRS-80, Apple 1 1 and PET. has now
released a complete version of Adven-
ture for the TRS-80. Requiring at least
32K RAM of memory and a disk drive,
Microsoft Adventure is written in Z-80
Assembly Language, and contains all
of the game descriptions and varia-
tions of the original game. Credit for
implementing the game is given to
Gordon Letwin of Softwin Associates.

Supplied only on disk, Microsoft

Bill Cotter. P.O Box 9449. Glendale. CA 91206.

Adventure comes with its own operat-
ing system, providing all of the neces-
sary file handling features and control
routines. One disturbing aspect of this
uniqueness is that the disk is impos-
sible to duplicate or backup by con-
ventional methods, including Super-
zap or several other utilities. Microsoft
does guarantee to replace a damaged
disk for $7.50. and states that they have
taken steps to prevent what they call
"hardware and disk operating system
problems that sometimes occur with
the TRS-80."

The game is started by placing the
disk into the drive and powering up the
TRS-80. An automatic loading routine
starts the game by asking the user if the
data from a previously saved game is to
be used, and then provides instruc-
tions if required. In keeping with the
spirit of the game, the instructions are
intentionally brief, but provide enough
detail to enable even a novice player to
start.

From this point on the play con-
tinues exactly as on the large scale
machines previously mentioned, with a
comparison of the same moves on the
TRS-80 and a PDP-10 yielding iden-
tical results. The response time was
noted to be faster for the Microsoft
version than on the two PDP-10's
tested, which contributed greatly to
the enjoyment of the game. One
disturbing feature of the Microsoft
implementation is the continual need
to access the data table stored on the
disk after each move, which could
result in quite a bit of wear and tear on
the disk and drive after extended
usage. Another problem noted is the
lack of any hardcopy listing of the
game status or past moves, a feature
almost essential to most Adventure
players in determining their errors for
their next attempt.

Once a player decides to end the
game, a save routine is available to
save two separate versions of play on
the game disk itself (no storage is
available for use on separate disks).
This feature of writing on the actual
game disk did not result in any
problems during the review period, but
certainly is upsetting in that a backup
is impossible.

Microsoft Adventure is an excel-
lent new addition to the list of games
available for the small computer user,
and certainly seems to be worth the list

One problem noted is the
lack of any hardcopy
listing of the game status
or past moves.

price of $24.95. Orders can be handled
by dealers nationwide, or sent directly
to Microsoft Consumer Products,
10800 Northeast Eighth, Suite 819.
Bellevue, WA 98004. A series of
booklets containing hints for those
who eventually despair and need
assistance (some say cheat±) is
available from Softwin Associates. 545
- 108th N.E.. Suite 6, Bellevue. WA
98004. D

Editor's note: Microsoft is currently
advertising their product as "the only
original Adventure for micros." Not
true. It's not the only one, or even the
first. Creative Computing Software has
been marketing original Adventure for
8080 and Z80 systems on a CP/M
floppy disk since the summer of 1979.
Not only is it the complete original
Adventure, but it plays in English or
French, responds to "naughty" words
with limericks, and has some other
extensions.

20

CREATIVE COMPUTING

Settle for
from Tfour TRS-80

BASIC Compiler, with trs-so basic

Compiler, your Level II BASIC programs will run at
record speeds! Compiled programs execute an
average ot 3-10 times faster than programs run
under Level II. Make extensive use of integer
operations, and get speeds 20-30 times faster
than the interpreter.

Best of all. BASIC Compiler does it with BASIC,
the language you already know. By compiling
the same source code that your current BASIC
interprets. BASIC Compiler adds speed with a
minimum of effort.

And you get more BASIC features to program
with, since features of Microsoft's Version 5.0
BASIC Interpreter are included in the package.
Features like the WHILE . . .WEND statement, long
variable names, variable length records, and the
CALL statement make programming easier. An
exclusive BASIC Compiler feature lets you call
FORTRAN and machine language subroutines
much more easily than in Level II.

Simply type in and debug your program as
usual, using the BASIC interpreter. Then enter a
command line telling the computer what to
compile and what options to use.

Voila! Highly optimized, Z-80 machine code
that your computer executes in a flash! Run it now
or save it for later. Your compiled program can be
saved on disk for direct execution every time.

Want to market your programs? Compiled ver-
sions are ideal for distribution* You distribute only
the object code, not the source, so your genius
stays fully protected.

BASIC Compiler runs on your
TRS-80 Model I with 48K and disk
drive. The package includes
BASIC Compiler, linking loader
and BASIC library with complete
documentation. $195.00.

MORE

FROM

MICROSOFT

'Microsoft royalty information for
the sale of programs compiled
with BASIC Compiler is available
from Microsoft.

muMATH Symbolic Math System

expands your TRS-80 beyond the limits of numeri-
cal evaluation to a much higher level of math
sophistication.

Symbolic mathematics is muMATH's power. For
the first time, algebra, trigonometry, calculus,
integration, differentiation and more can be per-
formed on a system smaller than an IBM 370. And
in a fraction of the time you could do them
manually.

Yet for all its power, muMATH is simple to use.
To perform a differentiation you could enter:
?DIF (A'X T 3 + SIN(X T 2).X);

In almost no time, the computer would reply
with: @2*X'COS(XT 2) + 3'A'X T 2.

Or to add fractions: ?1/3 + 5/6 + 2/5 + 3/7;
The instantaneous answer: 419/210.
Or to perform a more difficult trigonometric
expansion you enter: SIN(2'Y]"(4-COS(X)T3-COS
(3*X) + SIN (Y)-(COS(X+Y + #PI) - COS(X-YV);

Just a few seconds later, the computer replies.
@4-SIN(Y)*COS(X)'COSfY).

muMATH has virtually infinite precision with full
accuracy up to 611 digits.

If you use math, you'll find countless ways to save
time and effort with muMATH. It's a professional
tool for engineers and scientists. A learning tool
for students at any level from algebra to calculus.
And if you want to expand your capabilities
even beyond the standard muMATH, the option is
open. muSIMP, the programming language in
which muMATH is written, is included in the muMATH
package. A superset of the lan-
guage LISP, muSIMP is designed
especially for interactive symbolic
mathematics and other artificial
intelligence applications.

muMATH and muSIMP were

written by The Soft Warehouse,

Honolulu, Hawaii. Priced at $74.95.

the package includes muMATH,

muSIMP and a complete manual.

It reauires a Model I TRS-80 with

32K and single disk. muMATH

for the Apple II Computer will

be available later this year.

You can buy muMATH and BASIC Compiler at computer stores across the country that carry Microsoft
products. If your local store doesn't have them, call us. 206-454-1315. Or write Microsoft Consumer
Products. 10800 Northeast Eighth. Suite 507, Bellevue. WA 98004.

/HICftpSOfT

V CONSUMER^ PRODUCTS^

MAY 1980

21

In the December 79 Creative
Computing, Randy Heuer reported on
the APF MP-1000 video game system.
Since that time, APF Electronics has
introduced a keyboard/cassette con-
sole that connects to the MP-1000 to
make it into a full-fledged personal
computer, the APF "Imagination
Machine."

The IM-1 , as APF calls it, offers all
the features of the games system,
including ROM-based video games,
two game paddles with fire button and
keypads, color graphics and sound.
The keyboard is noticeably well made.

APF uses a two-track
recording system for its
cassettes similar to the
one now being used by
Atari in its 400 and 800
series computer systems.

The "touch" is good and there should
not be any problems with keyboard
bounce or rugged use as has been true
of several other small computer sys-
tems. The MP-1000 fits into a cradle
just in front of the keyboard. Immedi-
ately to the right of the MP-1000 slot is
a built-in cassette deck. APF uses a
two-track recording system for its
cassettes similar to the one now being
used by Atari in its 400 and 800 series
computer systems. One track carries
the binary program information while
the other is available for audioplay-
back through the speaker located just
below the cassette unit. APF uses the
audio track for giving instructions on
how to run a program while it is
loading. This got somewhat tiresome
after the fourth or fifth time we were
loading a tape, but it is possible to poke
a certain memory location to suppress
the audio output. For your own use
there is an audio jack so you can dub in

The APF

Imagination
Machine

your own instructions, sound effects or
foolishness for the delight of people
who are easily bored by loading
cassette tapes. The cassette motor is
computer controlled; data are loaded
at 1200 baud. We did have problems
with some of the tapes provided, but
for the most part the cassette unit
appears to be relatively reliable.

The basic screen format is 32
characters by 16 lines for alpha-
numerics, 64 x 32 pixels for low
resolution graphics with eight colors,
and two high resolution graphics
modes. High res graphics mode #1
works with a grid size of 128 x 192
pixels and uses the same eight colors
available in low res graphics. High res
graphics mode #2 works with one color
only but offers the greater density of
192 x 256 pixels. In either high res
mode the resolution is certainly good
enough for sophisticated graphics
displays.

Low resolution graphics displays
can be created in several ways, and
they are very similar to the Imagination
Machine's older cousin, the Apple. The
simplest way to draw pictures is to use
a series of PLOT commands. The
PLOT command lights a graphics
block on the screen in the form:

PLOT c,r

where c is the column and r is the row.
To specify a particular color for a
block, the COLOR command is used.

COLOR = 1
PLOT 3,3

will make a dark green block at row #3,
column #3.

Low res graphics allows a higher
degree of control by using a SHAPE
command to light any combination of
four smaller blocks, or pixels within
each larger graphics block. The
particular combination of pixels you
want lit is specified by a number
through 15, being no pixels lit and 15
being all pixels lit. The remaining
pixels are always black, so it is not
possible within one graphics block to
mix colors.

Eric Van Horn

Like the Apple, APF Basic also
provides HLIN and ULIN commands to
aid in drawing lines. HLIN and ULIN
work in the form:

HLIN scecr

where sc is the start column, ec is the

end column and r is the row number.

Another similarity to the Apple is

the use of high res graphics. The IM-1

has two reserved areas of memory —
not in RAM — for screen memory
mapping and the shape table. The
shape table is simply an area of
memory reserved to store a pre-
defined shape from which it can be
called and poked into the screen
memory map to be displayed. Up to
thirty-two 4 x 16 shapes, each shape
being the size of one graphics block,
can be created. Without any additional

Low Res graphics allows a
higher degree of control by
using a SHAPE command
to light any combination
of four smaller blocks or
pixels within each larger
graphics block.

aids like a Bit Pad, working in high res
graphics is probably more work than
most people will want to undertake.

In addition to using the audio track
on the cassette recorder, sounds can
be generated using the MUSIC com-
mand. Up to two octaves can be
"played" by specifying numbers 1 -7 for
the lower octave, and *1,*2,*3...*7 for
the higher octave. Half tones are
created by using the prefixes '+' for
sharps and '-' for flats. Using spaces,

22

CREATIVE COMPUTING

APF, cont'd...

zeroes or back slashes (\) changes the
duration of notes. Because notes are
contained in strings, they can be
defined at the beginning of a program
and called later. This program:

10 R* = "3212333"

45© PRINT "VOL! WIN"
460 MUSIC fl*

plays the first phrase of "Mary Had a
Little Lamb" whenever you win a game

APF Basic is not noticeably differ-
ent from the various implementations
of Microsoft Basic on the TRS-80 (level
II), PET and Apple (Applesoft). There
are, however, some noticeable omis-
sions. APF Basic does not have any of
the trigonometric or higher math
functions SIN(x), COS(x), TAN(x),
EXP, LOG or ATN. Variable names may
be up to 5 characters in length, as long
as they do not contain imbedded key
words, but Basic only recognizes the
first two characters. Variables default
to 13 digits of precision although they
may be truncated by using the INT(x)
function. Single precision variables
and defined integer variables are not
supported.

String variables can be up to 100
characters long and use the same
variable name format as numbers.
Unfortunately, APF Basic does not
have LEFT$, RIGHTS or MID$ func-
tions. The omission of these string and
the above numeric functions could
cause problems depending on what
you want to do. For example, programs
like ELIZA and LEM from Creative'*
games books will not run without these

commands.

The IM-1 comes with 10K of ROM
and 9K of RAM with Basic contained in
a plug-in cartridge. At present there
are no peripherals available, but APF
has plans to produce a 32K RAM
expansion, serial port, 2 printers (high
and low speed), mini-floppy diskdrives
(up to four on a machine) and a
modem. It is difficult to tell when any of
these items might be available, but so
far APF has been reliable in producing
promised products.

The IM-1 offers a solid, basic
machine with color and sound. The
documentation is woefully lacking —
unfortunately all too common in the
personal computer industry — so a
novice programmer may want to
beware. Still, at $599 the IM-1 offers a
potential for graphics and sound along
with a fair amount of available software
(mostly games) at a reasonable price.
For more information on the APF
"Imagination Machine," contact APF
Electronics at 444 Madison Avenue,
NYC, NY 10022. LT

MAY 1980

GET HIM!

Kill Morloc The Wizard, the evil master of mayhem and illusion.
He's threatening the village of Hagedom and the beautiful maiden
Imelda.

She's desperately waiting for you to rescue her and the village.
But, first, you'll kill Morloc in this exciting and provocative
REALTIME computer game from Automated Simulations.
Morloc lives in a 30-room Tower, where his minions and monsters
do his bidding to create chilling hazards for any intruder. He will
try to throw a host of them at you— Ogres, The Creeping Crud,
Fire Elemental, Vampire Bats, Salamanders and his personal Genie.
The fiend will even resort to his dread Fireballs. And, to avoid
capture and death, will teieport himself away at crucial moments.
How will you get Imelda and save Hagedom? By finding the
magical treasures in the Tower that you will turn against Morloc.
That is, after you decipher their meaning,

and learn how to use them.

GET HIM!! And, Imelda
is yours. So is the entire
village.

But, HURRY! You're in
REALTIME and the inno-
cent Imelda is about to
be violated!

If you have a 24K PET,
16K TRS-80, or 48K
APPLE, you can play the
exciting "MORLOCS
TOWER" and have
Imelda for your very own.

Act now. Imelda can't
hold out much longer.

HERE'S HOW YOU CAN TOUCH
YOUR FANTASIES: Ask your dealer or
rush $14.95 in check or money order to
Automated Simulations, Dept. Ml
P.O. Box 4232. Mountain View.
CA 94040.

Or. call our FANTASY LINE, toll free.
800-824-7888. Operator 861 to place
your order and to tell us what other fan-
tasies you would like to touch. (Cali-
fornia.call 800-852-7777.Operator 861 .. .
Alaska and Hawaii, call 800-824-7919.
Operator 861).

A

AUTOMATED
SIMULATIONS

WANT TO TOUCH MY FANTASIES...
Rush me "MORLOC'S TOWER" for $14.95
(plus 6% for California residents)

Payment enclosed Bill my VISA □ M.C. D

Account #

GUARANTEE

If I'm not completely satisfied,

I will send "MORLOC'S TOWER" back

to you in 10 days for a full refund.

Address .
City

State

.Z.p.

23

CIRCLE 111 ON READER SERVICE CARD

The Magnificent Demon
of Charies41ah hage^^ ==— _ /

Victorian England — the time for
rnad doctors of twilight fiction, Dr,
Jekyll prowling the streets under the_
*• c o ntr ol of Mr. Hyde, resurrection!
CpTying their trade in dark alleys, and_ I
j~Shertock^ Holmes locked in deadly
LKg-bound pursuit of the evil genius.
• profe ss or Moriarty. An unlikely setting
rib r the creation of a sophisticated
r computer? Certainly. B ut m a small
jggrkshed in the heart of London, ai
[inspired and eccentric mathematicia
wttfL the Dickensonian name of
Charles Babbage was feverishly trying
jgrriQijust that.

Babbage, one of those cranky,
colorful, and brilliant personages
which Victorian England was so fond,
wa* born in 1791 the son of a ban'
Completely and passionately devo._
to mathematics, he was educated by ,
private tutors before entering Trinity
-^College at Cambridge in 1810.

Irritated by the many errors JUS
cluttered logarithmic tables and
tronomical calculations. Charles Bab-J

bage began to dream of a machine-
that would eliminate those errors by |
handling the often tedious calcula-
tions_more efficiently. Pascal anc£
Leibniz before him envisioned and
even constructed simple macr
for such calculations, but Babbage
had a much larger picture in mind.
The idea would completely domlnala__
the next 20 years of his life. Givin g-^ —
the now humorously quaint name of
"The Difference Engine," ChafT6S_
Babba ge set out to make him self a
computer.

Given the technology and hardware

of the time, the dream was magnifi-
cently quixotic. More bizarre was the

Babbage dre«
great quixotic dreams.

fact that somehow he convinced the—
British gove rnment to help foot the/-
bill! Without the aid of chips, vacuum
tubes, or even electricity, Babbage^"

^_^ Sfartlingly self-assured and always
a maverick, Babbage, along with his

V two_closest friends, John Herschel

and George Peacock, by 1812
/-founded the Analytical Society at

Victorian England was
the time for mad doc-
tors of twilight fiction.

Cambridge. The plan of the society
was nothing less than to revolution-
ize 1 English mathematics by introduc-
ing the modern methods of infinites-
imal calculus championed in France
and Germany, but neglected in Eng-
land in favor of the traditional but
awkward Newtonian "calculus of
Fluxions."

Raymond C. Spangenburg 525 Hillside
Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA
94080.

self had taught, the inten-
Analytical Society were
radical indeed. But Babbage, Herschel
and Peacock, who once vowed jointly
to do their best to leave the world
wiser than they found it, were so per-
suasive in their arguments that within
five years they saw not only Cam-
bridge, but other schools converting
to the modern methods as well

It was a heady victory and one that
assured prominence for its three lead-
ing-advocates. Herschel, the son of
astronomer William Herschel, fol-
lowed in his brilliant father's footsteps
in astronomy and government. Pea-
cock found his niche in the ministry.
And Babbaqe dreamed greater, if
more quixotic dreams.

The dream would devour his wealth
and inheritance, would obsess him for
the rest of his life and would turn him
from an inquisitive, intelligent, healthy
young scientist into a bitter and frus-
trated old man.

utfitted the workshed he convinced

IB government to build for him, and

et to work building his comp uter. /

- It was a job that would never see a

""finish. Inspiration and genius are fine

tools and on paper the "Difference

Engin e** mov ed beautifully. Corv 2 "

structed of gears, cogs, axes and
tricate combinations and meshings,^ 1
the Difference Engine of Babbage's
vision would not only perform calcula-
tions, based on the principle of con-„ '
stant differences, but would do so up
to a 20-place capacity, present an
answer in an answer column and eveir-
stamp the answer on a copper en-
graver's platel It all looked fine,
incredibly complex — on paper —
and draftsmen today still consider i
Babbage's diagrams to be among the-'
finest examples of mechanical draw-
ing ever executed. But turning the
Difference Engine into reality was a
much greater problem.

Reality was just not ready for
Charles Babbage's vision. The exist-
ing technology of his time was crudely
efficient, but not efficient enough to
handle the fine tooling and delicate

24

CREATIVE COMPUTING

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And every drive you order comes complete with
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D TRS-80 □ APPLE □ S-1 00

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Double sided

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D Double density
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♦ TRS-80 « a registered trademark ol Radio Shack, a Tandy Company
CIRCLE 167 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Demon, cont'd. . .

complexity of a clockwork machine to
be made to incredibly fine-gauged
standards and to be constructed of
over two tons of hand-tooled ratchets,
cams, links, shafts and wheels. Dr.
Frankenstein in his laboratory might
have boggled at such complexity!

No doubt so did Babbage's assis-
tants who, when a salary dispute
arose, took the chance to collect their
tools and abandon the furious Bab-
bage to his own devices.

"Devices," in more ways than one,
and certainly plural, because the rest-
less mind of Babbage was already
pursuing another path — the Analyti-
cal Engine, an even more magnificent
vision.

The Analytical Engine would not
only calculate but would possess
a "store" or memory along with its
"mill" or calculating mechanisms.
Using punched cards, similar to those
then in use in the Jacquard loom, the
Analytical Engine would receive in-
structions, carry them out, present
answers and even be able, in Bab-
bage's own words, "to eat its own tail"
— that is, to alter its own stored pro-
gram on the basis of its calculations.

The whole thing was a little too
much for the British government, par-
ticularly since the "Difference En-
gine" had only partially been com-
pleted. The new monster was beyond
reason and financial support.

Moral support came, though, in the
form of Babbage's new associate, the
daughter of Lord Byron, Lady Au-
gusta Lovelace. A brilliant but ill-fated
young woman, Lady Lovelace had
been introduced as a child to Bab-
bage and his Difference Engine when
her math tutor had arranged a tour of
Babbage's workshed. The impres-
sions of that first meeting produced
mutual admiration. A "natural" and
gifted mathematician, Lady Lovelace
grasped quickly what her eccentric
elder was up to with his machine. On
his part, the by then somewhat cranky
Babbage appreciated the quick child
who asked intelligent, not foolish,
questions.

In 1842 the Italian military engineer
L. F. Menabrea, who attended one of
Babbage's public lectures on the Dif-
ference Engine, published an article
in French, which Lady Lovelace, by
then a young woman, translated into
English with annotations. Her transla-
tion and insightful annotations so im-
pressed Babbage that he asked her to
join him in his work. It's primarily
through this article that we have a
fairly complete understanding today
of Babbage's machines.

It wasn't long until Lady Lovelace
became as obsessed with the Bab-
bage machine as Babbage himself,
even calling it "this first child of
mine." At her suggestion, Babbage
abandoned the awkward decimal sys-
tem he had been using in favor of the
more efficient binary system.

Enthusiasm wasn't enough, though.
With government support gone,
money was a problem. Most of Bab-
bage's own private funds were de-
pleted in the intervening years of
struggle and, by the time Lady Love-
lace arrived on the scene, the enter-
prise was at a near standstill.

Setting himself up as something of
a consulting engineer, Babbage took
to touring England and Europe, study-
ing manufacturing methods. A fore-
runner of the modern operations re-
search specialist, he published a book
entitled Economy of Manufacturing
and Machinery in 1832, but there was
little money in the endeavor. Nor was
there much profit from the other fruits
of his eclectic mind, including his in-
vention of the ophthalmoscope, the
cow-catcher, the modern postage sys-
tem based on a flat rate of charges
(rather than the distance a letter was
to travel), or his brilliant, comprehen-
sive treatise on actuarial tables which
would form the basis of the modern
life insurance business.

Since such useful but mundane
pursuits brought in little money for
their project, Lady Lovelace and Bab-
bage were not above more colorful
and risky endeavors. Babbage, who
had taken to catigating 'street nui-
sances" and chasing organ-grinders
down the alleys with his cane, also so
alienated the government and other
possible backers that desperate
measures were called for.

Dr. Frankenstein in his
laboratory might have
boggled at such com-
plexity!

One of their plans was to build an
automatic tic-tac-toe player which
would be sent on tour to take on all
comers while, of course, charging ad-
mission to the game. But little study
into the matter convinced them, re-
luctantly, that the time and investment
wouldn't pay itself off soon enough.
Their final plan, and certainly the most
desperate, led to tragic results.

Lady Lovelace and her husband,
Lord Lovelace, were devotees of the
horse race. With child-like enthusi-
asm, Babbage's collaborator, along

with the eclectic Babbage himself,
spent hours attempting to devise a
winning system based on probability
theory. When their first attempts were
successful, their enthusiasm grew.
Babbage, not constitutionally given to
the sport, managed to keep a respec-
table distance, but Lady Lovelace, in-
heriting her father Lord Byron's love
of adventure, soon became helplessly
trapped. Caught between her belief in
Babbage's engines, and the need for
money to construct them on one hand,

"The highest object a
reasonable being
could pursue was to
endeavor to discover
those laws of mind by
which man's intellect
passes from the known
to the discovery of
the unknown."

and her own growing addiction to
horse-racing on the other, Lady Love-
lace quickly became a compulsive
gambler. With the losses that inevi-
tably followed, her health began to
fail. By 1852 she had three times been
forced to pawn her jewels to pay off
racing debts and was showing signs
of serious illness. Cancer tragically
took her life at age 36.

Left alone with his dreams and par-
tially completed machines. Charles
Babbage spent the rest of his life a
bitter and frustrated man. When he
was past 70, writing in his autobio-
graphy, Passages from the Life of a
Philosopher, he claimed not to be able
to remember one completely happy
day in his entire life. Of his magnifi-
cent demon itself? Babbage wrote
sadly that he had written the auto-
biography to make "less unpalatable"
the story and history of his calculating
machines.

Self-judgment was harsh. Harsher
certainly than history now reflects. A
genius before his time, with an idea
that was too far ahead of technologi-
cal development to bear fruit, Bab-
bage was at that forefront of men who,
as he wrote in the final pages of his
autobiography, possessed the convic-
tion that "the highest object a reason-
able being could pursue was to en-
deavor to discover those laws of mind
by which man's intellect passes from
the known to the discovery of the
unknown."

No more fitting epitaph for Charles
Babbage could ever be written. Q

26

CREATIVE COMPUTING

NOBODY CAN BEAT
THE MATCHLESS
QUALITY/DOLLAR RATIO!

Others may charge less than Matchless, but their auality can't compare. Don't take our word for it.
Ask a Matchless customer. His enth usiasm will rn nvincp you!

MS-800

Here's our line of quality products and the
systems with which they're compatible:

System

TRS-80 1

MS-60

5
1 -Drive

MS-800

8
1 -Drive

MS-800

8
2-Drive

MS-204
Printer

MPI B 51
Sgl/Dbl
Density

$270

Shugart 6
Sgl/Dbl
Density

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S395

S1695"

$2195*

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TRS-80 II

N/A

$1095"

$1595"

$795

$270

$500

Apple II

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$1645"

$2145"

$870"'

$270

$500

S-100

$395

$1095"

$1595"

$795

$270

$500

" Includes hardware software and documentation (Cables Extra $39 96)
" includes hardware ana documentation (Cables Extra S399S)
•" includes poraiiel interface with documentation

For your convenience, order Matchless products from these Distributors/Dealers:

ARIZONA

CALIFORNIA

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27

1<>80 Mofciiess Systems & Market Plan

Two Natural
Language Systems

no

O

When Byron Folse graduated
from high school four years ago, he
was offered a job by the Bell &
Howell Company to train as a
computer programmer. The company
would pay him $200 a month and
guarantee a $12,000 a year position
at the end of a two year course.

Computer training programs sub-
sidized by large corporations, and
programming schools in general,
turn out a great number of program-
mers each year. But the large market
for programmers may soon be de-
pleted, because the skills for mas-
tering the various complex languag-
es of the computer world may not
be necessary in the long run.

"The middleman is slowly being
eliminated in businesses that deal
with computers," said Folse, now a
computer science majorat the Univer-
sity of Kansas, "In twenty years,
most computers will be leaning
toward the use of natural lan-
guages. They'll be speaking English."

Ten years ago computer use was
restricted to designers and engineers
working in specialized fields. As
technology increases, computer
costs decrease, and it is likely that
ten years hence the computer will
become as commonplace as the
telephone. Consequently, computer
systems will be adapted to fit the
needs of small business and the
individual. The easiest system for
accommodating the masses will be a
system the user is already familiar
with, his own native tongue, rather
than the more basic computer lan-
guages such as Fortran (Formula
Translation) and Cobol (Common
Business Oriented Language).

But the complexities involved in
putting a natural language on a
computer program are immense.
There is no such thing as a primitive
language, in that all languages are

Bill Davis, 2327 Murphy Drive, Lawrence, KS
66044

u

G

£=S*

Sam and Sir

capable of expressing any thought,
and all are capable of producing an
infinite number of sentences. Never-
theless, it would be a mistake to
think of human language as some-
thing immune to analysis.

It was once thought that language
was an instinctive thing. To demon-
strate this notion, King Frederick II
of the Holy Roman Empire separated
a group of babies from the rest of
society, commanded that no words
be spoken in their presence, and
waited to see what natural language
the children would speak.

The experiment failed, all the
children died within a few years, and
none ever spoke. Language is some-
thing learned through association of
ideas and sounds, so by recreating
these associations such knowledge
can eventually be transferred to a
computer program.

In twenty years, most
computers will be speak-
ing English.

The transition will not be an easy
one. The first attempt to program a
computer in English was begun at
Harvard in 1951. Designed to trans-
late foreign languages Into English,
the computer had access to complete
dictionaries of Russian and English.
Also incorporated were basic gram-
matical features such as word order,
(subject-verb-object) noun cases and
verb tenses. But the computer could
not translate sentences without
changing the meaning. The now
famous example of Harvard's trans-
lation of the biblical quotation "The
spirit is willing but the flesh is
weak," was translated into Russian
and then back into English to read,
"The wine is agreeable but the meat
has spoiled."

"The trouble with the early Har-
vard experiments," said Donald Lew-
is, a linguistics major at KU, "was
that they couldn't deal with syntactic
ambiguity. Not only do different

words have more than one meaning,
but a sentence can be ambiguous by
nature of the structure. For instance,
'John gave Bill a sock' is ambiguous
because 'sock' has two meanings,
but the sentence 'the man wants
protection from attack by the police'
is ambiguous due to the syntactic
structure." It isn't clear from the
sentence itself whether the man
wants the police to protect him or if
he fears that they, the police, will
attack him.

Lewis contends that, in fact, the
line between semantics and syntax is
hard to define. Form and meaning
are interrelated in obscure ways.
Even if the computer could be fully
taught English grammar, there would
still be ambiguities resulting from
changes in tone of voice and the
inflection of certain syllables.

To cope with these problems,
Harvard linguists designed in the
early 60's the most comprehensive
phrase structured grammar ever pro-
grammed. The system produced four
different interpretations of the sen-
tence, "Time flies like an arrow." The
sentence could mean that time
moves in the same manner as an
arrow moves, or that a particular
breed of flies are fond of arrows. It
could also mean the speed of a fly is
measured the same way as the speed
of an arrow, or the sentence could be
read as a command to measure the
speed of flies which resemble arrows.

Obviously, a program with any
practical value will have to do more
than list the possible meanings for
each sentence. No matter what
natural language systems are used
for: banking, engineering, educat-
ing, or playing games, the system
will have to be able to ask questions
of the user to resolve ambiguities
and key the computer to the context
of the conversation. Even more
important will be the capability of
drawing causal inferences from gen-
eral statements.

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Languages, cont'd...

There may be information con-
tained in two sentences that isn't
explicit in either one. Suppose we
have, "John was mowing the lawn.
Suddenly he felt a pain in his toe."
How is the computer supposed to be
able to infer what has happened?
Like any syntactic feature, we must
understand causal connections our-
selves if we hope to put them down
on paper for a program.

Roger Schank, of Yale, has
invented a program that can draw on
a huge backlog of information and
connect events and places. SAM
(Script Applier Mechanism) can un-
derstand stories and infer causes
that are not directly stated. SAM can
then paraphase the stories and
explain it's conclusions.

When the following was typed
into SAM, "John went to a restaurant.
He ordered a hamburger. The ham-
burger was cold. John left a small
tip." The program paraphrased,
"John went to a restaurant. The
hamburger he ordered was cold.
John was displeased and left a small
tip." Similiarly, given the input,
"John went to a restaurant. He sat
down, He got mad. He left." SAM
reasoned, "A waiter did not go to the
table. John became upset and left
the restaurant."

SAM has an excellent memory. It
can analyze hundreds of sentences
simultaneously, but sometimes
draws false conclusions. For exam-
ple SAM once said, "Harriet went to
Jack's birthday party. The cake
tasted awful. Harriet left Jack's
mother a small tip."

Such difficulties occur despite
SAM's continuing improvement. But
as Schank described in his 1975
research report, "SAM handles boring
little stories. Theory must be devel-
oped to help detect the point of a
story." The computer, like the human
mind, must differentiate between
facts that are important and those
that aren't.

The ability to infer conclu-
sions over a wide range of
subjects belongs, for the
most part, to humans
only.

Schank is convinced the next step
in computer development of natural
language will be a good theory of
forgetting. "Just what people choose
to remember of a novel they read is
significant towards telling us what is
most important about a text and what
can be filled in later," he said.

Other natural language systems
are showing promise. MIT has in-
vented a Semantic Information Re-
trieval (SIR) program capable of
structuring facts according to such
categories as ownership, part-whole,
number and spatial position. SIR can
deduce, for example, by the input
that people have ten fingers, that an
individual also has ten, five fingers
on each hand. Although SIR does
little more than regurgitate inform-
ation in a paraphrased form, it's
significance lies in the vast number
of synonyms it can produce. Thus,
even an entire novel can be re-written
by computer, although not in an
especially creative style.

The Artificial Paranoid
said that the Mafia is out
to get him.

Perhaps the most unique system
is an exclusive of Stanford Universi-
ty, in which a pre-determined set of
responses is programmed that simu-
lates the behavior of a paranoid
person. Put together mostly for the
fun of it, the "person" has produced
some humorous conversations. A KU
linguistics student fortunate enough
to get to talk to the Artificial
Paranoid said the program contin-
ually repeats the phrase that the
Mafia is out to get him. Whenever the
program is questioned for evidence
of a Mafia conspiracy it replies, "You
don't believe me, do you?"

But the Artificial Paranoid simply
says the same things over and over.
Even the most elaborate natural
language systems, such as SAM and
SIR, can at best only re-phrase
sentences and stories on a narrow
level. Part of the problem of getting a
computer to speak English is that
any given sentence (Time flies like an
arrow) has a number of different
meanings, depending on the context
of the conversation. Depending on
the purpose the system is designed
for, it must have a narrow set of
grammatical rules restricting terms
to a few specific definitions. Most
are forced to limit the scope, or
number the definitions of a word in
order to rule out irrelevent material.

The best way to begin this
process is to establish basic seman-
tic categories, dividing each word
into the Countable, the Edible, the
Animate, or the Human. Rules of
grammar can then tell the computer
exactly in what context the word
applies. They can specify that the
action "eat," is to apply only to the
Edible, and soon.

If definitions are never restricted,
the computer will always become

confused, because no program de-
signed for a practical purpose can
accept as part of its vocabulary every
known definition without reference
to some context. In SAM's program,
the tip that John left in the restaurant
can only have one real definition. If
the word "tip" did not always mean,
for SAM, an amount of money, the
program would have no way of
distinguishing a tip left in a restaur-
ant from the tip of an iceberg, or from
the act of tipping one's hat.

There are about twenty linguistics
students and computer science
majors, including Byron Folse, who
are working jointly at the University
of Kansas on natural language
development. Folse says it is just a
matter of time before systems are
invented that will go beyond SAM
and SIR.

"Computers already have an arti-
ficial intelligence in terms of mem-
ory," he said. "If a person reads a
story from the SAM program he'll
remember maybe eighty or ninety per
cent. SAM's understanding is pretty
much limited to restaurants and
lunches, but within it's domain it has
total recall."

Although systems based on
mathematics have always had un-
limited potential in the fields of
accounting and engineering, unfor-
tunately no system based on human
language has yet found a practical
application. The ability to infer
conclusions over a wide range of
subjects belongs, for the most part,
to humans only. In a comprehensive,
ideal situation, a computer would be
able not only to interpret meaning
through sentence structure but have
receptors for picking up the actual
sounds and weighing voice inflec-
tions. The real test for a system that
closely resembles a human mind
would be for a person to be isolated
with a computer terminal and let him
communicate, first with a real per-
son, then with the computer system.
A perfect system could grasp and
respond to information, anger, an
anecdote, or a joke, with the subject
at the terminal unable to tell whether
he was conversing with man or
machine. O

A third natural language pro-
gram, ELIZA, originally written by
Joseph Weizenbaum at MIT, has
been widely discussed in books
and magazines. (See Creative
Computing, Vol.3, No. 4, pg.100
and Vol.6, No. I, pg.62.)

30

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CIRCLE 132 ON READER SERVICE CARD

MON. - SAT.
10-6

Less than 5% of computer crimes are reported.
The rest are either successful or suppressed.

How Safe Is Your
Computer?

David E. Powers

Jerry Schneider called Pacific
Telephone's computer and punched
some buttons on his phone. In the 2 AM
darkness a telephone company truck
dropped a $25,000 switchboard at a
manhole. Jerry's own van later hauled
it to his warehouse where he added it to
a growing stock of stolen equipment.
Schneider combined expertise, au-
dacity and luck to penetrate the phone
company's computerized order sys-
tem. Every night phone company
employees dutifully filled his dialed
orders, disguised as legitimate re-
quests from other departments.
Schneider built a million dollar com-
munications business on stolen inven-
tory. One of his employees, fired over a
salary dispute, exposed him. Other-
wise the fraud may have continued for
years. Pacific Telephone didn't realize
it was being plundered.

Schneider now runs a computer
security service, a promising industry,
for his fraud against Pacific Telephone
represents an increasing number of
crimes by computer. Donn B. Parker of
SRI International, a non-profit Cali-
fornia research corporation, has inves-
tigated over 700 cases of computer
abuse. Parker's data came from reli-
able sources, but he knows many more
incidents have escaped attention.
"Almost every case we have has been
discovered accidentally," Parker says,
and few discovered cases are reported.
Victims, banks especially, fear they will
lose public confidence if people know
they are vulnerable to computer crime.

Robert V. Jacobson heads Inter-
national Security Technology, a pri-
vate consulting firm in New York. He
observes that some cases of computer
crime receive attention only "because
they're easily discovered or the crim-
inal was inept or wanted to be caught."

David E. Powers. 10 Wilben Ct . New Hyde Park.
NY 10040.

Most computer crimes are undetected,
possibly even undetectable. Jacobson
used to quote a study showing that
"86.2% of computer crime is never
detected." In a recent interview he
lamented the subtle irony. Audiences
never questioned the accuracy to three
significant figures of a statistic on
"something we don't know anything
about." Jacobson's guess is that we
hear of only four or five percent of all
computer crime. The rest is either
successful or suppressed.

Boldness of known computer
frauds staggers investigators. Senator
Abe Ribicoff, who has introduced
federal legislation to deal with com-
puter abuse, observes that "crime by
computer is relatively new. But when it
strikes it is not shy." Donn Parker
estimates the average loss from a
bank-related computer crime at
$450,000. Others suggest the mean
loss from a computer fraud outside the
banking industry exceeds $600,000.

In 1971 the Penn Central Railroad
lost 21 7 boxcars. Someone had modi-
fied computer input to classify them as
scrapped and to divert them to a siding
of a tiny railway where thieves —
possibly organized crime — emptied
them, disposed of their contents and
prepared them for sale or lease to
another railroad. The loss was in the
millions.

A teller at the Union Dime Savings
Bank in New York used a supervisory
program to alter customers' accounts.
If any depositor complained of an
incorrect balance, the teller moved
money from other accounts to the
customer's. Routine audits never
caught him. The bank discovered his
fraud only when police raided the
teller's bookie and found his name on a
list of heavy betters. He had gambled
embezzled money, often as much as
$30,000 daily. Before the fraud ended
the teller had stolen over $1.5 million.

In 1979 a few computer operators
and parimutuel clerks at Florida's
Flagler Dog Track regularly altered the
odds in trifecta betting pools to net
over $2 million for each conspirator.
Since their fraud touched neither the
track's share of the pool nor the state's,
but stole from other winners, auditors
never suspected it. They were caught
because one of them boasted of the
scheme.

In 1971 the Penn Central
Railroad lost 217 box-
cars. Someone had mod-
ified computer input to
classify them as scrap-
ped and to divert them to
a siding of a tiny railway
where thieves — possibly
organized crime — emp-
tied them, disposed of
their contents and pre-
pared them for sale or
lease to another railroad.

Computers, of course, are not
criminals; people are, and scores of
experts argue that computer fraud is
better labelled "computer assisted
fraud," as M. Blake Greenlee, Vice
President of Citibank, calls it. Still,
public ignorance about computers
creates a nurturing environment for
abuse. Managers, auditors and con-
sumers hesitate to question neat

32

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Safe, cont'd . . .

computer output. They are incredibly
accurate machines whose complexity
intimidates casual users but offers a
haven to enterprising thieves.

Computhieves do not fit criminal
stereotypes. They are bright, young
and motivated people, energetic and
ambitious, the kind personnel direc-
tors love to hire. Rarely do they regard
their crimes as harmful. At first the
teller in the Union Dime case never
took more from any depositor than was
covered by federal insurance. Some
computer criminals rationalize their
acts as protests against an uncaring
system, or trivialize them as crimes
against impersonal devices. Donn
Parker calls it the "vending machine
syndrome." In England an electronic
thief's barrister depicted his client as
victim and the computer as an in-
human horror.

Few computer criminals are
caught. Fewer suffer serious punish-
ment. Chances of going to jail are less
than one in a thousand. Before com-
puterized account maintenance every
transaction left an audit trail, a record
of the transaction and its disposition
that auditors could follow. Electronic
data processing rarely leaves clear
trails. Paper bookkeeping systems do
not permit erasures, but computer
media are inherently erasable. Some
computer criminals are so clever that
their crime eliminates its own evi-
dence. Jerry Schneider's phone com-
pany fraud included instructions to
destroy records of his orders.

Microcomputers may not suffer
identical abuses that time sharing
systems face, but they are still vulner-
able. Along with the $2 billion Equity
Funding scandal, Parker's research
includes hundred dollar crimes.
Michael Wilson, Special Agent and
computer crime expert in the New York
office of the F.B.I., believes that "small
systems are more dangerous than the
big ones." Financial fraud, theft of data
or property and computer vandalism
are real threats. Security expert Robert
Jacobson says that "small business
systems represent an absolute bo-
nanza for the embezzler." A clever one
will turn a small business into a small
disaster.

Workers can apply similar tech-
niques to defraud with micro systems
as have been used with large com-
puters. Su ppose an employee desi res a
raise but has been unable to convince
the boss. Given access to his em-
ployer's computer the disgruntled
employee can arrange a modest
increase on his own. The standard way
is to alter stored pay rates or hours
worked, "data diddling," it's called.
Playing with input requires little skill.

Some varieties of computer fraud
involve patches in the computer

operating system or modifications to
critical programs. Donn Parker de-
scribes a "salami" technique as "a truly
automated crime." Using electronic
data processing an embezzler may hit
many accounts for small slices over a
long time until he has concluded a
substantial theft. Parker cites a bank
which suspects it is the victim of a
salami. Random accounts are irregu-
larly and inexplicably debited with

Some computer crimi-
nals are so clever that
their crime eliminates its
own evidence.

minuscule sums. Presumably some
other account receives the money
since the bank's records balance. If a
patron complains, the bank rectifies
the error, but customers generally
accept computer output and blame
their own figures. Living with the
salami costs the bank a few hundred
dollars annually, while finding the
embezzler and searching for lost
assets might cost substantially more.

Salamis work in all sorts of
businesses. A computer operator with
programming skill modified his em-
ployer's payroll instructions to sub-
tract slightly too much tax — unnotice-
able amounts — from his coworkers'
checks and to credit the excess funds
to his withholding account. As far as
the employer could determine, every-
thing balanced. At the end of the year
all W-2 forms except the thief's re-
ported smaller deductions than had
actually been withheld. When his IRS
refund check came in the mail, the
employee collected the proceeds of his
fraud. Normal auditing missed the
individual thefts, but a janitor who
wouldn't slavishly accept computer
output recalculated his own deduc-
tions at year's end and led to discovery
of the fraud.

Knowledgeable employees could
alter a payroll program to benefit from
intentional mathematical errors. In
larger organizations they might create
fictitious employees and issue fraudu-
lent paychecks. A documented case
describes a programmer who inserted
a logical time bomb into payroll
software and invented his own variety
of unemployment insurance. Six
months after his social security num-
ber ceased to appear on the payroll the
computer would begin sending him
paychecks again. Others have
awarded themselves handsome sever-
ance payments or oversized pensions.

Valuable information lures thieves
and swindlers, too. In 1973 a former
employee stole computer tapes of vital
data from a West German firm and
offered to return them for a $200,000
ransom. The kidnapping succeeded

because a business is paralyzed if its
managers cannot access information
on accounts, inventory, payroll,
marketing plans, customers' needs —
the variety of data computers store.

Operators have stolen data for
resale. In the early 1970s three em-
ployees of Encyclopedia Brittanica
copied a three million name mailing list
of favored customers from a computer
file and sold it to a direct mail
company. The publisher alleged the
list was worth $3 million. Among
smaller companies a businessman
could benefit from names of his
competitor's clients, and such records,
stored on electronic media, are acces-
sible at computer speeds. Often they
are portable as a five-inch minifloppy
diskette.

Manipulation of inventory control
programs and account records have
brought computer thieves big profits. If
employees can make off with 217
boxcars they can victimize smaller
firms with more movable inventory.
Operators can steal merchandise
reclassified as broken, sold or other-
wise unavailable. Shipping record
programs usually include procedures
to assure customers of prompt de-
livery. Rarely do they contain audit
controls adequate to determine if
orders are real and accompanied by
invoices charged against receivable
files.

More difficult to execute are
crimes in which computer operators
fabricate purchase orders to substan-
tiate fraudulent invoices from dummy
vendors. The offending employee
controls the dummy companies and
collects his employer's payments at
the bank. A computer expert at a
trucking company drove the dummy
vendor road to a $1 million embezzle-

Shipping record pro-
grams usually include
procedures to assure
customers of prompt de-
livery. Rarely do they
contain audit controls
adequate to determine if
orders are real and ac-
companied by invoices
charged against receiv-
able files.

ment. An employee of a Long Island
insurance company enjoyed large un-
scheduled benefits using similar
techniques.

Sabotage and vandalism threaten
users of all system types and sizes. The
history of physical vandalism tells of

34

CREATIVE COMPUTING

Safe, cont'd .

computers which have been burnt,
bombed, shot and stabbed. One uni-
versity computer suffered expensive
damage when a student assaulted it
with a milkshake. Microcomputer
users may not fear overt physical acts,
but sabotage can take subtle forms. A
discharged programmer left a logical
time bomb in his employer's operating
system: two years later all data files
would be destroyed. A fired computer
librarian for an insurance company
intentionally mislabelled all tapes in
her charge. The company spent hun-
dreds of thousands of dollars to
examine and relabel its tapes. Other
acts of sabotage include destruction of
magnetic media or malicious alteration
of their contents.

Even advanced systems invite
abuse and compromise. The Depart-
ment of Defense, for example, has
hired "tiger teams" to invade its
computers and steal classified infor-
mation. Private computer users have
tried similar projects to find and
correct weaknesses before criminals
discover them. Experts seem to agree
that currently no computer installation
will withstand determined effort to
compromise it, provided the potential
abuser is willing to devote the needed
time, money and personnel to the task.
Police agencies are finding it difficult
to keep pace with criminals. Computer
fraud, Donn Parker says, makes a
"moving target, and while law enforce-
ment communities figure out how to
handle today's crimes, we've got
crooks out there figuring out how to do
tomorrow's."

Although microcomputer security
lags far behind larger systems, many
problems are similar. Management
ignorance accounts for the most
serious flaws in computer systems. FBI
Agent Michael Wilson says that "pro-
prietors of small businesses generally

MICROMATH
REVOLUTIONIZES

the teaching of Math!

MICROMATH is a complete review mathematics course
which will be of great value to students from grades 8 to 12.
Exclusively made to run on the Commodore PET 8K
machine, this is the only full, one semester course ol
kind in North America The course is made up of a total of
93 lessons and 16 tests.

MICROMATH has distinct advantages for students. They
can choose from 93 separate lessons, work comfortably
without embarrassment, at their own speed, with peers or
individually. Highly praised by those instructors who have
used it, the entire MICROMATH review program may be
purchased on 5 diskettes for $500.00 - only $4.59 pe f
lesson! Supplementing the course is a 152 page workbook.
A demonstration diskette is available for only $25.00.

cu Sheridan
^u College

For further information write

Mr. F. Winter, Sheridan College. 1430 Trafalgar Rd.

Oakville. Ontario, Canada L6H 2L1 (416) 845-9430

CIRCLE 191 ON READER SERVICE CARD

MAY 1980

35

Na12:

Gourmet
Goodies

for

..CPM

&&£**

Sottwaretor most popular 8080/ Z80' computer disksystems includingNORTH ST AR.iCOM.MICROPOLIS.DYNABYTE DBS/2

& DB8/4, EXIDY SORCERER, SD SYSTEMS, ALT AIR, VECTOR MZ.MECA, 8" IBM, HEATH H17 & HS9, HELIOS, /***>»**■ "-" ,' s> u lt LrJ

IMSAI VDP42 1 44, REX, NYLAC, INTERTEC SUPER-BRAIN, VISTA VSO and V200, TRS-80* MODEL I and MODEL II, ALTOS, & ■ „ Agtyd C-***-,*r
OHIO SCIENTIFIC, DIGILOG, KONTRON PS1S0, IMS 5000 DISKETTE lormalsandCSSN BACKUP cartridge tapes.

r eU!X*^

cet^*^

CP/M VERSION 2 FOR TRS-80 MODEL II NOW AVAILABLE

All Lifeboat programs require CP M, unless otherwise stated.

::

1 OWM" r-lOPPY DISK OPERATING SYSTEM - Digital
Research* operating system conl.gured lor many
popular micro-computers and disk systems

System

Version

Prtoa

North Star Sing* Density

1 4

i««»

Nortt. Star Doubt* Density

t 4

North Star Double, Quad

»COU Micro Disk 2411

-COM 3612

1 4

WW

Mil* 320? Allan MOO

1 4

16*725

Heath H8 + H17 .

1« Jl ■
145 75 -

Heath hbb

14

TRS-80 Modal 1

14

1U/24M

TRS-60 Modal II

. 2x

170/25

Processor Tachnotoyy Helio* ll

14

145 25

Crorrtemco Sy*tem 3

1 4

145 75

Intel MDS Smgl* Density

1.4

145 25

Intel MDS Single Density

2m

irtv»

Intel MDS 800 Double Density

2 x

200 25

Intal MDS 230 Doubt* DantMy

2x

200 25

Micropenis Mod 1

14

14S--25 v

Mtcropofts Mod II

14

145 2$.

. chaining
5475/$7S

Tha following contiguraiions an

teas* during Ih* first nail of I960:

North star Doubt* Quad + Ox-rut 2 ■ fSoTS

North Star Horuon HD-1 2x 250 25

OfuoScent.fic C3 2 x.. 200-25

Ohio Scaantrtic C3D 2* 25075

OtHO Scientific C3-C 2.x 25*25

Micropol.s Mod II 2 . 200 25

Mo*lekMDXSTD Bus System 2. 350 25'*

♦COM 3812 2. 225 25 '

■COM 451 1 Perlec D3000 S « 575/2* * +

TRS-60 Modal II + Corvus 2 n 150/25

Sofrwara consisti of rfte operating tyifem. re»r edi-
tor. uirnMrr, de&ugger and of *•* uM net /or Ma
m*n*oan**nf and syirem tnmntftmnct Comp/ere far
of Dioif*/ Jtaaaarc /it oocume/rief-o/) and eddm-on*/
»riiol*«i»*of*fion nofes include Systems m*r*ad ■
include f-rrnware on 2708 and 2716 Sysfema

D BASIC-60 - Disk Extended BASIC ANSI compallbl*

Swith long variable nam*., WHILE WEND.
variable length til* records

BASIC COMPILER - Language compaitbt* with
■l' BASIC no and 3-10 times taster execution Produces
m standard Microsoft relocatable binary output In-
clude* MACRO SO Alto Imkabta to FORTRAN 80 or
COBOL 80 COO* modules I»l6rs.l

□ FOR TRAM -00 - ANSI 66 (e.cepl for COMPLEX, plua

§many extension* includM relocatable obi*ct com-
piler, linking loader, library with manager Alto in-
clude* MACRO 80 (to* below) . 5425 525
I : COBOL-60 - Level t ANSI '74 standard COBOL phi*
rv rnotl of Level 2 Full sequential, relative, and ev
A dexed hie tupport with variable hie name* STRING.
^ UNSTRINQ. COMPtjTr. VARYING/UNTIL. EXTEND.
CALL. COPY. SEARCH, 3 dimr-ntrorval array*, com-
pound and abbreviated conditions, nested IF Power-
ful interactive screen handling extensions Includes
compatible ast*mb!*i. linking loader, and relocat-
able library manager at described under MACRO 80
S7SS/S2I

□ MACRO-BO - 8080 780 Macro Assembler Intel and
(i, Zitog mnemonict supported Relocatable linkable
.fat- output Loader, Library Manager and Cross Reler-

•nee List utilities included $145511

XMACRO-aa - 8066 crott assembler All Macro and

r**twfw* 01 MACRO 80 pa

Slightly modified from Intal ASM86 Compatible.

sheet avealabkt

| I EDIT -80 - Very fat! random accen i*«t editor lor test

i *.ih or without line number* Global and intra-iine

commands supported file compare utility Included

WeVfll

| PASCAUM* - Compitaf generates P COO* from BB>
T) tended language, trrsptameniatson ol ttandard PAS-

U KMtIC - MicroMll Disk Extanrtad BASIC with all
(l) KISS facilities, integrated by implementation of ntna
addrtional command* m language Package MKlud**
KISS REL at described above, and a sample mail
hst program $eeaVSea>

To licensed users ol Microsoft BASlC-60 (MBASIC)

[ | XVBABIC Interactive Process Control BASIC - Full
d.sk BASIC teaimet pus uniqu* commands lo han-
dle bytes, rotate and shift, and to Mat and set bit*.
Available in Integer, Extended and ROMabkt versions.
Integer Oisk or Integer FtOMeble 17*5 575

Extended Drsk or Extended ROMable $3*5 525

. BASIC UTILITY DISK Consists of (1) CRUNCH 14
a) - Compacting utility 10 reduce the all* and increase
Ih* speed of programs in Mil rosoft BASIC and TRS-
80 BASIC. (2) DPFUhl - Double precsslon subroutines
lor compuiing nineteen lianscendeniai tunctiona in-
cluding square root natural log. log bat* 10, in, arc
tei. hyperbolic sin. hyperbolic arc tin. elc Furnished
in source on diskette and documentation . 550/515

.b.lity data
577*7525

8STRIHOVS0 - Character string handling p;u
lor direct CP, M BOOS call* from FORTRAN and Other

compatible Microsoft languages. Tha utility library
contains routines that enable program* to chain lo
a COM tile, retrieve command lata parameters, and
search lile director** with full wild card facilities
Supplied as linkable modules in Microsoft formal

mvar* on 2706 »nd 7718 Sysfem* ■ ■:■ tended language, implementalion ol Standard PAS-

le 5440 m*o\m cna/oe Srs/ema I ^d CAL Supports overlay structure through additional
Hta apec/af # irorarOvu of software ' , J procedure calls and the SEGMENT procedure typ*

in mr* cafafog Syf*ra marked v /lava minor var/antt
*r*./abf* lo turf consore infrfac* ol tytfem C*// or
wr.fe lot full If I of options.

: IBP/M* - Intel MDS tmgie density only (Documenta-
tion include* CP/M 2.0 manual*)

•ng handling capability with
type STRING Untypsr-
10 Requires 56K CPU

VUQ Untyped files allow

-

ZBO DEVELOPMENT PACKAGE Consists of <l) disk
til* leva editor with global inter and tntra-lin* facili-
ties, (2) Z80 relocating assembler ZiKjg Mostek mne-
monic*, conditional assembly and Croat reference
table capabilities; (3) linking leader producli
lute Intel hex disk file

U PABCAL/Z - 780 native code PASCAL compiler Pro-

L. ; duces optimind. ROMable reantranl coda All inter-

taemq lo CP M is through tha support library The

package includes compiler, Microsoft Compatibl* r*-

^

locating i

library modules Variant records strings and dxrect

I/O any supported. Requires S6K CP/M and Z80 CPU

cing abSO-
555 570

' Debugger so break

■dord 7riog.1*to*iek r
assembly displays $35 when ordered with 780 Devel-
opment Package

: 2DT - ZB0 Monitor I

PASCAL-MT ■ Sub**t of standard PASCAL Gener-
<U ates ROMable 8080 machine code. Symbolic debug-

■ '.'•" B5M BBMOlii intrrruut proredufes. CF* M

;^j lit* I/O and assembly language interface Real vari-

Vr^m «b*M can be BCD. software floating point or AMD

550.fi 6 'JIT^ Mil hardware floating point. Version 3 Includes

to mm hex ■■■■■■■ -

As XASM-68 tor MOS Ti

•cfvvologyMCS-

Disk based dWaatamblar lo total 8060 o.
TDL/Xitan Z80 source code, listing and cross rater'
ence hie*. Intel or TDL/Xitan paeudo opa options'

mrtn

Runs on 8060

116
-Aa DISTEL to ZilogVostek mnemonic
i tiles Runs on ZBO only 5*5 $10

SMAL'80 Structured Macro Assembler Language -
D Package of powerful general purpose text macro
processor and SMAL structured language compiler
SMAL 1* an assembler language with IF-THEN ELSE.
LOOP-REPEAT-WHILE, DOENO. BEGIN-END con-
airucta $7sV$i$

fr

ttsvy C - interactive interpretive system tor teaching
structured programming techniques Manual includes
full sourer listings $ 1057540

■OB C COtBPtLffRj - Supports most feature* of lan-
guage, including Structures. Arrays. Pointers recur.
srv* function evaluation, overlays Includes linking
loader, library manager, and library containing gen-
eral purpoee, file I/O, and floating potni functions
Lacks milialuers. statics, float* and longs Docu-
mentation includes 'The C PROGRAMMING LAN-
GUAGE " by Kernighan and Ritchie $125,170
WHITESMITHS C COMPILER The ultimate In sys-
tem* software toots Produces faster cod* than a
pseudo-code Pascal with more extensive facilities
Conform* to the full UNIX' Version 7 C language de-
scribed by Kernighan and Ritcfue. and make* avail-
able over 75 functions tor performing 10. String
manipulation and storage allocation Linkable lo
Microsoft REL hies Requires 60K CP M

quires 32K

ALQOL-ao - Powerful block structured language com-
piler featuring economical run-time dynamic alloca-
tion of memory Very compact (24K total RAM) sys-
tem Implementing almost all Algol 60 report features
plus many powerful extensions including Strang han-
dling direct disk address LO etc Require* ZBO
CPU $1B6/t2*

CBASIC-2 Disk Extended BASIC Non-mleract.ve
M BASIC with pseudo code compiler and run-time in-
lerpretaf Support* full til* control, chaining tnteaer
and extended precision variable*, etc $170515

MICRO FOCUS

STANDARD CIS COBOL - ANSI '74 COBOL stand
■ i , ard compiler fully validated by U S Navy lest* to
ANSI level 1 Supports many feature* to kevel 2 in-
cludmg dynamic loading of COBOL modules and a
full 'ISAM fit* facility Also, program segmentation
interactive debug and powerful interactive extensions
to support protected and unprotected CRT screen
formatting from COBOL program* used with any

-a

- CRT screen editor Osttput is COBOL data
4) descriptions tor copying into CIS COBOL programs
Automatically creaies a query and update program of
indexed dies using CRT protected and unprotected
screen formats No programming experience netded.
Output program directly compiled by CIS COBOL
(standard)

ITEMS

Xtnvii fi**c£J 7

&f*t.

Wr"**-

'fit* TKS-*°

CIDOS SYSTEMS

KISS Keyed Index Sequential Search Offers com-
© ptete Mufti Keyed Index Sequential and Direct Ac-
cess til* management Includes built-in utility func-
tions lor 16 or 32 bit arithmetic, siring integer conver-
sion and stung compare. Delivered as a relocatable
linkable module m Microsoft format lor us* with
FORTRAN80 or C060L-80. etc $335 $23

MICRO DATA BASE SYSTEMS

I , HOBS Hierarchical Data Base System CODASYL
Of tented with FILES. SET* RECORDS and ITEM*
which a<e all user defined ADO. DELETE. UPDATE.
SEARCH and TRAVERSE commands supported SET
ordering is sorted. FIFO. LIFO. next or prior One to
many set relationship supported Fiead Write protec-
tion at tha FILE level Support* FILEs which *atand
over multiple floppy or hard disk devices.

MDBS - Micro Data Base System Full network data
base with all features of HDBS plus mufti level Read/
Write protection lor FILE. SET. RECORD and ITEM
Explicit representation of one to one. one to many.
many to many, and many to one SET relationship*
Supports multiple owner and multiple record type*
within SETs HDBS files are fully compatible
MOBS-DBS MDBS with Dynamic Raat/ucturtng Sys-
tem option which allows aftaring MOBS data bases
Whan new ITEM*. RECORD*, or SET* ar* needed
without changing existing data.

$250-540
$750540

&

6060 Version available af $75 aatra
Whan ordering, *p*cify one Of I ha

STRING SO source coda available s*p*rat*iy Utsm
P THE STRING BIT- FORTRAN Characlei airing han-
dling. Routine* to find, fill, pack, move, separate
concatenate and compare character strings This
package completely eliminates the problems asso-
ciated with character stung handling in FORTRAN

VSORT - Versatile son merge system for fixed length
records with fixed or variable length fields VSORT
can be uaad as a standalone package or loaded and
called at a subroutine from C8ASIC-2 When used aa
Jim*. VSORT maxima** the us* of buffer
space by saving the TPA on disk and restoring It on
completion of sorting. Records may be up to 255
byte* long with a maximum of 5 fields Upp*rlow*r
Caa* translation and numeric field* supported.

$ 175,570

, | CPM 374X - Has full range of function* to create or
rename an IBM 3741 volume, display directory infor-
mation and edit the data set contents Provide* lull
file transfer facilities between 3741 volume data sets
and CP/M f.les $155 $10

BSTAM - Utility lo link one computer to another also

-M equipped with BSTAM Allows fit* transfers at full
data speed (no conversion lo h*a). with CRC block
control check for very reliable error detection and
automatic retry We u** it 1 11* gr**t' Full wildcard
expansion lo send a COM etc 9600 baud with wir*
300 baud with phon* cornvciion. Beth ends need
one Standard and Aversions can talk lo one another.
$150- $5

WHATSIT?" Interactive data base system using as-
sociative tags to retrieve information by subject
Hashing and random access uaad tor fast response
Fi*quir*s CBASIC 2 JUS 125

SELECTOR IM-C2 - Data Baa* Processor to create
and maintain multi Key data bases Pratt* formatted
sorted reports wtth numerical summari** or mailing
l*b*l* Comes with sample applications including
Sales Activity, Inventory, Payables. Receivables,
Check Register, and Client Palitnt Appointments etc
Requite* CBASIC ? Supplied in tOurc* $255 $70

6LECT0R - General Ledger option to SELECTOR
III-C2 Interactive system provides tor customized
CO* Unique chart of transaction type* insure proper
double entry bookkeeping Generates balance sheets
P4L statement* end journals Two year record allows
tor ttatement of changes m financial position report.
Supplied in sou-ce Requires SELECTOR IH-C?.
CBASIC 2 and 52K system $750 $7 5

CSS - Contigurable Business System it * compre-
hensive set of programs lor defining custom data
tile* and application systems without using piogram-

languag* such as BASIC. FORTRAN elc. Mui-
tey fields for each data file ar* supported Set-up
program customi*** system to u**f * CRT and printer
Provide* fast and easy interactive data entry and
retrieval with u ansae lion eroce**in*;. Report genera-
tor program doe* complex calculations with stonyd
and derived data, record selection with multiple cri-
teria, and custom formats Sample inventory and mail-
ing list systems included No supp art language re-

Pric***ndsp*«ilications subject to change without notice.

HOBS and MDBS manuals purchased aton* come
without specific language mtef tac* manual* Manual*
are available lor th* following Microsoft languages
I) MBASIC 4 51. 2) BASIC 80 SO. 3) Compiled
BASIC 80 or FORTRAN-BO. 4) CO6OL-60. S) MACRO-
BO $NA510

- Sort, marge, extract utility as abso
ft; lute executable progt *m or linkable module in Micro-
toft format Sortt hxvd or variable recordt with dale
in binary BCD Packed Decimal. EBCDIC ASCII.
floating « fixed point, exponential, field juttihed, etc
Even variable number of fields per record' $225525
SUPER-SORT II - Above available a* absolute pro-
(l) gram only $17$ $25

SUPER SORT ttf - As II without SELECT EXCLUDE
$125525

WORD-STAR Menu driven visual word processing
(I) system for use with standard terminals Text format-
ting performed on screen Facilities for text paginate
page number. Justify, center and underscore User
can print one document while simultaneously editing

WORD-STAR Customisation ttote* For *

u*er* who do not have one of the many standard

terminal or printer configuration* in the C"

version Of WORO-STAR

ing and replacing, forwards and backwards in file In
video mode, provides Kill screen editor for users with
serial addressable-cursor terminal $125575

W^

Lifeboat Associates, 3248 Broadway. NY. NY 10024 (212) 580-OOB2 relax 220501 iv'

8POLVWe/S0 - Full *cr**n editor lor any CRT with APARTMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM -
XY cursor positioning Includes vertical and hortton- <u management system (or receipts and aacurlty da-
ta! acrelHng. mtertcllve taarch and replace, auto- a> posits of apartment projects Captures data on va-
mat.c tait wrap around tor word processing, opera- t cancies, revenues, ate tor annual trend analysis
tKms tor manipulating block* ot te,t and compr*- Daily report show* lata rant*, vacancy notices, va-
henstve 70 page manual tH5 US cancies. income loat through vacancies, etc Requires

SPOtVTEKT/SS - Teat tormetter lor word protesting CBASIC-Z Supplied in source MtWSH

applications Justifies and paginalas source lent tiiea. cash REGISTER - Maintains fttee On daily aalea

Will generate form letter* with custom helds and <t> Files data by sates person and item Track* aalea.

conditional processing Support tor Daisy Wheel m over-rmo*. refund* payouts and total net deposits

printers includes variable pitch justtrication and mo- t Requires CBASIC? Supplied in source SSM/S3S

hen optimuatton SMttS ^^^— ^_^^-^__^^^^^^^_^^__

i TKITWRITER HI - Tait formatter to Justify and pagl- _ .„„.„„. ,

« nate letter* end other documents Special features POSTMASTER - A comprehensive package tor mail

include insert**! o* teat during execution from other • I** maintenance that is complelely menu driven.
disk hies or console, permitting recipe documents , .. Features Include keyed record eatraction and label
to be created horn linked fragments on other litest \r •> production A form letter program is included which
Has facifihe* lor sorted mde«. table erf contents and ' XjK. P*o*'de- neat letters on single sheet or contirvu-
lootnot* insertions Ideal for contracts, manuals, etc CJF «*• 'O""* Compatible with NAD hies. Requlrea

Now compatible with Cleclric Pencil" prepared Wes v CBASIC 2 itSO s.15

sits/tat ■ ,

-*.•--. — _.....— — .-.— ..__ STRUCTURED SYSTEMS GROUP

*7e« . * ^-.z. A - Hi \-~l ' ] OW"-R**. LEDOt« - Interactive and fle«iWe system

/Z0HS- ClfW*<£4&Cff* c 4 t providing proof and report outputs CustomiMtion of

. / /j j / ■ , j COA created mieractivety Multiple branch account-

4&%<stAr*^C Jr&t^W(^t*634'1&*d «g centers. Eitensrve checking performed at data

' Ur* . _*_ -0— / V • n,fV for P* 00 *- COA correctness, etc Journal entries

MAS/d l*Ctl>\S?M>A*^' may be batched prior to posting Closing procedure

automatically becks up input fifes Now include*

PCACHTRCE SOFTWARE Statement ot Changes m Financial Position Requires

n OENERAL LEDGER Records details ol all financial CBASIC 2 If ?$o S75

<& transactions Generates a balance sheet and an in- □ ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE - Open Hem system with

t come statement Flexible and adaptable design lor t output tor internal aged reports and customer or!

both small businesses and firms pertorming client anted statement and billing purposes On-Lme En-

wrfteup services Produce* reports as follows Trial qurry permits intormaiion lor Customer Service and

Balance. Transaction Registers Balance Sheet. Prior Credit departments interface to General Ledger pro

Yeer Comparative Balance Sheet. Income Statement, vided rf both systems used Requires CBASfC-2

Prior Year Comparative Income Statement and De- SttSsytM

panment Income Statements. Interactive with other - ACCOUNTS PAYABLE - Provides eoed itetements

ZHtZHlSOf ItfuZZHZS aSSr?'"'' tu tff*-H t of account, by vmioor vritn cneck wilting lot seiecied

•owe* code to. mkihmi BASIC wwlH invoices Can be Mfd alone or with General Ledoor

I ACCOUNT. WAHI - IikIi current and aged and'or with NAD Requires CBASIC 2 1IMO SIS

Z££2! iiST2?^T™i i£™ L JZT^ ~,~ ' ****>>. seim-monthl, and montnl, payroll periods

u£S£l o!^!l KJ2S 2SZH K,JJTS!S~?S2 V.C.HOn PJ , and compwAMIOI Urn. «. .11 p«t ol

22?nL!£P" S " f " M m •°"' c * coa * t'-fS^ UdgK account) naquiiat CBASIC-2 and MK el

*°" BA5IC mm* mamoiy llltORS

ii »i and compwlc monlMy .lawI»nt?*Ti«ta^uowni 9 S?,!!!?',? SSJ??ii ^2IISL\S!H?S!i.J*!II!?

1 and agwd racalvaewa Manama cmlomar flla Incajd- ' '^l^^'^^J^SL^JS^JSt
ma cVcm MonwalKxi and accoum ualu. In, ci, 5",Z1 oTniS ^2X^^2,1^5^22
rent .lain, of any oniony*, account la imianii, ...il- tkvnaV^iTcow/aiSlt wad »^waaa5to^Sm«"

tssjssr^s^tsJTi^^ f k ^d^riwrfe4^. A c^s,c%wss

•M RaglaaK and Cu.lonwi Account SUlua Rapoit "°" * M ***>"*• "•> noquwoa CBASIC-2 (liwwwtS

Piovidwa Mput lo PEACHTRCE Gwnoial Ladoar. Sop- [ : ANALYST - Cuitomuad data onwir and nvponmg .ys-

ptled in aouroa coda tor M.tio»o!t BASIC SMeVSM t ram Uior specif*, up to 75 data Nam par record

8PATROU - Preparee perron tor Hourly, aelaiied and 52L^nioj2LrltiwI!l^' il tSiilSIlS
coraraaeloned emptoyee. Oeneralet monthly, guar- I22r ~~J^V^w^^^l«^i. S52. i!S
t tarry and annual ..turn. Prnpam. employ. W-2". LrtZLTSJSo. Z£^£FZ2?i2kZlJ!72
Include, table, to. Udeial wltnnoldmg and FtCA aa S£a?l.a52! tZZZZaSiuS? "SSSwS
well a. wilhnotdmg lor all SO atate. pru. up to 20 aurnnvarliatron negurrea CBASIC-2 SneVSIS
cl*. trom pre-computed or uaer genoratad table. [ LETTIRIOMT Program to create, adit end type let-
Will prml check.. Payroll ftegrater. Monthly Summery tar. or other document. Ha. lectlltie. to enter, die-
and unemploymenl To. Report Provide, mput lo pi*, delete and move te«l. with good video ecroen
PEACHTREE General Ledger Supplied In aouice ptoeentatton Designed to meegrete with NAD tor
code lor Mrcroaon BASIC l oSO YIM form letter maiHnga Require. CBASIC-2 I7O0 I2S
, . INVENTORT - Maintama detailed Irrformalion on n NAD Name and Addreaa aelection .yitem - mterec-
r{ each mvenlory Hem mcludirvg pert number, deecrlp- live mail inl creation end maintenance program with
t lion unit ot meeaure. vendor and reorder data, item output e. lull report, with reference data or restricted
activity and complete information on current item information for mail labels Transfer system for ex-
ecrate, pricing and sales. Produces reports a. follows traction and transfer of selected records to Creole
Physical Inventory Worksheet. Inventory Price List. new hare Requlrea CBASIC-2 SleevSlt)

Veor.to-D.le reporlTsuppl-d m source code to S^LS^^^lSSirCfT!^SS.ii £

kkcosofl BAStcT II. ISO Sag IXt nSallealed " c *™""* "*"■ Fg " &ej}sig

gsUnVINO ADDRESS - Keeps track ol name end ad-
dreaa Information end allows the selective printing ol -eSr -oV- -wV -elf -elv- -gV -glr "aV

• Has lotomation in the torn of mailing lists or ad- _f* _*^ ' * *^ ^ ^ * ^ *T

dreea label.. Allow, the user to tailor the system to amkar**AaS lsT**aslsS aSg— aS l*Wss^

his own peitlculor leguirementa. user-defmed for- eL-arSJefwIJIIlflK™ N I -^S

mat and prml-out system uee* e special tomat lire ^srr eoarrr ■ TalaSairBlBlWBaSTaTlBl Tal ■ *ee0T

which tolls progiams how to print the mailing list or HEAD CLEANING DISKETTE- Cleans the drive Reed'

address labels Standard format Me. eie included Write head in so seconds Diskette absorbs loose

with system Automatic sorting ol data uses mdesed oslde particles, fingerprints, and other foreign perti-

frle management routines which allow the name end cles that might hinder the performance of the drive

eddress information lo be sequentially retiieved and head Lasts at ksast 3 months with dally uee. Specify

printed without file sorting Supplied m source code . 5" or S"

tor Miciosoft BASIC SntVSSS . ; i • Single sided S20 each ,M for S

V" •Ooubles.ded SH eech'Sts to J

QRAHAM DORIAN SOFTWARE SYSTEMS FLIPPY DISK KIT - Template and Instructions to

™T. ™... . I . . iruMlfyMrvglesided 5V. -diskette, to use of second

. . GCNIRAL LIDOIR An on line system; no batch- „de in single sided drives S11.SS

A) mg IS required tnl.ws to Other GRAHAM DORIAN _-_, .1— . __„

2 accounlmg packages are aulomet«elty posted Uaer IT PEOI>PY SAVCT - Selection to cwnto hole, of 5"
7 establishes cuetomted C O.A Piovldes transaction •"« •" floppy doJcs Only I needed par diskette Kit

regrater. rncord of Kturnal enlilee. trujl balances and contains centering post, pressure tool and tough

asonthfy closings Keepe 14 month history and pro ' .™ '"if" lemlorclng rings to 25drakettae.

vide, comparison c4 current year with previous veer t f. 5 *21„

Requires CBASIC-2 Supplied in source SStrsVSIS i; .. 5,. Jmgs only J7.JJ

' " l>l' »t#.M

, ACCOUNTS PAYABLE Maintain* vendor list and » «-, R ln g, ooi y «•»

© Check register Performs cash (low analysis. FlesiWa t _ _..-., ,..__ „.„.,.. .„_ mmm ^ m ^ - ,

(w - swil*7ch*cka to specific vendor for certain m □ P*»CAL USER MANUAL ANO REPORT - By Jensen

T *©»*•* or can make partial payments Automatically "* *« h Th* standard I le«tbook on the larxjuaTe

post* to GRAHAM-DORIAN General Ledger or runa aa S^ZZ?** for u*t by PmtcaVZ, PaacafM and

stand alone system Requires CBASIC 2 Suppi-ed In Paacal/MT users $10

•Ourc* SttVSM : THE C PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE - By Kernighan

D ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE - Create, trial balance re- E£EZ^i~tT£ %£c\£ FJSVXSZl

•fi port*, prepares statements ages accounts and rec- Recommended tor use by BOS C, liny C. and Wlie-

# or d* invoices Provtdes corrtplate inlorrnatKin descrlfc. smiths C users «1Z
t rng customer payment activity Receipt* can be STRUCTURED MICROPROCESSOR PROGRAMMING

posted to different ledger accounts. Enlrie* auto- , - By the authors ot SMAL/80 Cover* structured pro-
rrwticAlly update GRAHAM-DORIAN General Ledger 'i, \ , grammmg. the KWO/S085 mslruction aet and the

or runs as stand alone system Requires C BASJ C-2 V 5M*L W languege SM.IM

Suppiied m aourc* iMS'SSS ACCOUNTS PAYABLE * ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE-

§ PAYROLL SYSTEM - M.nni.m, employee master file. tl » CBASIC - By Osborne Mcdae* Hi. i «20
STSSa "S^S^S^'SLl^^, •'.•; ««.«L LEDO.R-C....C -BytWneiMcG,--

t reports and W-2 lorms Can generate ad hoc rapc-i ...

and emp4oyee lorm tetters with marl labels Requires ,_4_ -aV •«*> ^- '•aaV -s*V s^ •*■>-

CBASlC-2 Supplied m source USCVSSS m W «W W^iW W«

INVENTORY SYSTEM Captures stock levels, costs. ■ -.. __ ^ ,L _ _

8 sources, sales, ages, turnover, markup, etc Trans- tla'^ .sw-maR ^41 aw I If

action mtormation may be entered for reporting by ■saL_t^^ ^ W

t salesman, type of sale, date of sale, etc Reports ■■ ■■ ^"^ ™ ^ ssW

available both lor accounting and decision making m aa aa aa

Require* CBASIC-2 SupphW m source SSM S3S J» gMasx bmbs. ^ M> m V^R%

□ JOB COSTING - Designed tor general contractors H KjKJ *sT~ M-B K- *sT~ m

ffi TO be used interactively with other GRAHAM-DORIAN «■» ^M^^^ ^"^ ^ m ^^»» r "

M accounting packages tor tracking and analysing as- ff ■ —

£2r^..StTSa«?^ gJZmX* ££. ^MeVtM WHATSIT ? ,s a trademark of Computer Headware.

tarn. Requires CBASIC 2 Supphad In source SSSSVSSS £l#c . fjc pmeil ^ g ttKttmk of Michael Shrayer

Software.

Oders rtxa-,! h»-'N J •' Mi" -»i COM fn+*£M** TRS-SOts a trademark of Tandy Corp

aysiems and torrnM* aga4nt pr.ee of Pascal w la a trademark of Sorcim.

e q Nortfi Star s«ngle suOaeciue n l software ■

double or Quad CtVYstilY purchase tRecommended system configuration consists ot 48K

IBM twnn** or 20 2S6 CP M 2 full we disk drive*. 24 a M CRT and 132

Altair tseeoa H ' "•* ***> ol each column printer.

Iv-cropc** Mod i or ll. proprtMary toflware

SH* soft sector (tvAcro pjtK*j»ge con-eyi a *» Modified version available for use with CP/M aa Im-

rCOM SO Sy-stems -c.enve tor u*e on one ptemenieri on Heath and TRS-SO Model I computers

°> rn ** vM '' €ic ** ®User license agreement tor this product must be

Pr.ce*f OB New York [fjjgsajassBj' «sflawleaV signed and relumed to Lifeboat Associates before

S'-pp-ng hSftdaftg arid | USA | ' t— Jfc-J aNpmeni may be made

^^^^ •— — ■ ®r*jriiM_prod»jctJwlud«>a/a^

'The Sc-Verare Swpeneisvtaaf a ,

Safe, cont'd...

don't understand what computers are
all about." Every computer has weak-
nesses, just as every manual book-
keeping system contains potential for
fraud. But the weaknesses of paper
and pencil are more familiar to busi-
nessmen new to the rapidly changing
computer industry. Giants like IBM
and Honeywell spend heavily on
security, but manufacturers and sales-
men of small systems educate custo-
mers inadequately about limitations.
Robert Jacobson observes that "the
manufacturer is not going to grab him
by the lapels and look him in the eye" to
warn the customer about abuse. "The
manufacturer wants to sell him that
computer and he's not going to stress
any potential difficulties."

Small business systems
are particularly vulner-
able to embezzlement
and fraud.

Small business systems are par-
ticularly vulnerable to embezzlement
and fraud, Jacobson tells us, because
supervisors and owners seem "un-
sophisticated in computer tech-
nology." Even when the owner or
manager understands the system, the
operator might know it better. More-
over, any employee might fool with a
micro system as small businesses are
unlikely to designate a computer room.
Jacobson adds that "the entire data
processing department will be one
person who does the programming
and the data entry and the operations.
When you don't have separation of
duties and reasonable checks and
balances, you're in for trouble."

Micro systems often lack rudi-
mentary hardware or software secur-
ity. Among inexpensive off-the-shelf
systems, for example, the Commodore
PET has no procedures to limit access
to disk files. The Apple II disk operat-
ing system allows non-printing and
therefore secret control characters in
file names, but data so protected are
completely inaccessible to users who
may need to read a file, even if they
should not be permitted to alter its
contents. The Radio Shack TRS-80
disk operating system uses a two-level
password procedure. A manager can
have one password, granting full
access to a file, and an operator
another, allowing limited privileges,
possibly only the ability to read a file.
However, several software houses
offer compatible operating systems
which ignore the password require-
ment; a thief can always supply his own
system diskette. More expensive
computers provide a little more secur-
ity. An operating system for Cromem-

Safe, cont'd . . .

co hardware gives read-protect and
write-protect options for disk files, but
micro security remains a low wall.

Passwords are frequently abused
and unsafe. Many consultants have
urged clients to discourage employees
from saving passwords on paper where
anyone may find them. Some com-
puters users assign unimaginative
passwords like "password" or "Ses-
ame." Still others use their names,
addresses, initials or other obvious
combinations of characters. A poten-
tial abuser can discover them easily.

Theft of storage media is a severe
problem for small computers. Disk-
ettes and tapes are easy to steal or
borrow and backup procedures enable
operators to copy sensitive files
undetected. Some businessmen fear
hiring a computer operator who might
have a machine identical to that of his
employer. Programs and data files are
entirely insecure if an operator can
take them home and leisurely change
them to suit his needs.

Languages open additional se-
curity breaches. Many small systems
rely on interpreted Basic programs,
easy to write and maintain, also to alter
and abuse. A novice programmer can
pull apart a Basic program, add a few
instructions and defraud a computer
owner with modified coding. A clever
thief will hide offending instructions or
order the computer never to print them
in a normal program listing. There is a
way to accomplish such stealth on a
simple machine like the TRS-80. Even
compiled programs, possibly in
Pascal, Cobol or Fortran, are insecure,
especially if the operator gets the
source code, modifies and recompiles
it, then returns it to original form.
Hardly anyone would discover a fraud
so concealed.

Physical security is the
most obvious. Even if a
separate room is not
feasible, management
can place the computer
where supervisors will
constantly see it.

Care and knowledge bring small
computer security. Before installing a
computer system, assume it will
operate in a hostile environment.
Computerized data processing is con-
siderably less secure than manual
procedures if the owner is unaware of
inherent weaknesses and simple pre-
cautions to overcome them. There are
a few hurdles to clear, but small
business computer owners can afford
reasonable security, possibly greater
than in conventional systems.

Physical security is the most
obvious. Even if a separate room is not
feasible, management can place the
computer where supervisors will
constantly see it. If locking the com-
puter away is impractical, lock up
disks, tapes, program listings and
other sensitive data. There are few
reasons why anyone other than a small
business owner or his most trusted
employee should have unrestricted
access to floppy disks.

Software design should include
security provisions. Even though
microcomputer operators replace
disks easily, as the drives are at the
console, the operating system should
require a secure sign-on procedure. In
the Apple II or TRS-80, for example, an
automatic program run on power-up is
possible. There are ways to defeat it,
but the operator will not necessarily
know them. A program which provides
security without expensive equipment
modifications, for example, will both
hang the computer in a loop and
disable other sensitive programs on all
drives until it receives a correct
password. A similar verification pro-
cedure for every program run or file
opened will help keep data secure. Any
program which modifies sensitive data
should be especially protective of files.

Self-policing procedures built into
programs aid security. If the computer
requests a password and repeatedly
gets incorrect answers, the program
should cease operations and lock out
efforts to reset the computer until a
supervisor intervenes. Software which
logs every file access increases ac-
countability of operators for their
actions. Programs might check for
reasonable input. Attempts to credit a
receivable account with payments
exceeding its debits, for instance,
should generate a log entry or a
supervisor call.

Few software security techniques
mean anything in interpreted Basic
programs. To implement security the
system owner needs a programmer
who works in machine or assembly
language or in a compiled high level
language like Pascal or Cobol. If a
businessman has programming skills,
he may wish to write his own software,
or he might prefer to hire a consulting
service. Under no circumstances
should a businessman hire a program-
mer-operator. Operators must never
see the original source code or docu-
mentation. Allowing your computer
operator to program is like asking your
bookkeeper to audit. Consulting
services cost more than in-house
programming, but the added security
and expertise justify considerable
investment. As Citibank's M. Blake
Greenlee states it, "The ideal situation
is that when the program is finished,
you never see the programmer again."

Insurance and bonding help re-

38

A growing
line of tools to
expand the Apple

7440A Proof ammable Interrupt Timor Module.
Time events in four operating modes— continu-
ous, single shot, frequency comparison, and
pulse width comparison. Includes three 16-bit
interval timers, plus flexible patch area for
external interface. Programmable interrupts,
onboard ROM, and much more.

7720* PoraM Interface. Two bi-directional 8-bit
I/O ports will connect your Apple to a variety of
parallel devices, including printers, paper tape
equipment, current relays, external on/faff
devices. Full featured, programmable inter-
rupts, supports DMA daisy chaining.

781 1 8 Arithmetic Processor. Interfaces with
Applesoft, so you just plug in and run. Based
on the AM 9511 device, provides full 16/32-bit
arithmetic, floating point, trigonometric loga-
rithmic, exponential functions. Programmed I/O
data transfer, much, much more.

7710A Asynchronous Serial Interface. Conform-
ing to RS-232-C A thru E 1978 standard, this
card will drive a variety of serial devices such as
CRT terminals, printers, paper tape devices, or
communicate with any standard RS 232 device,
including other computers. Full hand-shaking,
and fully compatible with Apple PASCAL!

7470A 3% BCD A/D Converter. Converts a DC
voltage to a BCD number for computerized
monitoring and analysis. Typical inputs include
DC inputs from temperature or pressure
transducers. Single channel A/D, 400 ms
per conversion.

7490A GPIB IEEE 488 Interface. A true imple-
mentation of the IEEE 488 standard— the
standard protocol for instrumentation and test
devices. Control and monitor test instruments
such as digital voltmeters, plotters, function
generators, or any other device using the
IEEE 488.

7114A PROM Module. Permits the addition to or
replacement of Apple II firmware without
removing the Apple D ROMs. Available with
onboard enable/disable toggle switch.

7500 A Wire Wrap Board. For prototyping your
own designs.

7910A Solder Board.

7590A Extender Board.

7018A 16K Dynamic Memory Add-On.

Watch this space for new CCS products for
the Apple. We've got some real surprises in the
works. To find out more about the CCS product
line, visit your local computer retailer. The CCS
product line is available at over 250 locations
nationally, including most that carry the Apple.
Or circle the reader service number on this ad.

Apple II. Apple II Plus, and Applesoft are trademarks
of the Apple Corporation.

CCS makes the difference.!

We see the Apple
a little differently.

We see it as a good
way to get things done.

Apple has built a great computer. We at CCS have
built a great line of peripherals and components to expand
the Apple. To do almost anything you want to get done
with a computer.

If you want to do business with an Apple, we've got
tools to connect the Apple to standard business printers and
terminals. Or to modems, for communications over tele-
phone lines, with other computers, even with other Apples.

If you want to apply your Apple to engineering, scien-
tific, or graphic projects, we've got tools for high-powered,

high-speed math functions, and fast, high resolution graph-
ics. And tools to connect the Apple to lab test equipment
like function generators or plotters.

And we have tools to connect the Apple to the outside
world, including A/D converters and interval timers with
external interface.

We make components for the S-100 bus, the PET, and
the TRS-80, too We built our products to deliver hard-
nosed value to the OEM, and to the inventor who knows the
best, at prices that are unbeaten.

To find out how much computer your Apple II can be,
see things our way. Because for serious users with serious
uses for the Apple, we've got the tools.

M

California Computer Systems

250 Caribbean Sunnyvale, CA 94086 (408) 734-5811

CIRCLE 120 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Safe, cont'd...

cover assets if someone breaches
computer security, and businessmen
should consult with their agents to
review coverage. Good auditing helps,
too, but knowledge makes the indi-
vidual businessman a human deterrent
to computer crime. Those who educate

Allowing your computer
operator to program is
like asking your book-
keeper to audit.

themselves about computer limits and
abilities take the most effective step
toward computer security, one which
leads to all the others. Many univer-
sities include computer studies among
requirements for business degrees.
Harvard has announced that all under-
graduates must achieve computer
literacy before they will graduate.
Despite security hazards, electronic
data processing can be safer and
cheaper than manual techniques.
Businessmen considering purchase of
a computer owe themselves courses in
computer science that they might hope
to be as skilled as potential em-
bezzlers. Whatever diminishes the
mystery surrounding computers will
help prevent financial losses from
computer abuse. D

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Con man flees with pockets full of gold

If the Santa Claus who visited you was a snappy dresser, chomped on
hot dogs, jingled with gold coins instead of bells and didn't deliver the gift
you asked for, Montreal police want to hear from you.

The city's fraud squad is still unsure of the identity of the con artist
suspected of bilking $500,000 from about 8,000 unsuspecting Canadians who
answered newspaper advertisements for a non-existent $62.45 computerized
chess and backgammon game.

But the man appears to have staged his operation using the name Brian
Gould, police said.

"I've never seen such a clean operation," said Det.-Sgt. Gilles Gagnon, a
12-year veteran of the Montreal police commercial fraud section and one of
two investigators on the suspect's trail.

"This is as close as a criminal can come to committing the perfect crime."

The suspect was last reported in Vancouver, possibly bound for Taiwan.

The con man, who is believed to have hot-footed out of Montreal around
Nov. 26 toting $135,000 in gold, by all indications ran a finely-tuned
operation. Investigators pieced together this picture:

Dapper, English-speaking and a heavy smoker, he went into the registry
office at the Montreal courthouse July 9, a month after renting himself a
west-end office.

After paying $5 and making a solemn declaration that he was a
"businessman . . . intending (to sell) electronic components at-5253 Oecarie
Blvd.," the man walked out with an official document declaring him a bona
fide businessman. No one at the court had asked for any identification, police
said.

Next, the con artist visited a metal firm and paid cash for two wafer-thin
plates made to resemble the high-priced electronic chess games being
advertised everywhere.

The man said he needed the model in a hurry because he was launching
an ad campaign right away and couldn't wait for a prototype of the computer
to arrive from Japan through Houston, Texas.

He then paid $5,000 to an ad agency, assuring him both a professional-
looking newspaper campaign and a respectable credit rating, and got
approval from Visa to sell the games through its credit card system.

Finally, he opened an account at a Toronto-Dominion bank branch far
north of his office — probably aware that it was one of the few in the district
without security cameras.

The first ads for the "Danwarth six-level backgammon and chess
computer" appeared in three Montreal dailies in late October, and the orders
came pouring in.

The man then placed more ads in other major newspapers across
Canada, and hired a Girl Friday from an office employment agency to help
handle the order forms and count the money.

"He was a nice enough guy, but a little weird," said secretary Janet
Mcintosh, recalling he never left the office, ate hot dogs constantly and "wore
surgical gloves so as not to get his hands dirty while handling the order
forms."

The orders had been mailed — with cheques, money orders or credit
card numbers — to a Yonge Street address in Toronto, then relayed to
Montreal by courier companies.

About 1,000 customers also ordered an optional non-existent carrying
case for the non-existent game. Price: $22.50.

On Nov. 23, the trickster prepared his getaway.

He sent a courier to the bank to certify a $125,000 cheque, then
downtown to make a purchase with it — 257 gold Krugerrand coins.

The courier wasn't impressed with the errand, complaining to Gould that
his outfit "wasn't Brink's." Next day, the man sent another courier for another
four coins plus two gold wafers.

Finally, he called in a maintenance company to scrub up the office. They
did such a good job that there wasn't a fingerprint left when investigators
were alerted three days after the con artist disappeared.

Just before leaving, police said, he called a courier to have a $216
cheque certified and then to make a purchase for him at a downtown store —
an electronic chess game.

Reprinted from Edmonton Journal.

1945 ROUTE 22. UNION. N.J. 07083

CIRCLE 209 ON READER SERVICE CARD

40

CREATIVE COMPUTING

Apple-Doc

By Roger Wagner

An Aid to the Development
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MAY 1960

41

Creative Computing: How many
hours do you put into Sargon?

Dan Spraklen: A DAY? (Chuckles)
A lot!

Kathe Spraklen: Sixteen.

Dan Spraklen: Sometimes ten —
sixteen hours.

Kathe Spraklen: He eats and
sleeps.

Dan Spraklen: You know, it's
something I like to do, so I do it a lot.

If you were standing in the tourna-
ment hall of the 9th Annual Tourna-
ment for the North American Com-

1
1

1

JLHf

1

1

1
1
%

i i

ft
S

ft

ft&

ft

ft

a

ft ft

FIGURE 1

puter Chess Championship, you might
have seen Dan Spraklen walking into
the hall with a Jupiter computer in his
arms. This electronic box would soon
be loaded with a tough little chess-
playing program known as Sargon II
that was developed by Dan and his wife
Kathe. However, if you had even a little
knowledge of computer chess, you
would realize that portable computers
had a very poor chance against
programs that were run on multi-

Theodore H Ehara. 1004 Hinman Ave.. Evanston.
IL 60202.

Kathe (back to camera) and Dan Spraklen (far
right) listen to David Cahlander (squatting) from
Chess 4.9. as David Kittinger of Mychess waits for
his program to move during the recent North
American Computer Chess Championship.
Sargon 2.5 is contained beneath the chess board
and indicates its moves by LED lights on the
board

It was no laughing matter
when Sargon II found
itself matched against
AWIT.

Perhaps an observer would have
thought that Sargon would be better
off playing in a microcomputer tourna-
ment, like the 1st San Jose Micro-
Tournament, where computers were
divided up into three classes (8K or
greater memory, less than 8K and
Basic programs). However, the four
month old Sargon I program had won
all of its five games to win that
tournament. Now the Spraklens were
looking for stronger competition.

They would find that competition
at the North American Computer
Chess Championship. While the San
Jose tournament had computers rang-
ing from $6,000 to a home-made

Theodore H. Ehara

11/////' v ' ' ' ^PD>

collection of circuits priced at $85, the
9th NACCC had the real big boys,
computers priced in the millions, air-
conditioned, bolted to the floor mon-
sters that made moves by phone to
terminals at the tournament site. Yes,
the Spraklens had found strong com-
petition for Sargon II.

Sargon — the name for an ancient
king in Assyria.

"There were actually two Sar-
gons," related Dan. "One was Sargon
II. He was the king of Assyria, about
700 B.C. Sargon I was the king of
Akkad, which was ancient Sumaria,
about 2,000 B.C."

The name itself means 'Declared
King' since Sargon I was not himself
born king, but was crowned in adult-
hood," said Kathe.

"Of course we didn't know this, we
knew that the name had ancient
historical connotations, but we picked
it because it sounded suave." She
added with a laugh, "Then we had to go
back and learn about it, since every-
body kept asking us."

However, it was no laughing
matter when Sargon II found itself

—

ft

± ft

FIGURE 2

42

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CIRCLE 199 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Chronicle, cont'd...

matched against AWIT. AWIT was
running on an Amdahl 470 V6 com-
puter that was located in the computer
room at the University of Alberta. One
of the "big boys." Some of the tourna-
ment spectators felt that this obvious
mismatch would be quickly conceded
to AWIT.

Three minutes to figure
out the pitfall in the posi-
tion or else Sargon II
would lose the game by
exceeding the time limit.

"The secret to the successful
chess program," reflected Dan, "is
putting this chess knowledge and
combining it with brute force. You have
to look ahead and you have to use
knowledge while you're doing that. It's
an integrated approach."

"A lot of people who are knowl-
edge-based advocates," stated Kathe,
"are, in some sense, against using a
look-ahead. Whereas I feel that you
might as well use a look-ahead, since it
will refine anything you know. Why
limit yourself arbitrarily?"

The difference between Sargon II
and AWIT could be summed up in one
word — staggering. The AWIT pro-
gram was ten years old compared to
Sargon's one. The Amdahl used a
high-level language, ALGOL-W. The
Wavemate Jupiter was using a primi-
tive dialect of assembly language. Add
in the difference in speed and memory
capacity that a $5,000,000 computer
would have against a $1 ,500 computer
and you might understand why micro-
computers could have a rough time in
the NACCC.

Choosing a king's pawn opening,
Sargon II found itself playing the
Silician Defense. This particular open-
ing chosen by AWIT was known for its
sharp struggle since Polerio intro-
duced it to the chess world in 1564.
According to the Encyclopedia of
Chess Openings, a standard reference
among tournament players, AWIT
could easily have equalized the posi-
tion on the third move (3 NQb3).

AWIT did and the battle raged back
and forth until the resulting end-game
(see Table 1) was reached.

Although the winning technique
might seem simple to a human chess
player, computers were notorious for
their sloppy end-game play. Basically,
this was because of the difficulty in
programming the concepts of the end-
game, where different values are
placed on pieces and positions. Fur-
thermore, Sargon II had three minutes
to make time-control. Three minutes to

Sargon II —

AWIT

33. N-B4+

K-N4

34. NXR

BxP

1. P-K4

P-OB4

35. NxP

BxBP

2. P-Q4

PXP

36. NXP

B-N6

3. QxP

N-QB3

37. N-B5

B-Q4

4. Q-K3

N-B3

38. P-KN3

B-B6

5. N-KB3

P-K3

39. N-N3

P-N5

6. N-B3

B-N5

40. N-Q4

B-K5

7. B-N5

P-QR3

41 P-B3

B-N2

8. B • N

QPXB

42. K-B2

P-R3

9. B-Q2

N-N5

43. K-K3

B-Q4

10. Q-B4

N-B3

44. N-B2

P-N6

11.0-0

0-0 (See Fig. 1)

45. N-Q4

K-N3

12 QR-Q1

P-QN4

46. K-Q3

K-R2

13. B-K3

Q-R4

47. P-B4

K-N1

14. B-Q4

BXN

48. K-B3

K-N2

15. BxB

QxP

49. NXP

BxN

16. BxN

PXB

50. KB

K-B3

17. QxP

Q-B5

51. K-B4

K-K2

18. Q-N5+

K-R1

52. P-QN4

K-Q2

19. Q-B6+

K-N1

53 K-Q5

P-R4

20. Q-N5+

K-R1

54 P-N5

K-B2

21. R-Q8

RxR

55. K-B5

K-N2

22. Q-B6+

K-N1

56. P-N6

K-N1

23. Q-N5+

K-B1

57. K-B6

K-B1

24 QXR+

K-N2

58. P-N7+

K-N1

25. Q-N5+

K-B1

59. K-N6

P-R5

26. Q-Q8+

K-N2

60. PXP

P-B3

27. Q-Q4+

QXQ

61. P-R5

P-B4 (See Fig. 2)

28. NxQ

B-N2

62 K-B6

K-R2

29. R-K1

K-N3

63 K-B7

K-R3

30. R-K3

R-Q1

64. P-N8 Q

K-R4

31. R-Q3

P-QB4

65. Q-N3

K-R3

32 NxKP

RvR

66 Q-R4 mate

TABLE 1,

figure out the pitfall in the position or
else Sargon II would lose the game by
exceeding the time limit. Using half of
its alloted time, Sargon 1 1 came up with
the correct move and proceeded to win
against AWIT.

Sargon II ended the tournament
tied for third place. Although it was
clearly beaten by the winner, BELLE
from Bell Labs and runner-up, Chess
4.7 from Northwestern University,
Sargon II could be considered the
moral victor. It had proved, over the
board, that hardware is not the only
criteria needed to evaluate the per-
formance of a chess program.

When asked later about their
feelings on the Sargon II- AWIT game,
Kathe replied, "It was kind of the high
point in our lives." She laughed and

continued, "It made the hard work
worth it."

Although Dan and Kathe originally
placed Sargon II at the 1500 level
(Class C tournament strength) Sargon
played five exhibition games under
tournament conditions at the Paul
Masson Open last July. The program
ended its five games with a 3'/ 2 - 1'/ 2
result, giving it a provisional rating
based on the games at 1640 (low Class
B).

However, there has been a report
of Sargon playing a Class A player
who, according to rumor, played
weaker than his rating. Perhaps this
human was simply "psyched out" at
the thought of playing a computer, or
maybe he heard about what Sargon did
to AWIT. □

Sargon I is available for TRS-80 (Level II) and Apple
II computers in cassette form. If you'd rather program it
yourself, you can buy Sargon written by Dan and Kathe
Spraklen. Between moves, you might like to take a look
at Introduction to 8080 and Z-80 Assembly Language
Programming by Kathe Spraklen.

Sargon II is also available in cassette form for
TRS-80 (Level II), Apple II and will soon be available for
CP/M, SORCERER and Pet. Both books and tapes are
available from Hayden Books.

If you don't have a computer (?) you can still play
against Sargon II. Boris, a chess-playing processor
made by Chafitz Inc., will be incorporating the
Spraklen's programming into their newer models.
Working along with Larry Atkin and David Slate,
creators of Chess 5.0 — the current World Computer
Chess Champion, the Spraklens are developing the
recent models of Boris that will be sold this fall.

With the recruitment of the Spraklens to Chafitz's
staff, the company has announced it plans to sign-up
Boris for the next North American Computer Chess
Championship.

44

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CIRCLE 135 ON READER SERVICE CARD

hatie and
the Computer

Fred D'lgnazio and Stan Gilliam
have created a delightful picture
book adventure that explains how a
computer works to a child. Katie
"falls" into the imaginary land of
Cybernia inside her Daddy's home
computer. Her journey parallels the
path of a simple command through
the stages of processing in a
computer, thus explaining the fun-
damentals of computer operation to
4 to 10 year olds. Supplemental
explanatory information on compu-

ters, bytes, hardware and software
is contained in the front and back
end papers.

Thrill with your children as they
join the Flower Bytes on a bobsled
race to the CPU. Share Katie's
excitement as she encounters the
multi-legged and mean Bug who
lassoes her plane and spins her into
a terrifying loop. Laugh at the mad-
cap race she takes with the Flower
Painters by bus to the CRT.

Written by Fred D'lgnazio and
illustrated in full color by Stan
Gilliam. 42 pages, casebound,
$6.95. (12A)

A t-shirt with the Program Bug
is available in a deep purple design
on a beige shirt. Adult size S,M,L,
XL. Children's size S.M.L. $5.00.

MAY 1980

To order this book, use form on page 191 or order card opposite back cover.

45

So He Says He's Going To
Get A Home Computer!"

W. A. Stonelake

The man you love is going to be
spending more time at home soon, and
it just might drive you crazy.

The home computer revolution is
sweeping across the country faster
than the hula hoop, and more men and
women are succumbing to its charms.
Men have always been enamored of
mechanical things: cars, power
mowers and, now, this strange key-
board and monitor system which teach
him how to add and do other things he
already knew how to do. Anthropolo-
gists will tell you that Woman, on the
other hand, is into earthier things:
ocean tides, phases of the moon, and
how to get the home computer out of
her home.

Now that I am an old hand at
dealing with a Home Computer User
(HCU), I can pass along whatever
knowledge and advice I have picked
up. We have even reached a truce of
sorts in our house: Barry promises to
turn off the computer by midnight and I
vow never to tapdance on the ceiling...

Here is a brief synopsis of the
various stages you can expect to
experience now that he has an-
nounced that he's going to get a home
computer.

The Home Computer Arrives

The Home Computer User will
come home one day with a little TV
monitor, a typewriter keyboard and a
cassette recorder. He will be utterly
entranced by his new purchases so
don't expect to see him for about four
hours; he will be connecting all the
wires and reading the manual. Once he
is well underway with various simple
programs, he will yell every five
minutes, "Honey! Come here and see

W. A. Stonelake, 190 Waverly Place, Suite 18. New
York. NY 10014.

what this thing can do!" After the first
eight or ten trips to watch the computer
print out its name, your husband's
name and your name, your smile will
wear thin and your "oohs" and "aahs"
will be markedly less enthusiastic.

You will lovingly gaze at the back
of your HCU's head for hours, listening
to his funny coos of amazement, his
joyous shrieks of accomplishment,
and his heart-rendering sobs of dis-
appointment when his program bombs
out and he can't locate the "bug." Out
of sheer self-defense, you will en-
courage him to translate some of this
unfamiliar jargon and you'll probably
forget all of it within half an hour.

The clever HCU will realize that, in
order for him to safely enjoy his new
hobby, he should get you interested in
it, too. Then you will be more tolerant

Learning how to program
a computer from some-
one you love is only
slightly less dangerous
than having them teach
you to drive.

of it. Let me warn you that learning how
to program a computer from someone
you love is only slightly less danger-
ous than having them teach you to
drive.

Now, if you should discover that
you, too, are hopelessly caught up in
this new world of "List," "Break,"
"Enter," and "Random Access Mem-
ory," then there's no problem. If you do
not, however, care about whether or
not the computer's interface can
expand (whatever that means), then
you're headed for trouble.

, » — -* «

As you do increasingly more back-
of-the-head gazing, you hope that his
fascination with the computer will
wane like your childhood romance
with yoyos. Reluctantly you will admit
that your Home Computer User is
hooked; any chance you might have
had of turning him on to bowling is
gone forever.

Re-decorating

As the HCU's hobby grows, so
does the need to re-decorate your
home. After he has conquered the
mysteries of the basic computer
set-up, his thirst for new "hardware"
increases and living space will dwindle
accordingly. Printers, terminals, disk
drives and hexidecimal converters
begin springing up around you, along
with new "software": cassettes, disks,
trade magazines, newsletters, bro-
chures, bulletins and correspondence
from computer club members. The
daily delivery to your mailbox will soon
prove too much for your postman. Our

EcroQuote

Your personal computer becomes
a window on Wall Street.

///iii 1 1 1 1 ixwwww

MicroNET, the personal computer service of
CompuServe, now offers MicroQuote, a compre-
hensive securities information system.

With MicroQuote you can gain information from
a data bank of over 32,000 stocks, bonds and op-
tions from the New York, American, OTC and major
regional markets plus Chicago options. MicroQuote
contains price and volume data from January. 1974
with cumulative adjustment factors and dividend
information from January. 1968.

You can determine indicated annual dividends,
earnings per share, shares outstanding, BETA fac-
tors, open interest on options and amount outstand-
ing on debt issues. MicroQuote can provide issue
histories on a daily, weekly or monthly basis and
even performs certain statistical analyses on the
data. It's a vital tool for any investor.

It's just part of the MicroNET service

MicroNET also allows error-free downloading of
software via the new software exchange and execu-
tive programs (now available for the TRS-80," Apple
II " and CP/M" systems). It also provides electronic

mail service and can be accessed with a 300 baud
modem via local phone calls in more than 175 U.S.
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MAY 1980

CIRCLE 121 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Computer, cont'd...

postman came after Barry with a
machete soon after he got his first
hernia.

All of this dictates a radical change
in your living space. Of course, if you
have a den or a rec room, there's
probably no big adjustment; you can
always set up the pool table in the
kitchen. In our small apartment,
Barry's side of the bedroom looks like a
computer showroom. There is a con-
sole the size of a moose, a table for the
word processor, a lamp, two stools for
the disk drives, a chair, a bookcase for
the cassette and magazine library, and
myriad hanging cables which are
hopelessly intertwined with the tele-
phone wire.

Every time I pick up a home
decorating magazine, I begin to weep
quietly.

The Computer and Your Social Life

Dinners will grow cold to the
chorus of, "Just a sec — I'm onto
something!" When you entertain,
guests will disappear with your HCU,
eager to be introduced to the mysteries
of zeroes and digits. Female guests will
gasp appreciatively for about ten
seconds and then retire tactfully to the

powder room, relieved that "one of
those things" isn't messing up their
homes. Meanwhile, their husbands are
willingly being sucked into the in-
sidious world of computer ownership.
We once visited a couple who were
planning to attend a fancy dinner party
later that evening. As the husband
demonstrated trick after trick on his
new color computer, his wife would
periodically send down a child to tell
Daddy how many minutes he had to
get ready for the party. By the time the

Barry promises to turn off
the computer by mid-
night and I vow never to
tapdance on the ceiling-
husband was well into a computer
program of the War of 1812, I nudged
Barry who half-heartedly advised his
pal to go upstairs and get dressed.

At last the oldest child came
downstairs and in a perfect "wife-in-
training" voice announced, "Mommy
said to tell you to just forget the party."
The import of these words were not
wasted on any of us, including the kid.
The husband sighed, turned off his
computer and apologized to Barry,
"It's that time of the month — ya know

what I mean?" As we left some five
minutes later, I wordlessly squeezed
his wife's hand as she grimly nodded
us out. I hope sne crowned him.

Lest I paint too bleak a picture of
the computer's effect on one's social
life, let me add that this "hobby" will
bring a lot of new people into your
acquaintance. After Barry introduces
me to his computer club buddies, they
ask me if / am interested in computers,
too. I usually reply by tearing Kleenex
into little shreds, at which point they
suggest that I meet their wives.

To sum up, you will have to forfeit
your neat and attractive home. You will
have to find a hobby of your own to
compensate for your loss of male
companionship. (Of course, you could
always find a new male companion, but
that's your business. I will stick to
crossword puzzles.) You will have to
accept the fact that you are now just
the second most fascinating creature
in the house.

However, it is also true that home
computing is safer than race car
driving, takes up less room than raising
chinchillas, is less expensive than
going through medical school and,
best of all, it is a hobby that keeps the
Home Computer User at home.

At least you always know where he
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CIRCLE 148 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Do You Really Need
REMark Statements?

G. R. Boynton

Perhaps not as many as you think

Readers of Creative Computing
are regularly able to avail themselves
of advice on good programming
techniques. Much of this advice is
helpful, but I would like to challenge
one assumption shared by almost ail
of our advisers. There seems to be
almost universal agreement that the
beginning point of good documenta-
tion is the REMark statement. I have
yet to see anyone challenge this
mode of documentation except on
the grounds of the cost in memory.
But any documentation which is
contained in the program itself will
exact a cost in memory.

If I am going to challenge a view
of good documentation as widely
shared as the use of REMark state-
ments I must first establish that
there is a problem. The first step in
establishing the problem Is a brief
program which has what might be
called "normal form." It is the form of
the program rather than its content
that is important.

G. R. Boynton, Chairman, Dept. of Political
Science, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
52242.

There are two points to be made
about this program. First, it is
modular. The modules are disjunc-
tive; you can add or multiply. That is
not necessary, but it is one way to be
modular. Second, each of the rou-
tines is documented with a REMark
statement. Reading through the pro-
gram it is not difficult to tell what
each set of lines is supposed to do.

Now for the problem. This pro-
gram is extremely simple. It gives the
user a choice between adding or
multiplying two numbers, inputs the
two numbers, adds or multiplies
them, and then prints the results.
Assume that the problem is more
complicated. That would entail either
more modules or more complicated
modules or both. At least it would
entail a substantially longer pro-
gram, and that is where the rub
comes in. Most of us "personal
computers" are attached to CRT
oriented machines. We can see, on
the screen, sixteen to thirty lines at a
time. If the program is 100 or more
lines long we spend a lot of time
searching back and forth trying to

10 REM PROGRAM TO ILLUSTRATE 'NORMAL' FORM

100 REM ROUTINE TO PRESENT OPTIONS TO USER

110 PRINT 'WOULD YOU LIKE TOt*

120 PRINT TAB(S> 'ADD*

130 PRINT TAB<5) 'MULTIPLY"

140 PRINT 'TWO NUMBERS"

150 INPUT A*

160 IF Af-'ADD* THEN RO-1

170 IF At-'HULTIPLY* THEN RO-2

200 REM MAIN ROUTING ROUTINE

210 GOSUB 300

220 ON RO GOSUB 400 r 500

230 GOSUB 600

240 PRINT *UOULD YOU LIKE TO DO SOME MORE CALCULATIONS? ■

250 INPUT Alt

260 IF A1«-'YES' THEN 110

270 PRINT 'SEE YA.*

280 END

300 REM INPUT ROUTINE

310 INPUT A

320 INPUT B

330 RETURN

400 REM ROUTINE TO ADD

410 LET X-A+B

420 RETURN

500 REH ROUTINE TO MULTIPLY

510 LET X-A»B

520 RETURN

600 REM PRINT ROUTINE

610 IF RO-1 THEN PRINT Al ■ + • »B» •-• IX

620 IF RO-2 THEN PRINT At •«• IB) ■-• IX

630 RETURN

find the subroutine that inputs the
data or adds the two numbers or
whatever. REMark statements are not
much help because they are embed-
ded in the program along with the
routine. If I cannot remember where
the subroutine is located in the
numbering system I also cannot
remember where the REMark state-
ment is that identifies it. I have to
search, and the only way to do that is
to push the whole program across
the screen until I find what I am
looking for, that is the problem. The
REMark statement is no more locat-
able on my CRT than is any other
statement.

The normal response to this
quandary is to get a printer .Then the
REMark statements show up very
nicely as I am reading through the
program. First, that is an expensive
solution. The "cheap" printers sell
for from $300 to $500, and most of
them are only good for making
listings of programs. The printers
that will type text, like this manu-
script, are much more expensive.
Second, that is simply a futher
illustration of the problem. The
REMark statement is a holdover from
before the days of the "tube." They
work fine when the program is
printed, and not too many years ago
that was the only way you could look
at a program. But today the situation
is reversed. There are far more CRT's
than there are printers. A CRT
oriented alternative to the REMark
statement is needed.

What if? You are writing a more
complicated version of the above
program. You try it out, and get some
very funny numbers printed. So it is
back to the calculating subroutine.
But where is that routine. Now you
type RUN 900, and the following
appears on the screen :

PROGRAM TO ILLUSTRATE -NORMAL' FORM

ROUTINE TO PRESENT OPTIONS TO USER (110-170)

MAIN ROUTING ROUTINE (210-270)

INPUT ROUTINE (310-330)

ROUTINE TO ADD (410-420)

ROUTINE TO MULTIPLY (510-520)

ROUTINE TO PRINT (610-630)

50

CREATIVE COMPUTING

REMark, c

You know right where to go. More to
the point; you have executable
documentation. One of the principal
"virtues" of the REMark statement
has been that it is not executable. It
could be stuck anywhere in the
program without interrupting the
flow of the operation of the program.
But if you are sitting in front of a
tube, you need documentation that is
more help than can be provided by a
nonexecutable statement. I want
executable documentation so I can
get to it whenever I need it.

Before showing the modified
program there are a couple of other
points about executable documenta-
tion. First, it is not limited to listing
subroutine location. Anything can be
listed. If it is a long program which
uses a large number of variables the
variables and their use can be listed.
If I really wanted to get fancy I could
use the PET graphics to put in a flow
diagram. Anything useful to the
programmer, in keeping track of what
is happening where, can be put into
executable statements. Second, this
is no more costly, in terms of
memory, than are REMark state-
ments. On my PET, PRINT state-
ments require slightly less memory
than do equivalent REM statements.

Now for the revised version of the
'normal' program.

It is essentially the same pro-

gram. What were REMark statements
are now print statements, and are
collected at lines 900-920. I broke
what appears to be one of the
cardinal rules of "structured pro-
gramming" by using an IF. . .THEN,
GOTO combination, but I am not an
ideologue. And I told myself where
that GOTO statement was sending
me. I used a REMark statement.

The executable documentation
can be used in either of two ways. If I
am not executing the program I can
type RUN 900, and the documenta-
tion will appear on the screen. If I am
executing the program I wait until I
get to the options routine. Then I
type "PROGRAM," and the docu-
mentation appears on the screen.
After I press any key I return to the
main progam. It is there whenever I
want it.

I write fairly long, modular pro-
grams because I generally use the
PET for information processing. This
technique has been very helpful; I
had to invent something or go crazy
searching, and searching, and search-
ing... As the apologists for struc-
tured programming note, any pro-
gramming note, any program can be
broken down into separate compo-
nents. Since that is true, this
technique of documentation should
be useful in writing and updating any
but the simplest of programs. It
certainly makes it possible for me to
write long programs without resort-
ing to the printer all the time. □

110

PRINT

•WOULD YOU LIKE TOi*

120

PRINT

TAB(5> 'ADD*

130

PRINT

TAB<5) 'MULTIPLY'

140

PRINT

■TWO NUMBERS'

150

INPUT

A«

160

IF A«-'ADD* THEN R0=1

170

IF A»"

•MULTIPLY' THEN RO-2

180

IF A* =

•PROGRAM' THEN 900

210

GOSUB

310

220

ON RO

GOSUB 410,510

230

GOSUB

610

240

PRINT

•WOULD YOU LIKE TO DO SOME MORE CALCULATIONS?'

250

INPUT

Al*

260

IF A1»»*YES* THEN 110

270

PRINT

•SEE YA."

280

END

310

INPUT

A

320

INPUT

B

330

RETURN

410

LET X-A+8

420

RETURN

510

LET X-

A*B

520

RETURN

610

IF RO-1 THEN PRINT Al • + • IB) •«• »X

620

IF RO-

2 THEN PRINT A» •»• »B» •«• »X

630

RETURN

900

PRINT

•PROGRAM TO ILLUSTRATE 'NORMAL' FORM'

902

PRINT

•ROUTINE TO PRESENT OPTIONS TO USER (110-170)*

904

PRINT

•MAIN ROUTING ROUTINE (210-280) •

906

PRINT

•INPUT ROUTINE (310-330) '

908

PRINT

•ROUTINE TO ADD (410-420) •

910

PRINT

•ROUTINE TO MULTIPLY (510-520) '

912

PRINT

•ROUTINE TO PRINT (610-630) *

914

PRINT

•PRESS ANY KEY TO CONTINUE*

916

OET 0»(IF G«-" THEN 916

920

GOTO UOiREM RETURN TO OPTIONS ROUTINE

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CIRCLE 1S2 ON READER SERVICE CARO

MAY 1980

51

A Program for Amateur Cryptologists

Stan and the Secret Language

N.B.Winkless, Jr.

We may be seeing encrypted
messages used in electronic mail
and in messages from one individ-
ual to another on community
bulletin boards and other net-
works. And, perhaps Stan is
leading the way.

Pop stepped quietly over a catch-
er's mask, a slalom ski, a crossbow
and two rubber-tipped arrows, and a
well-thumbed copy of Advanced
Basic, and blind-sided young Stan-
islaus at the keyboard.

"Woops!" said Stan, as he real-
ized he had company. He touched
keys and the CRT went black. He
grinned at his father. "No peeking!"

"Aw c'mon, kid," Pop said. "No
secrets from your old man."

"Well, put it that way," Stan said,
and touched keys again. "Just that
I've been improving on my cipher
stuff, and I wanted to surprise you."

"Look, I'm surprised you can do
any programming at all, considering
your genes. Whatcha got?"

"Remember I was working on
ciphering with my tape Basic? Well,
now with the disk, it's like water off a
duck's beak."

"Back,"Pop said. "Show me."

The printer chattered, delivering
this:

HSS NHBS PZ KPCPKLK PU AOYLL WHYAZ HUK P CHCL AHRL
U WHYA VUL ZAHF ABULK SVCL QBSPBZ

"Where was that?" Pop said.

"On the disk. Suppose the disk is
sent by messenger, or through the
mail. It can carry— what— three hun-
dred thousand characters? A short
book. All in cipher. So you could
transmit sales reports you don't want
your competitors to know... or a
reporter's exclusive story. . .or dip-
lomatic or military secrets. . ."

"Un hunh. If I come across any,
I'll be able to protect 'em, right.
Wonderful, Stan."

"So what does the message say?"

Pop studied it. "Well, no fair
asking me, but they've got ways to
crack these things. This is a substi-
tution cipher, right? Frequency ana-
lysis, you know. . .they look for the
letters most commonly used— e, t, a,
o, i, n, s, h, r, d, I, u, like that ..."

N. B. Winkless, Jr., 11745 Landale St., North
Hollywood, CA 91607.

"Right." Stan nodded. "And that
wouldn't be hard to do with this
particular cipher because this is the
old Caesar system— offset seven
steps, in this case."

(The Caesar System— a seven-step

offset :

The clear:; » • « • ' • » » J •»■•••• ' • * • •

In cipher: bDiunnntmun"

d>ti

Just slip the alphabet a certain
number of steps, and use the cipher
equivalent in place of the clear
character.)

"I've got a clue," Pop said. "This
single letter is probably 'I' or 'a.' And
the first word, three letters, the last
two the same; must be a double—
'dd,' or 'ee,' or 'gg' if it's 'egg,' or 'II,'
or'oo'..."

"Right. You could crack it your-
self, Pop. Here's the message." He
touched keys.

ALL GAUL IS DIVIDED IN THREE PARTS AND I HAVE TAKE
N PART ONE STAY TUNED LOVE JULIUS

"Yup!" said Pop. "Double 'I,' just
as I said. And the single letter is
'I'..."

"Too easy. Good enough for
Caesar, because his enemies prob-
ably weren't too sharp in Latin
anyway, and a simple uniform offset
would do. But suppose the offset
isn't uniform? Suppose we let the
computer generate a series of pseu-
do-random numbers and use them
for the offset. See this."

JfWIWEc :WT10T_ZKHKiTW)eNZ2J : RNbbb1Kf]90/cRb5PTl<H5
YP 1 1FTZ*1WY»YU ]»-tN_GZ»ZV'2bXhUW8*KMXg0c

"Yipe!" said Pop. "You getting
all this out of one program?"

"Not bad, eh Pop? Before I had
the disk drive, I used to have to feed
all that stuff by hand to get the
translation. Now I just make it a file,
and it's duck back."

"Soup," said Pop, studying the
message. "I don't see any clue at
all."

"Right. Here it is in English."

ALL GAUL IS DIVIDED IN THREE PARTS AND I MAY HAVc
TO TAKE THEM ALL WATCH THE STORE CAESAR

"Hmm," said Pop. "Are you
going to show me the program?"

"One more version. In those two,
we've put the ciphered message into
characters. But suppose we just kept
it in numbers— the ASCII values."

79 108 76 95 83 73 « 96 109 *6

72 89 71 96 93 90 77 88 83 38

8» 87 «1 87 71 6* 97 51 58 88

82 9» 87 «7 103 83 92 98 57 92

88 89 90 55 53 82

Pop shook his head. "That's no
fun."

"Worse than that. It's wasteful. I
had to give every character five
spaces, and I can get only 250
characters into one string. Here's
that message."

FRANCE IS BEAUTIFUL IN FALL. VENI VIDI VICI. J

"Okay, Stan. How'd you do it?"
"This way. But notice: even if the
enemy were to get hold of my
program along with a copy of my
ciphered message, there's NO WAY I
can imagine for him to crack this
system. The code is the seed that
starts the series of 'random' values,
and there's NO WAY to back into it.
Is there?"

10 D$=CHAR*(27).CHAR$(3D*CHAR$C10)

20 OPEN 0"«P":PUT D$;: CLOSE

30 (The lines above set character spacing

U0 DIM A$(250).B$(250).C*<250)

50 POKE(16R0512)=50

60 (Sets printer linewldth

70 PRMT "CIPHERING/DECIPHERING"

80 PRINT "BY STANISLAUS K. PURINTON"

90 PRINT "AUGUST 1979"

100 PRINT "WHICH WAY:"

110 INPUT "CAESAR(C) STAK(S) NUMBERS N)";H$

120 IF H»="C" THEN R:1: (Flags to select route

130 IF H»s"S" THEN S=1

110 IF H»="N" THEN N=l

150 INPUT "ENCIPH OR DECIPH (E/D)":W$

160 INPUT "C0DE";C:RrRND(-C>

170 C=M0D(C,26)

180 ! Keeping Caesar within bounds

190 IF W»s"D" THEN 1000

200 I The decipher node is below

210 PRINT "MESSAGE"

220 INPUT A*

230 I Up to 250 characters at a tine

2U0 L:LEN(A*):IHow long is the message?

250 FOR b1 TO L:l We'll go through it...

260 Y»«MID»(A$.X.1):I one character at a tine

270 Z>ASC(Yf):( We identify the ASCII nuaber...

280 IF N THEN K=Z»INT<26»RND(0)»1):Z$»FMT<K."ZZZZZ

"):GOT0 3*0: (The nunbers ofTsetter in one swell fo

op

290 IF S THEN 320

300 K>Z«C: (Caesar's offset

305 IF K>90 THEN KsK-26:! Staying in letters

306 IF Z>32 THEN K= 32: (Keeping the spaces

310 GOTO 330:1 Skip Stan's offsetter when Caesarin

g

320 KsZ.INT(26»RND(0>»1):l Stan's offsetter

330 Z*=CHAR*(K)

340 C*»Ci»Z*:l Put then together

350 PRINT Z*;:IWe watch the characters added

360 NEXT Est Go get the next character

370 PRINT: (To and the line.

52

CREATIVE COMPUTING

Secret, cont'

380 PRINT OUR»(15)

390 STOP

TOO OPEK 1"GIBBERISH":PUT 1 RECORD 1 C»: CLOSE 1

1410 STOP

1000 OPEN 1 "GIBBERISH" :GET 1 RECORD 1 M

1010 CLOSE 1

1020 PRINT A*

1030 PRINT CHARM 15)

1040 L»L£N(A»)

1050 IF N THEN 1200

1060 FOR X»1 TO L

1070 Y»>MIDMA*.X,1)

1080 Z=ASC(Y»)

1090 IF S THEN 1120

1100 K:Z-C:1 Caesar again

1105 IF K<65 THEN K=K.26:I The letters coapleacnt

1109 IF Z=32 THEN K> 32: (Clinging to the spaces

1110 COTO 1130

1120 K.Z-INT(26»RKD(0).1)

1130 Z»=CHAR»(K)

11X0 C*=C*.Z»

1150 PRINT Z»;

1160 NEXT X

1170 PRINT

1180 PRINT CHARt(15)

1190 END

1200 !

1210 FOR bl TO L STEP 5

1220 B»=MID$(A».X.5>

1230 Z«VAL(B»)

12«0 O=INT(26»RND(0).D

1250 K=Z-0

1260 Z»=CHAR»(K)

1270 C$=C»»Z*

1280 PRINT Z»;

1290 NEXT X

1300 GOTO 1170

Lines 10 to 90 set the printer
format and identify the program; 100
to 150 set the flags for the route; 160
is what it says, locking in the seed ;
170 uses the same seed for the
Caesar offset, but limits it to a

maximum of 26, not to outrun the
alphabet; 190 sends the program to
the decipher area if that's what's
wanted ; 220 is for the message in the
clear, now known as A$. From 230
onward through 400 is a Duckwood
sandwich ("Dagwood," said Pop) of
the three enciphering methods: dis-
secting the message, finding the
ASCII values of its characters, alter-
ing those values by plan, reassemb-
ling the result, putting the enciph-
ered message into a Micropenis Basic
file called "GIBBERISH," wnicn
must first be establishd as a new file
before this program can run.

Lines 1000 to 1300 handle the
deciphering just as you'd expect,
subtracting the offsetting values that
were added, and so restoring the
original message. Stan found the
third method, using numbers only,
more trouble than he'd expected.
Having created five-character blocks
(back at line 280) to carry the
two-digit numbers, he had to build a
special dissection sequence— at
1200-1300— to cope with his crea-
tion. He's sure that there's a better
way to work with numbers alone-
something much more efficient,
more compact, faster— and he's con-
fident that the readers of Creative
Computing will arise to tell him
about it. □

— Pro/nsional —

Real Estate Programs

For Apple II or TRS-80

Property Management System

(32K. I Disk STtoaa)
Featwei:

• Tenant Information

• Late Rent Reports

• YTD * Monthly Income

Returned Checks
Advance Payments

• 5 Digit Expense Accounts

• Building Eipense Report

• Vendor Eipense Report

• Income Ta« Report

• AN Reports Can Be Printed

• Complete Documentation

• Easy Data Entry A Edit

• 200 Units per File

Price $225.00

Real Estate Analysis Modules:

(Cassette or Disk)

1) Home Purchase Analysis

2) Tss Deferred Exchange

3) Construction Cost/Profit

4) Income Property Cashflow

5) APR Loan Analysis

6) Properly Sales Analysis

7) Loan Amortisation

$35.00 Per Module

oftware
ealty I lompany

Al (oMfMn Morn t tntmhrtt

Or Onhf I OD IXno

tCli BiSsiii ASS •* Sakft Tat)

flU m Sail

ivy. < ■ 1ST* MawhMIMi Ay.. Hwwi Iwrt. < a SS2JU

CIRCLE 189 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Why pay $4000 for
a Complete Accounting System?

OMIKRON is offering the four standard
accounting packages (General Ledger, Accounts
Payable, Accounts Receivable, and Payroll) at
the unbelievable price of $100 each. Please
read the following description carefully to see
why we claim they are worth $1000 each.

During 1978 this software was developed for
sale under the "PEACHTREE SOFTWARE"
name. In 1979, with the software mostly done
and fully functional, the principals involved in
the development split up. RETAIL SCIENCES
added their enhancements and now sells their
version of this software to dealers nationwide

with a retail price close to $1000 each. This
software is extremely high quality and many
people claim it is the best in the industry.

OMIKRON has acquired the ight to market
the software as it was when released in early
1979. We have also enhanced it and claim it
is comparable to the "PEACHTREE SOFT-
WARE'.' We provide a total of over 500 pages
of detailed documentation and the source list-
ings are easily obtained for customizing.

Before you order please note the following
three conditions of sale. 1) This software is
not available to dealers or through dealers.

2) The extensive documentation is the only
support we can offer at this price. 3) We feel
the software is bug free, however we can not
be responsible for losses incurred by its use.
OMIKRON offers the manuals for $15 each
with a two week return for full credit. The soft-
ware requires a 48K CP/M system with two
eight inch disk drives. Microsoft Basic Version
4.51 is also required and may be purchased for
$350. The complete package of four is avail-
able for $350 including manuals. Versions for
both the Radio Shack Model I and Model II
are also available. . u , MhaTMof Dtjkal

sTsaaaiih tkshois
a TM of Tandy
Corporation

Since I am an electrical engineer by
trade, I was very enthusiastic about
the tremendous bargains that are now
available in home computer kits. So,
after looking around a lot, I selected
one from Super Widget Mart that
seemed almost too good to be true.
Not all of my friends thought it was a
good idea to buy something that ex-
pensive from a company that also re-
paired lawn mowers and diesel trac-
tors, but my keen financial sense told
me there was an undiscovered gold
mine here, and besides, I was in-
trigued by their V* horsepower Briggs
and Stratton interface card, so I sent
away for it. Since many others are
probably now facing similar decisions,
I felt it my duty to help by providing
an unbiased description of my experi-
ences. (So here is the story of the kit
that I bought.)

Well, before too long I had the ac-
tual kit in hand, and, except for a few
items, it seemed to be in good con-
dition. I started learning new things
right away, too — like the term
"baudot keyboard" and the fact that
it was somehow incompatible with the

A few minor problems
have come up. Noth-
ing really, just little
things. . .

term "ascii tv typewriter and soft-
ware." But they had been nice enough
at the factory to include a note telling
me about their new baudot to ascii
converter board that would solve all
of these problems for only $49.95.
Since I had spent about fourteen times
that much on the kit, it seemed a small
price to pay. I didn't really mind the
delay either, because all of the soft-
ware had been temporarily out of
stock so it would be a while yet be-
fore I could use it. (Minor inconveni-
ences, really — just a few parts mis-
sing from the kit that I bought.)

After a while, when most of these
parts had arrived, I started building
the kit and have been making good
progress over the past several

Ronald K. Pearson, 123 Elm St., Apt. B11,
Quincy, MA 02169.

The Kit That I Bought

Ronald Pearson

months, although a few minor prob-
lems have come up. Nothing really,
just little things . . .

. . . like the "pre-formed" capacitors
that didn't quite fit the holes in the PC
boards and had to be "post-formed" a
little to make them go in . . .

... the disparity between part num-
bers on the schematics and those on
the parts was a little disturbing at first,
but most of them turned out to be
equivalent . . .

... the "attach pushbutton de-
bounce circuit" wasn't, but they're
not too hard to design . . .

... the power supply and ground
were shorted on the preassembled
keyboard and, even though all of the
IC's are soldered in, there aren't too
many of them, so with a couple of
week's work I should be able to tell
whether it's one of them or an etch
short on the board itself . . .

. . . but you have to expect a few
things like this. (After all, they're just
the minor problems that came along
with the parts that were originally
missing from the kit that I bought.)

After overcoming some of these
minor obstacles, I began to feet a
close alliance with the engineers who
designed my kit, mostly because of
the way they included me in the de-
sign process. For example, all de-
signs involve repeated revisions,
usually denoted by letter, but nor-
mally only the last one gets shipped.
My kit is different in that respect,
because the CPU board, for example,
is marked "REV A" and is accompa-
nied by a two page schematic com-

posed of one "REV A" sheet and one
"REV B" sheet and, for simplicity, an
overall schematic reduced to one
page that's marked "REV C." There's
also an assembly drawing showing
where all of the parts go that's marked
"REV 0," but I think that's a mistake.
But the designers tied it all together
for me by sending a sheet that ex-
plained exactly which strips of etch
to cut and what new wires to attach
to the "REV A" PC board to make it
match the "REV C" schematic. This
was a lot of work, but I had a friend
help me with it who was good at the
very tricky soldering and etch cutting
required, so it only took one evening
to get the modifications made. When

Not all of my friends
thought it was a good
idea to buy something
that expensive from a
company that also re-
paired lawn mowers
and diesel tractors.

I began actually building the board
the next day, I felt good that I had
save the company a painful ECO.*
(Besides, these were the changes that
corrected some of the minor prob-
lems that came along with the parts
that were originally missing from the
kit that I bought.)

Unfortunately, I haven't been able
to complete my kit yet, because there
seem to be a few bugs left in some of

54

CREATIVE COMPUTING

the boards that I haven't been able to
track down. I have done pretty well
so far, though, and have acquired a
lot of spare components, test leads,
IC clips, homemade signal genera-
tors, and semiconductor manuals in
the process, but I do need a better
scope to replace the $85 Heathkit I
got when I was fourteen. (I know just
the one I need, too — multiple trace,
50MHz bandwidth, delayed sweep,
built-in logic analyzer — and it
doesn't cost that much more than a
small car).

Overall, though I am pretty happy
with my kit . . .

... the clocks on the baudot to ascii
converter board seem to work ok, ex-
cept for the one output from one of
them that hangs around 2.5 volts all
the time . . .

. . . and the power supply is really
nice, delivering lots of amps at several
unusual voltages (and it doesn't look
nearly as bad as people say with the
extra PC board mounted on the case
and the extra wires strapped to it with
yellow electrical tape) . . .

. . . they expect to get the bugs out
of the rest of the software before too
long, so I should have my 5K Basic
any time now . . .

. . . besides, I think I can modify
the memory board I got with it to
make it compatible with the pre-
assembled and tested KIM-1 I just
bought. (After all, I want something
to program while I'm saving my money
to buy the stuff I need to debug the
changes that corrected some of the
minor problems that came with the
parts that were originally missing
from the kit that I bought.) □

•"ECO" is an acronym for "engineering
change order" and works something like
this — suppose you are a production
manager for the Gargantuan Gismoe Cor-
poration and are sleeping peacefully after
seventy-two continuous hours of pushing
your assembly line to prepare a rush or-
der of sixty thousand obscure gadgets for
immediate shipment. Then, at four a.m.,
just hours after the last one has been
loaded on a special cargo plane for Ja-
karta, Indonesia, your phone rings and
and it's somebody from engineering.

"Say, Fred, about that order you just
shipped, it seems that Dick, here, just dis-
covered that if you start the system in test
mode and then toggle the master-slave
Interface switch, it overloads the front
end and blows all of the analog stuff —
fries it to a crisp."

"What?" you ask dumbly.

"Sorry, Fred, but it looks like we'll have
to call everything back so we can rede-
sign the . . ."

. . . well, you get the Idea. It's this sort
of thing that gives engineering a bad
name and makes one cringe at the sound
of the initials ECO.

MAY 1960

55

DYNACOMP

Quality software for:

Apple II Plus
TRS-80 (Level II)
North Star

AD software is supplied with complete documentation which includes clear ex-
planations and examples. Each program will run with standard terminals (32
characters or wider) and within 16K program memory space. Except where
noted, all software is available on North Star diskette (North Star BASIC or
Microsoft BASIC for those North Star systems running under CP/M). TRS-80
cassette (level II) and Apple cassette {Applesoft BASIC). These programs are
also available on PAPER TAPE (Microsoft BASIC).

FLIGHT SIMULATOR

(as described in SIMULATION. Volume III

A realistic and ealenaive mathematical simulation of takr off. flight and
landing. The program utilises aerodynamic equations and the characteristics of
a real airfoil. You can practice instrument approaches and navigation using
radiala and compass headings. The more advanced flyer can also perform
loops, half-rolls and similar acrobatic maneuvers.

Pnce S17.9S postpaid

SIMULATION. Volume U (BYTE Publications): $6.00

VALDEZ

A simulation of tuperUnker navigation in the Prince William Sound and Valdai.
Narrowi. The program uari an extensive 256X256 element radar map and employs
physical models of ship response and tidal patterns. Chart your own course through
ship and iceberg traffic. Any standard terminal may be used for display.

Price $14.95 postpaid

BRIDGE 2.0

An all-inclusive version of this most popular of card games. This program both BIDS
and PLAYS either contract or duplicate bridge. Depending on the contract, your corn*
puter opponents will either play the offense OR defense. If you bid too high the com-
puter will double your contract. BRIDGE 2.0 provides challenging entertainment for
advanced players and is an excellent learning tool for the bridge novice.

Price: $17.95 postpaid

HEARTS 1.5

An exciting and entertaining computer version of this popular card game. Hearts it a
trick -oriented game in which the purpose is not to take any hearts or the queen of
spades. Play against two computer opponents who are armed with hard-to-beat play-
ing strategies.

Price: $14.93 postpaid

MAILUSTI

A many featured mailing list program which searches through your customer
list by user defined product code, customer name or Zip Code. Entries to the
list can be conveniently added or deleted and the printout format allows the use
of standard site address labels Each diskette can store more than 1000 entries.

Price: $18.95 postpaid (available for North Star only)

TEXT EDITOR I (Utter Writer)

An easy to use, line-oriented text editor which
paragraph indexing. This text editor is ideally
capable of handling much larger fobs.

Price: $14.95 postpaid

variable line widths and simple
for composing letters and is quite

COMPRESS

Make your BASIC programs run faster and use less memory I In many cases you can
reduce the size of your programs by 30% or more, while improving execution speed by
a comparable amount. Save money by storing more programs on each diskette or

Price: $9.95 postpaid
GAMES PACK I

Seven entertaining games for less than a dollar a kilobyte! Play CATAPULT,
CRAPS. SWITCH. HORSERACE. SLOT MACHINE. BLACKJACK and
LUNAR LANDER. An economical way to start your games library.

Price: $10.95 postpaid

All orders arc processed within 48 hours. Please enclose payment with order. If paying by
MASTER CHARGE or VISA, include all numbers on card. Foreign orders add 10% for
shipping and handling.

Write for detailed descriptions of these and other programs available from DYNACOMP.

DYNACOMP

P.O. Box 162 Dept C
Webster, New York, 14580

New York State residents please add 7% NYS sales tax.

CIRCLE 141 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Introduction To Stocksf*^
and Listed Options ®

Alfred Adler, Ph.D.

Several years ago the author
asked himself the following question:
How can money be used to make more
money, without becoming involved in a
product or a service? By this is meant
consistent, long term income, not
sporatic profits interspersed with long
periods of loss. One immediately
thinks of the gaming tables at Las
Vegas, but as everyone knows, or
should know, the game is stacked
agai nst the player, so that the longer he
plays the more closely he approaches
the certainty that he will lose. Even
those few, and there are some, who
have devoted the time and effort to
acquiring the skills required to win,
find that they quickly become known
with major adverse consequences.

Some people try the commodity
futures market. They might be better
off in Las Vegas. One of the largest
brokerage houses in the country states
publicly that more than 95% of their
commodities clients lose their shirts
within the first year. A relatively small
number of people seem to be able to
consistently and successfully invest in
real estate. This is a highly specialized
endeavor, requiring either certain
unusual talents or the good fortune to
be in the right place at the right time
and above all the ability to recognize
the fact. Last but not least, there are the
various security markets which, of
course, will be our main focus of
interest.

During the past several years
considerable effort has gone into
researching methods of tilting the
odds in the investment game. Out of
this has come the discovery that not
only can the odds be tilted but that they
can be tilted drastically, and in either
direction. In particular, the strategy of
hedging listed options against com-
mon stocks, when properly applied,
can be proven to be more conservative

Alfred A. Adler, Ph.D., 10360 E. Flintlock
Trail, Tuceon, AZ 85715.

and more consistently profitable than
the simple buying and selling of
stocks: so much so, in fact, that very
conservative financial institutions
such as bank trust departments, insur-
ance companies, public pension
funds, mutual funds, endowments and
charitable foundations have begun
trading options. The idea of an invest-
ment being more conservative and at
the same time more profitable of
course violates one of the widely
'known' tenets of Wall St. However, in
recent times much that was widely
'known' has been found to be wrong.

Very often an established
company needs addition-
al funds and chooses to
obtain it by issuing addi-
tional stock.

This recent trend was discussed in a
front page article in the December 1,
1976 issue of the Wall Street Journal.

Theory indicates that a consistent
average return of 20% per year should
be readily obtainable, and experience
to date seems to bear this out. A con-
firming viewpoint is given in an article
on page 28 (Your Money Matters) of
the Wall Street Journal for July 17,
1978.

The only disadvantage of this
strategy is its complexity. Certain
tactics, by their very nature, tend to
shift the odds in your favor, while
certain other tactics, by their nature,
make it almost impossible not to lose.
The only viable alternative to employ-
ing the dubious talents of a profes-
sional is a large initial investment in
self-education plus a continuing
expenditure of much time and effort.

The author's interest in stock
market operations is primarily from the
point of view of a mathematician. He
firmly believes that the market is
inherently unpredictable and that
strategies based on hedging and the
mathematics of probability are far
more likely to be successful than those
based on 'fundamentals,' 'technical
factors,' or the reading of tea leaves. An
ongoing study of investment strategies
has included a series of computer
programs which were written primarily
for study purposes. The more useful of
those have evolved into production
programs which are used in the
everyday management of investments.

A series of articles is being
presented dealing with these pro-
grams. Part 1, which follows, provides
an introduction to investment in stocks
and listed options with particular
emphasis on the latter. Parts 2 through
5 will each deal with a particular
program. The programs were origi-
nally developed in PolyMorphic Basic,
and have recently been revised and
converted to North Star Basic. They
are currently available in TRS-80 16K
Level II from Creative Computing
Software.

The four programs to be presented
are designed to be used in the real
world, and include the effects of com-
missions, margin interest, and divi-
dends, where applicable. The first
presents the important indices for both
opening and closing call option trans-
actions. Another presents a graph or a
table, as the user chooses, of profit
from any combination of six basic
positions: long or short a stock, long or
short a call, and long or short a put. The
third program enables the user to
predict the future price of an option at
user chosen future times based on user
chosen future stock prices. Finally, the
fourth program enables the user to

56

CREATIVE COMPUTING

YOUR TRS~80 IS
A VALUABLE TOOL

GPeafcive computing software

TECHNICAL APPLICATIONS PROGRAMS
FOR YOUR HOME, SCHOOL, OR SMALL
BUSINESS WHICH MAKE YOUR MICRO-COMPUTER
INVESTMENT WORTHWHILE!

Graphing Package, CS-3301 (4K)

This package performs statistical tests never before available on small computers, and may well be the
ultimate in statistical applications for the 16K TRS-80. Its cassette based data system allows you to store,
retrieve, and transform data files for use in numerous tests. Detailed analysis of varience, correlation, multiple
linear regression, two variable statistics, and descriptive statistics are included. These complex capabilities
are complimented by the convenient user-oriented format. This package features a vinyl binder and
comprehensive manual. The Level II Package is $24.95.

Advanced Statistics, CS-3303 (16K)

Text and graphics are skillfully combined to plot a variety of graphics functions. Display your data in sleek
easy-to-read bar, line, or cartesian coordinate X,Y graphs. A polar coordinate graphing program automatically
scales and labels polar functions. The parametric graphing routine graphs X vs Y in terms of an independent
variable. Two regression routines analyse data to see how well a series of points fit on a linear or quadratic
function so the information can be effectively entered into the graphing routines (for Level II) $7.95.
A Tape Manager/Graphics/Statistics package is also available for Level I, CS-2301 (4K)$7.95.

Investment Analysis,

CS-3305(4K)

An investment specialists tool.
Programs in this package in-
clude regression analysis,
stock market simulations,
market/stock values, risk ana-
lysis, time related investments,
and tax analysis (Levels I and
II). $49.95

Text Processing,

CS-3302(16K)

This program turns your TRS-
80 and line printer into a line
oriented text-processing sys-
tem. A special business leter
format is included. You can
edit and modify your work.
Save text on cassette tapes,
and print out perfect docu-
ments every time. There are no
complicated new commands
to learn so anyone can insert
or delete lines with ease (for
Level II). $14.95

Checking Account,

CS-3304(16K)

Keep track of where your
money is going and how
effective your budget is. This
program helps you keep track
of individual and monthly
payments. Checks are auto-
matically sorted by payee,
date of payment, or other
catagories and all information
is saved on cassette (for
Level II). $7.95

sensational
software

creative

competing

software

Sensational Savings! Take ad-
vantage of our $1 discount at
your local computer store with
the certificate on page 135
of this issue. If your favorite
retailer does not stock the
software you need have him
contact our retail marketing
department. Or order directly
from Creative Computing. Send
your check plus $1 shipping
and handling per order to
Creative Computing Software,
Dept. 202, P.O. Box 789-M,
Morristown, NJ 07960. Visa,
MasterCharge, or American
Express are also welcome. For
faster service call in your bank
card order toll free to 800/631-
8112. In NJ call 201/540-0445.
Circle reader service #207 for
your FREE 20 page illustrated
catalog of micro computer
software.

For a FREE Sensational Software Catalog of over 400 programs for eight popular systems circle reader service #300
MAY 1980 57

Stocks, cont'd...

determine, on an item by item basis,
the cost, current value per share, total
current value and capital gain of a
portfolio consisting of long and short
stock, and long and short option
positions.

Introduction To Stocks and
Listed Options

For most people, buying and
selling common stocks in the hope of
realizing capital gains is the strategy of
choice. During the seventies, however,
this strategy has been anything but
consistently successful. Many people
buy 'services' in an effort to enhance
their performance. Such services may
range from a page or two of weekly
advice to the complete management of
a portfolio. In any case, it is obvious
that an individual or group of indi-
viduals, educated in finance, with
many years of experience, devoting
their working hours exclusively to the
management of investments can ob-
tain performance beyond the reach of
the average small investor. It is
obvious, but like so many other things
that are obvious, it just doesn't happen
to be true. Many books on investing
will flatly state that the average
investor, in the long run, does at least
as well, and usually better, than fund
managers, advisory services, and other
presumably knowledgeable people.
An article by Martin E. Zweig entitled
'Darts, Anyone?' which appeared in the
February 19, 1973 issue of Barron's
dealt with this subject in some detail.
This article lambasts everyone and
provides a considerable bibliography
of articles which do the same. The
author has never seen a statement in
print (except for advertisements)
which says anything to the contrary.
The author's personal experience
includes dealings with several of the
world's largest brokerage houses.
They each employ a large number of
people with many years of education
and experience in market operations.
On a long term basis, not one of these
highly paid and even more highly
touted research departments has been
right anything like 50% of the time.
Anyone who regularly acts on such
advice would be as well off throwing
darts at the stock market page of the
daily newspaper. As a matter of fact, a
study conducted more than ten years
ago at one of our major universities
came to just that conclusion. A
computer simulation of just such dart
throwing showed a profit of a fraction
under 10% during a period when most
fund managers were not doing nearly
as well.

Having thus roundly undercut
everything and everybody who might
lend assistance to the small investor,

and left him friendless and alone, what
can the author offer in return? First of
all, the certain knowledge that he/she
is not nearly as defenseless as the
experts would have him/her believe;
second, a few ideas to chew on; and
finally confidence in the fact that
his/her good judgement and common
sense (which seem to be in pitifully
short supply these days), aided by a
continuing effort at self education, will
in the long run result in a very
creditable performance.

Stocks

As opposed to a bond, which is an
indebtedness on the part of the issuer,
a share of common stock represents
ownership of part of the business. The
owners of common stock in a company
own the company in common. Com-
mon stock is originated (issued) by the
company when it needs to raise
capital. Typically this occurs at the
time the company starts into business,
but very often an established company
needs additional funds and chooses to
obtain it by issuing additional stock. In
either case, the stock is sold to
whoever is willing to make an invest-
ment in the company. It may or may not
be sold through a broker. In the case of

The idea of an investment
being more conservative
and at the same time
more profitable violates
one of the widely 'known'
tenets of Wall Street.

an additional offering it may or may not
be offered preferentially to the existing
stockholders. It will in general be
bought by individuals, other com-
panies, institutional investors, etc.
Once these entities have acquired the
stock, they each own some part of the
company. They are in general entitled
to elect directors, receive a share of the
profits of the company and so forth.
Receipt of a share in the profits is
usually in the form of dividends voted
on a regular basis by the board of
directors. Of course there is another
interesting way to share in the profits
of your company and that is by
watching the value of the stock rise.
Since supply and demand govern the
price of a share of stock to a greater
extent than they do for probably any
other commodity, price is the best
measure of value that is available. It is
likely that more people buy stock in the
hope of a price rise than buy it to
participate in the dividends.

In any event, before stock in any
venture can be offered to the public it
must comply with various federal and
state regulations. The Securities and
Exchange Commission, set up by

Congress in the 1930's to protect the
small investor, requires the filing of a
lengthy registration form intended to
provide the public with full information
on the issue. In addition, the various
states each have their own set of
regulations, all different, of course.
Every aspect of the securities industry
is closely regulated, making it by far
the most highly regulated industry in
the United States.

Once the stock is in the hands of
the original buyer, it can be bought and
sold just like any other personal
property. It is not necessary to use the
services of a stockbroker, nor a stock
exchange. These entities are available
for the same reason that realtors and
employment agencies exist, namely, to
provide a meeting place for buyer and
seller. It is a fact, however, that the vast
majority of trading is done through
brokers and stock exchanges. We will
therefore consider certain details of
such operations.

The Stock Market

First of all, let us realize that the
stock exchanges don't buy stock, they
don't sell stock, they don't even own
stock. Further, the stock exchanges
have nothing to do with setting prices
of stocks. The public does that. The
price of a stock is determined by a two-
way auction. Buyers compete with
buyers and sellers compete with
sellers. A transaction is concluded
when the buyer willing to pay the
highest price and the seller willing to
sell at the lowest price come to agree-
ment. This is probably the closest the
real world ever gets to the classical
definition of a 'free, open, and com-
petitive market.'

Anyone who wants to buy or sell
stocks should have an account with a
broker. This can be opened much as
one opens a bank account. As with a
bank, there are many types of ac-
counts, the most popular of which is
the cash account. This means that
purchases are paid for by cash or
check within five business days.
Similarly, proceeds of sales are de-
livered by check, also within five
business days. If your credit is estab-
lished and you can meet certain other
financial requirements, a margin
account is available. This permits you
to make purchases on credit much as
one buys a car on time, except that
only the interest must be paid. Prin-
cipal payments may be deferred until
the stock is sold, at which time either
the principal is paid off or another
purchase is made. The amount of the
down payment or 'margin requirement'
is fixed by the Federal Reserve Board
and adjusted from time to time, much
as they adjust interest rates and for
related reasons. The margin require-
ment is currently, and has been for a

58

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CIRCLE 134 ON READER SERVICE CARD
59

Stocks, cont'd...

number of years, 50% of the full
purchase price.

Having a brokerage account, one
can buy or sell shares of stock by
simply telephoning the broker and
giving instructions. These orders are
telephoned to the floor of the ex-
change where there are numerous
'trading posts.' Each of these is a
horseshoe shaped counter around
which the floor brokers take part in the
auction. Each trading post handles
approximately 75 different stocks.
When your order reaches the floor, the
telephone clerk writes it down and
hands it to the floor broker, who goes
to the appropriate trading post and
attempts to execute the order.

A number of different types of
orders are available. The most direct is
the so called market order.' This is an
order to buy or sell as soon as possible
at the current market price. For those
wishing to buy or sell as soon as the
market reaches some predetermined
level, either higher or lower, various
types of 'stop' or 'limit' orders are
available. Theoretically, these appear
to offer many advantages, however, in
practice they do not always work out
well for a number of reasons.

Brokers and Commissions

And now we come to the least
appealing part of investment trans-

actions, the cost. Benjamin Franklin is
reported to have said, '. . . in this world,
nothing is certain but death and taxes.'
If Ben had dabbled in the market he
might have added 'commissions.' And
make no mistake about it, it costs
money to buy and it costs money to
sell. If your stock goes up enough you
will make money, if it goes down you
will certainly lose money. If it remains
the same or even goes up fractionally,
you will lose. Your broker, however,
always makes money. The amount of
the commission depends on the
number of shares and the total cost.
Typical commissions at a full service
brokerage house are as follows: For
1 00 shares of a $1 per share stock you
will pay about $40, or 4%. For 2000
shares of the same stock you will pay
$380, or about 1.9%. However, for 400
shares of a $50 stock, costing the same
$20,000, you will pay only $285, or
about 1 .4%. As the amount spent drops
below about $10,000, the cost rises
above 2%, rising more and more
steeply as the amount of money
becomes quite modest. This makes it
very expensive, and less and less
profitable, for the very small investor.
Since the commission is paid each
way, that is, when you buy and again
when you sell, it is obvious that a
limited amount of money should not be
spread among too many different
issues. Added to this is the fact that an
investor with a reasonable amount of
money can usually pressure his broker

TABLE I

Results of Five Different Strategies
for Three Final Stock Prices

Assumptions:

Initial stock price = $22

Premium = $3.50 for exercise price of $20

Premium = $1.25 for exercise price of $25

Security
Bought

Final
Stock
Price

Total
Cost

Net
Sale

Profit

%
Profit

500 shs.

30
22
14

11131

14843

10869

6899

3712

-262

-4243

33

-2

-38

30 calls
ex. pr. 20

30
22
14

10700

29693

5829

18993

-4871

-10700

178

-46

-100

88 calls
ex. pr. 25

30
22
14

11392

43400

32048
-11392
-11392

281
-100
-100

5 calls
ex. pr. 20

30
22
14

1798

4929

959

3131

-839

-1798

174

-47

-100

5 calls
ex. pr. 25

30
22
14

663

2445

1765
-663
-663

260
-100
-100

READY
BYE

into a discount, and the more reason-
able his funds, the larger discount he
can usually obtain. For those who are
willing to accept bare bones service,
generally limited to executions only,
there are the discount brokers. These
are advertised in the larger news-
papers, and may offer discounts of 50%
or more from the full service houses.
One should consider the following
before leaping, however. A full service
broker may, repeat may, be willing to
give the extra attention required to
obtain a slightly better execution. After
all, he puts about one-third of the
commission into his own pocket; he
should be willing to make an effort to
keep the account. A small fraction of a

One would be as well off
throwing darts at the
stock market page of the
daily newspaper.

point made or lost on an execution can
make up for or wipe out a major
fraction of any commission discount.
Perhaps a full service broker is worth
his cost?

It is not possible in the space
available to treat the subject in suf-
ficient detail to even say we scratched
the surface. A rather complete treat-
ment of the subject can be obtained
from 'How to Buy Stocks,' by Louis
Engel, Bantam Books Inc. This book
stands out as a beacon in a sea of
verbiage and is truly worthwhile
reading. Most brokerage houses have
been giving them out to clients for the
past two decades or more.

Investment Strategies

Those who venture into the se-
curity markets can be divided into
investors, speculators, traders, etc.
These terms mean different things to
different people, and can become
emotionally charged. In certain circles
'investor' has considerable snob ap-
peal, while 'speculator' is not exactly
complimentary. Be that as it may, these
terms generally connote the time scale
over which one tends to alter his
position and the degree of risk one is
willing to take. Generally speaking,
positions should be altered when they
are no longer suitable, without regard
to the time since the last alteration.
And the degree of risk must be
measured against the likely reward, the
financial ability of the individual to
tolerate the loss, and the psychological
ability of the individual to live with the
risk. J. P. Morgan was reported to have
advised, 'If your investments keep you
awake at night, sell down to the
sleeping point.' We will adopt the term
investor to cover all time scales and all
degrees of risk.

Investors may also be divided into

60

CREATIVE COMPUTING

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CIRCLE 193 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Stocks, cont'd...

fundamentalists and technicians, or
chartists. Fundamentalists believe that
if the company makes a product which
will remain in demand, if their sales
increase year after year, their earnings
increase year after year, their dividend
keeps rising, their outstanding debt
remains low, etc., etc., the stock MUST
rise. It sounds good, it just doesn't
happen to be so. There are many
examples of stocks in leading com-
panies with excellent fundamentals,
AT&T, GM, DuPont, to name a few,
which went absolutely nowhere for
many years. Technicians or chartists
on the other hand are not interested in
fundamentals but believe that by
studying the past price history of a
stock, its future price history can be
predicted. This is not completely
without foundation, over a very short
period of time, sometimes, maybe,
unless.

A time honored, conservative,
investment strategy is to pick a good'
stock, buy it when it is 'low,' and then
'just sit back and be patient.' What do
we mean when we say a stock is 'low?
Do we measure 'low' in terms of price,
price to earnings ratio, history, relation
to others in its group? How? If a
company has had stable earnings and
its stock has sold within 10% of $50 for
several years, and then within a short
time drops to $30, while the company's
earnings drop to half, is the stock now
'low'? Suppose you come upon a set of
circumstances where you feel that by
any set of standards the stock is indeed
'low.' Since this price represents a
consensus of the investing public, you
are now forced to ask, 'Do 'they' know
something that I don't know, or are
'they' all wrong?' It takes sheer guts to
fly in the face of popular opinion and
yet, more often than not, it is winning
play.

Anyone using the above strategy
presumably is convinced that his stock
will rise in price. That being the case,
he could make a much higher return on
his investment, or greatly limit his
possible losses, or both, by trading in
listed call options either instead of, or
in conjunction with, the stock. This will
be discussed in some detail a little
later.

An option is the right, acquired for
a consideration, to buy or sell some-
thing at a fixed price, within a specified
time. When applied to the purchase or
sale of common stocks, an option to
buy the stock is referred to as a call,'
and an option to sell the stock is
referred to as a 'put.' Before the advent
of the Chicago Board of Options
Exchange (CBOE), and 'listed op-
tions,' puts and calls were sold by put-
and-call dealers. Prices and terms
varied little from dealer to dealer.

Expiration times were 30, 60, or 90
days, or 6 months, from the day the
option was acquired. The exercise, or
striking prices (the prices at which the
options were exercisable) were set
relative to the current market price.
Thus an option bought today locked
the buyer and seller together for the life
of the option. It could not be sold
tomorrow since tomorrow's option had
a different expiration day, and very
likely a different exercise price. In
other words, once you bought an
option you were pretty much stuck
with it. There was no secondary

Every aspect of the se-
curities industry is
closely regulated, mak-
ing it by far the most
highly regulated industry
in the United States.

market. All of this made trading in
options a very highly specialized,
difficult, and risky operation.

CBOE — Listed Options

In April of 1973, the CBOE was
born and with it came a revolution in
option trading. Expiration dates and
exercise prices are now standardized
and options are traded on an exchange
by an auction system much like stocks
are. All options run for 9 months from
introduction to expiration. All options
expire on the third Friday of their
month, and within a few days a new
option is introduced which will expire 9
months hence. For any given stock an
expiration occurs every 3 months. The
particular set of months is referred to
as the 'series.' Thus, for each stock on
which options are offered, there are 3
options available at any one time. For
example, on January 1, 1980, IBM
options were available which expire on
January 18, 1980, April 18, 1980, and
July 18, 1980. After January 18, a new
option expiring on October 17, 1980
will be introduced. Following April 18,
an option expiring on January 16,
1981 . Thus, IBM options could be said
to follow the January series. National
Semiconductor options, on the other
hand, follow the February series,
which means that expiration occurs on
the third Friday of February, May,
August and November. The exercise
prices are similarly standardized.
Exercise prices occur every $5 be-
tween $5 and $50, every $10 between
$50 and $200, and every $20 above
$200. As the price of a stock moves up
or down, additional options are intro-
duced according to a prescribed set of
rules. Thus, options traded at different
times are interchangeable, the tie
between the buyer and the seller does
not exist, and a large secondary market

in options exists.

In January of 1975, the American
Stock Exchange started trading op-
tions, and in June of that year a third
options exchange opened. By the end
of 1975, the pace of options trading
had risen to the point where the share
volume of the CBOE alone was second
only to that of the NYSE.

In order to be listed for options
trading, a stock has to meet more
stringent requirements than for trading
on the Big Board. By the beginning of
1976, listed options were being traded
on the stocks of 150 of the most
popular blue chip and glamour stocks
on Wall Street. Today that list has
grown to about 200, and some of the
most popular options are traded on
more than one exchange, and in more
than one monthly series.

Option Strategies

Investors trade in options for many
reasons and in many ways, from the
most conservative to the most danger-
ous. Buying options rather than stocks
increases the investors leverage tre-
mendously. It is easily possible to
double your investment in a few days; it
is just as easy to halve it as quickly. At
the other end of the scale, call options
may be sold against existing long stock
positions, thereby increasing net
income, providing a bit of downside
protection, and decreasing the risk
over that of stock ownership alone.
Options may be bought to fix a stock
price for future investment, protect a
short sale, put a limit on risk, maintain a
position through a slump, or accom-
plish any of several other objectives.
Finally, a significant number of tax
saving or deferment maneuvers can be
performed with options.

Option trading strategies are most
easily discussed if they are first divided
into buying and selling, then into puts
and calls, and finally combinations
thereof. Several overall basic truths
can be asserted. First of all, an option is
a wasting asset. Time is on the side of
the seller. For that reason alone the
odds are against the option buyer and
in the long run he will lose. On this all
the books agree. There is an additional
subtlety, however, as follows. Before
the purchase of an option can be
profitable the option premium (its
cost) must rise not only by the amount
which the passage of time has eroded,
but additionally by the round trip
commissions. In other words, for an
option buyer to stay even, the option
premium must take an immediate jump
and then rise continuously. This, of
course, requires that the stock take a
little jump and then rise continuously.
Since stock price is just as likely to fall
as to rise, and very likely to not do
much of either, the option buyer
certainly has an uphill battle.

62

CREATIVE COMPUTING

Stocks, cont'd...

In the remaining articles, strate-
gies involving the buying and selling of
puts and calls will be discussed in
considerable detail. For the present we
will simply examine the purchase of
calls versus the purchase of the under-
lying stock.

Let us return to the 'time honored,
conservative' strategy mentioned
previously and see if it can be improved
upon. If the investor is truly confident
that his stock will rise, he might
consider buying calls instead. For
example, suppose Control Data (NYSE
symbol CDA) is selling at $22 and our
friend decides that it is likely to move to
at least $30 within 3 months. If he buys
500 shares his total cost is $1 1 ,000 for
the stock plus about $131 for commis-
sion. If he is correct and CDA rises to
$30 he can sell out for $15,000 minus
$157 commission, for a net profit of
$371 2 or about 33% of his initial invest-
ment. On the other hand, with $11,000
he could have bought at least 30 CDA
calls exercisable at $20. If the stock
went to $30 before the options expired,
they would have an intrinsic value of
$10 per share, plus whatever time value
might be left, for a profit of at least
$18,993, including commissions. This
represents a return on the original
investment of 178%, or 5.4 times the
return obtained by buying the stock
itself. If instead of buying calls exercis-
able at $20, those exercisable at $25
were bought, the return would be far
greater. In this case about 88 calls
could be bought, and if the stock went
to $30 before expiration, a profit of
about $32,048 would be realized after
commissions.

Let us examine the other side of
the coin. Unfortunately, coins such as
these always seem to have another
side. If our hero is wrong and CDA
remains at $22, he has lost nothing
except commissions if he chooses to
buy the stock. If he buys the 30 calls
exercisable at $20, he ends up just
before expiration with calls worth only
$2 per share, certainly less than he paid
for them, and probably loses about
$4871, including commissions. If, on
the other hand, he went for broke and
bought the 88 calls exercisable at $25,
he would be precisely that, broke. The
options exercisable at $25 are worth-
less on expiration day if the stock is
selling at less than $25. Buying options
instead of the stock gives the investor
leverage, but leverage cuts both ways.

At this point our imaginary in-
vestor, who has been reading these
lines, has a flash of genius. He will buy
only 5 calls and will invest the re-
mainder in a bond or other interest
bearing instrument. He then has
options on the same amount of stock
that he otherwise would have bought,

MAY 1980

and therefore has the same upside
potential for profit, but has limited his
possible losses to certainly no more
than the cost of the options plus
commissions. Working out the details
we find that the purchase of 5 calls with
exercise prices of $20 and $25 results
in costs of $1798 and $663, respec-
tively; net profits of 174% and 260%, if
the stock rises to $30 before expiration,
otherwise losses limited in any case to
the initial investment. Of course, the
interest on the remaining $9180 or
$10,320, as the case may be, is a profit
in any event.

Table I summarizes the results of
the 5 strategies discussed above for
final stock prices of $14, $22 and $30.
Since it is always more profitable to sell
rather than exercise the option since
commissions are less, the profits in the
table were computed on this basis.
Note in particular, that in every case, if
the stock price remains unchanged at
$22, a loss results. This is, of course,
due to the inevitable, omnipresent and
inescapable commissions.

Having seen how one can buy call
options with the potential for a sizeable
profit if the stock advances while at the
same time limiting our possible losses
to the cost of the options plus com-
missions, a further refinement be-

lt is easily possible to
double your investment
in a few days; it is just as
easy to halve it as quickly.

comes fairly obvious. Suppose our
man invests all his funds (the whole
$11,000) in an interest bearing se-
curity, and uses the interest to buy call
options. Barring bankruptcies, the
worst that can happen is for the
options to expire worthless, in which
case nothing is lost. If, on the other
hand, the price of the stock underlying
the options moves above the exercise
price the profit could very easily
amount to several times the initial
investment.

Sounds great, doesn't it? Un-
fortunately, it is a losing game. First of
all, bonds return your money unappre-
ciated. True, you do get x% interest,
whereas inflation is eating your money
away at y%, where y is very likely to
exceed x. On top of that you are using
your interest to buy call options, which
itself is a losing game as discussed
previously. Just keeping the interest
would be an improvement, and not
investing in fixed value securities
would be a further improvement.

The subject of option strategies is
vast and only a beginning has been
made. In the next 4 articles, a broad
range of strategies will be explored as
they become relevant to the invest-
ment programs to be discussed. □

63

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SOFTWARE

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CIRCLE 156 ON READER SERVICE CARD

W. A. Tinsley, Ph.D.

You are sitting in your office in a
fashionable shopping center in Atlanta
armed with your microcomputer, two
chairs, three space photos and a
picture of Gustav Mahler. Your clients
are people who have been through at
least a dozen years of mathematics
classes which trained them to be little
calculating machines, but they never
learned what to analyze or how.
Consequently, they believe in the
American dream that anyone can own
anything and that there is no tomorrow
as far as credit is concerned.

Your job is to help people place
their financial circumstances in per-
spective. To do this, you've written
several computer programs. A very
useful one is based on the notion that if
you know how many take-home dol-
lars a family has to useeach month, the
number of persons in the family, and
some information about what the
family spends for the big monthly
expenditures, then you can guess
fairly closely as to how the family will
spend the rest of the money. Table 1
contains your rules and assumptions
used to "juggle" the budgets. You have
found that it's easy to periodically
revise these rules to adjust to price
changes. You also have a provision in
your computer program that allows the
client to set maximum, minimum, or
absolute values to be placed in each
budget category.

Your input form is quite simple.
You just ask your client for ten bits of
information, switch on your computer,
and in three minutes you are involved
in some relevant financial counseling.

W. A. Tinsley, Ph.D.. College ot Agricultural
Sciences, Clemson University. Clemson, SC
29631

Dream House or Nightmare?

The day's first clients drop by.
We'll call them the "dreamers." They
have found their dream home, and
want to know if they can afford it. Will it
be a dream house or a nightmare?

The couple are in their late 30's.
The husband has his own successful
business. There are two children in the
family, ages 7 and 11. The wife does
not work outside the home.

The couple is about to buy a
$90,000 home. They have, previously
accumulated equity of $30,000 in
another home and are considering
borrowing $60,000 to be repaid over 30
years at 11% interest. The mortgage
payment on that amount is $571.39. In

addition, the couple would probably
need $90 or more per month for house
taxes and insurance, making the total
$651.33.

The husband has an income of
$31,263 per year. After taxes and
retirement deductions, his monthly
take-home pay is $1657. You use the
computer program to create a trial
budget for the family (see Figure 1).
Can they afford the new house?
Perhaps, if they are willing to live with
the "new house, no furniture, old car,
peanut butter sandwich phenome-
non."

Trie Wife Who Wants to Quit her Job

The second client is a junior high
art teacher who is considering resign-
ing her teaching job to give private art
lessons. The important issue concerns
how well the family would fare in a
transitional period without her teach-
ing income.

The first step is to do a careful
analysis of how much of her teaching
income actually shows up as take-
home pay. You begin by using another
computer program that calculates
income taxes and figure the taxes on
the combined salaries of the husband
and wife and then the taxes on the
husband's salary alone. Then you
subtract other deductions from the
wife's income such as retirement,
professional dues, cost of extra house-
hold help, extra meals eaten out and
transportation costs. Your client is
surprised to find that she is only able to
keep about $1 in $3 from her gross
teaching income.

Estimates of your client's family
budget picture with and without her
school salary are shown in Figures 2
and 3. Your client leaves, leaning
toward going into private business.

RULES USED IN DETERMINING THE MAXIMUM MB MNirjM AMOUNTS
ALLOWED FOR "YOUR BUDGET' AND IHE "COMPARATIVE BUDGET"

THE INITIAL AMOUNTS PLACED IN THE BUDbETS ARE BASED ON

THE PERCENTAGES LISTED IN TIE ARRAY *S.'

CATEGORY

"youii" budget nw.es

"COMPARATIVE" BUDGET RULES

1. Food

Utt the flgur* tht user tuppMci.

'.* the annual take-hone pay Is less than or
ejnwjY. to ! T ,5Q0, allow a next nun of $87 for
• ofw-pr- n household; $57. to per person for
rtouscholds of two persons or sore. If take-
hom pay is $7. SO 1-$ IS. 500. use $115 for a one-
person household, $72 per person for households
of two or eore persons. If take-none pay Is
SJ .501 and above, allow $144 for a one-person
household; $87 per person for households of
two or wore persons.

2. Rtr.t or Mortgage
including house
tint and house

Insurance

Use tut figure the user supplies.

use the figure the user supplies

3. utilities

Use the user's figure.

Use 851 of the user's figure.

4. Car payment

Use the user's figure.

Take-hoe* Pay Forwule Used
Less than or equal If one car, use $150;
to $15,500 if wore than one car.
use $75 tiwes the
nuwoer of cars owned.

Greater than 115.500 If one car, use $250;
if eore than one car,
use $125 tines the
meaner of cars owned.

5. fas and on

HbiImuw used 1s $60 per car per aonth.
Nlnlnun used Is $40 per car per Month.

Sane as for "Your Budget"

C. Car upkeep

Nailaua enount Is 140 per car per aonth;
•iHleuaj used 1s J25 per car per Month.
If there are car paywenU, the mbxImum
Is $33 per car.

Sane as for "Your Budget"

64

CREATIVE COMPUTING

CATCfiOtT

"TOUR" BUDGET MJUS

-C0f*?AMTIV£- SUOGCT RULES

7. Car. insurance,
licenses, etc.

8. Other debts

9. Clothing

10. Lift Insurance

11. Doctor t aedlcel

12. Furnishings a
eoulpaent

13. General supplies

14. Education

15. Gifts and
Contrlbutuons

16. Recreation
17. Personal

15. Savings and

Investments

19. Child Care.

Aliaeny, Household
Help, and Other

haxtaua aatount Is 535 per car per aonth.
Blniaua aaount Is $70 per car per aonth.

Use user's figure.

Meiinuw is 545 for the first person In the
faally and 575 for each additional fatally
eawaber. Hlnlau* 1s 510 per person par aonth.

If take-hone pay Is 41?. 000 per year or less,
the next Bun allowed ts 55 per Month per per-
son in the household. If take-hoe* pay Is

above 517,000, the aaataua ts 570 per household

mmbtr per aonth.

Me-iaua ts 515 per aonth per person.
Hlnlaum Is 5? per aonth per person.

hailaua Is 5300 per aonth. Htntaua Is 55
per aonth.

na>iaua Is 570 per aonth for the first
person In the household, plus 515 per
person for each additional neater. Hini-
aua Is 510 for the first faally neaber
plus 55 for each additional aeaber.

hailaua is 515 per aonth for the first
person in the household, plus 58 per
person for each additional aeaber. Mini-
aua Is 510 for the first person and 55
for each additional family aeaber.

Ha *< aua ts 171 of take-hoaa pay. Nlnlaaaa
is ?t or take-hoax pay.

Ma. i aua is 15S of take-how pay. Hlnlaua
is 58 per person per aonth.

Meitenai Is 530 per aonth for the first person,
plus 510 per aonth for each additional Person.
Hinlaua Is 55 per parson per aonth.

NO aamnun; savings nay be negative Indicating
that aoney aust be borrowed or taken froa
savings.

Use user's figure.

Saw* as for "Tour Budget"

Hexiaua allowed Is 10. of take-hoe* pay.
Saae as for "Tour Budget"

Seat as "Tour Budget"

Saae as "Tour Budget*
Saae as "Tour Budget '
Saae as "Tour Budget"

Saae as "four Budget'

Saae as "Tour Budget-
Seat as "Tour Budget"
"Saae as "Tour Budget"

Saae as "Tour Budget"

No eujxlawa or alninua

ftULCS GOVERN!*. THE APPCARAnCC OF COHHCHTS STATEHtrTTS

1. All users act the statement, "An eittaated ** * or 5 of your budget joes for food, housing, auto, and 'other*
debt.

2. All users net the statement, -This (eaves jui_f or S to decide about."

J The following stateaents depend upon the user's results:

a. If sa-ongs era estimated to be negative (v«ar ts likely to spend nore than Is said to be available), the following
stuteaent Is printed: "lie guess that you will need S froa savings or fro* a loan to get by each aonth."

b. If the percentage estlaeted In the "four Budget" column going for food, housing, auto costs, and "other" debt *s
greater than 70*: or tf the estimated dollar ar-c-jnt left aft.'r paying these open.es is 1 rss than *>C *>. fe folio—
ing statement ts printed: "Tou need careful planning to get tn; on your uur] :..•■

c. If the percentage In the "four budget* calwam estimated as going for food, housing, auto eipenses. and "Other-
debt Is less than 551. the following steteaent Is pointed: "Congratulations—you ire better off than aost."

d. If the yser's Monthly food budget Is aore than 550 higher than the -Comparative Budget" figure, the folio-mo
statement Is printed: "Vou way be able to reduce your food bud>jet.'

t. If the aser's car payments are 550 taort per aonth than the figure In the "C©r,»aretive Budget." the following state-
aent Is printed; "Tou eight find son* way to cut car costs.*

f. If the percentage spent by the user on "other" dents t, aore than 101 higher than the percentage listed In the
"Comparative Budget" col wan, the following stateamt Is printed: "four Other Debt Needs to be Reduced. "

TABLE 1

tStlKAIfO CIPtPOlTUtt PCKEKUGCS 11

inconi iob.'

Annual Take-wore Pay

Lett Than

S.0OI-

7.501-

12.001-

15,501-

Caleeorj S5 > 000

7.500

12.000

15.500

19.000

9.000*

M

1. Fowl

10

2]

21

16

16

2. Rent or Mort-

■tgti.aaM

Tai«t, *ml

How Insurance

27

21

20

20

20

17

1. Utilities

IS

IJ

II

10

9

7

4. Car Payment

12

12

1?

12

6

S. dl and Oil

4

6

7

S

5

6

6 C4r upkeep

)

)

1

2

2

2

7. Car Insuranc?

]

)

3

3

3

3

6. Other Oebtt

7

7

;

8

7

,

>. C1otnir>9

7

3

3

4

4

I

10. life Insurance

1

1

2

2

T

7

11. Doctor and

KMIcal

2

2

J

3

3

4

12. Furnfsl.ines and

(Outwent

1

1

1

2

3

1

13. General Suppl le'.

1

1

1

1

1

1

14. education

1

1

1

1

1

1

IS. dm and

Contributions

1

1

2

4

4

S

16. Recreation

1

1

2

4

4

5

17. Personal

1

1

1

1

1

1

It. Savings and

IM4MH

8

19. Other t«penvcs

•

1

The percrnt.,.,. \

actually used for food, housing, and utilities are

the ones shown In t'ti

s table.

The fiouret in this

tall.. S..OU

d DC CUllSl

at relative wc-iohts u

lad. in j

lleutlai

fund* J«..'>'J

'he cat.'Ju

M

lines 4 through 18

iudget for the Jet Set

Next, your day is considerably
brightened by the unexpected arrival
of a ravishing beauty currently married
to a famous rock star. She is in Atlanta
on a shopping tour, but is also
conferring with her lawyer about the
terms of an impending divorce. She is
concerned about settlement terms and
wants to know how she and her small
daughter will fare on her new budget.

She feels she needs $1 500 a month
for food and parties, $4000 per month
for housing, $2000 per month for car
payments, $800 per month for
clothing, and $1500 per month for
travel and recreation. Her lawyer is
asking for $1 1,000 per month to cover
her living needs. Will she be able to
survive, or should she ask for more?
You be the judge. See Figure 4.

A dozen years of mathe-
matics classes trained
them to be little calculat-
ing machines, but they
never learned what to
analyze or how.

The Minimum Wage Blues

Finally, a high school senior drops
by, attracted by your space age office
and computer. He plans to skip
college, take a minimum wage job, and
enjoy the easy life in Atlanta. His initial
take-home pay will be $480 per month.

He figures he needs $150 per
month for a shared apartment and $75
per month for a cheap car. You point
out some of his other expenses (see
Figure 5). He begins to get the big
picture and leaves to reconsider the
whole bleak situation Maybe a Foxfire
book and a move to the Georgia
mountains would be more feasible.

Computers Can Help Focus on
Spending Alternatives

There are hundreds of interesting
stories in the financial counseling
business. Tomorrow someone will
probably come by who's been offered a
new job and a $15,000 raise to move to
Chicago. After income taxes and other
increased costs, will the move be worth
it? You and your microcomputer can
soon come close to pinpointing the
after-move realities.

Everyone feels that their financial
situation is very unique. You know that
there aren't many differences. Every-
one is worse off than they think, and
eight out of ten people are in the dark
when it comes to evaluating financial
alternatives. Despite the simplicity of it
all, your microcomputer results offer a
veritable shining light amid the dark-
ness and a first step toward more
reasonable choices. D

MAY19S0

65

Speedy, cont'd...

Speedy Spend

What is "Speedy Spend?" Would you like to have
your budget analyzed by "Speedy Spend?" You may be
wondering what it all means — how does the computer
do it?

Think of the computer as if it were a person who
wants to help you. First tell that person how much you are
spending for certain things, such as food, housing, and car
payments. Pretend to give the person your pay envelope
(take-home pay). Now look at an imaginary table and see
twenty small boxes each labeled a different expense. One
is marked food" another is marked "utilities" and so forth
down the line These boxes represent all of the things you
spend your money on every month, including a box for
"savings and investments."

Quickly, the person (computer) begins to put money
into each box. He follows your directions for food, car
payments, rent (or mortgage), utilities, installment debts,
and other (this box stands for many things such as child
care, household help, alimony, taxi or bus fare). If you
have any money left over, he will put it into all the other
little boxes. Some will go into "doctor and medical," a few
dollars more may be placed into "life insurance," or "gifts
and contributions." Pretty soon all of your paycheck will
be divided into one of the twenty boxes. Now your budget
is balanced.

But the computer doesn't stop there. Look now behind
the first row of boxes and see a second set of imaginary
boxes. These boxes represent a "Typical Budget" for a
South Carolina family with the same income and size as
your family.

Now your helper begins again to place money into the
boxes. We have learned how others spend their money by
collecting information at exhibits and through the mail
from people like you. We keep all information strictly
confidential. No names are ever revealed.

You will probably want to compare your budget with
the Typical Budget Look at the boxes marked "food,"
"car payments." "rent or mortgage," utilities."
"installment debts," and "other." Do your boxes have
more or less in them than the other set? If, in total, you are
putting more money into these boxes, you will notice that
you have less available to go into the fourteen other
categories. If you are spending less, the other fourteen
boxes will have bigger stacks in them.

Your "Speedy Spend" results are like the steps just
described, except that a computer budgets your income
rather than a person. The computer has a very complicated
list of instructions as to how much money to allow for
each category. Many of those instructions depend on how
many people are in your family, how many cars you have,
and your income level. It would take a human several
hours to do the same work that the computer does in a
fraction of a second.

Maybe you won't like the way the computer divides
YOUR BUDGET. Maybe you want to take some of the
money out of the recreation box and put it into clothing.
Maybe you don't need as much for property taxes and
want to use some of that money for additional gas and oil.
Make whatever changes the family would like to make. The
computer has given you a head start. It's easier to re-do
your computer budget than to start from scratch.

Suppose you want to go a step further. Do this — think
over how much you need per month for each item in your
budget. Some months you will need more money. Persons
who are paid every other week usually get two paychecks
in a given month, but in a couple of months during the
year they get paid three times.

This monthly change in income and expenses can be
tricky. It may be helpful to map out your spending needs
for the next 12 months. This can also be done by
computer. Fill out the "Computer Form," HM Leaflet 533.
Use your Speedy Spend results as a guide. Follow
directions on the form and mail it to Clemson. In return,
you'll receive a 12-month spending plan which can
highlight the ups and downs in your budget.

Better spending choices can come from knowing more
about your budget. Clemson can help you discover more
of the things you need to know to make better choices.
Don't stop now. Fill out the computer form and return it to
Clemson for a clearer picture of where you are and where
you can be going with your take home dollars.

Nam* or S. S. No. _
Address

City

Bp

nz\

L_]

1. Number of people in your family?

2. Number of cars in your family?

3. Available take-home pay each pay period?

4. Enter SftVif you are paid weekly; 26 if twice
a month; 12 if monthly or 1 if yearly.

Monthly Estimates
** FOOD

CAR PAYMENTS
7. JfcaT. RENT OR MORTGAGE

| | e. G) UTILITIES (heat, electricity, phone, etc.)

1=1 ,a B

INSTALLMENT DEBTS WITH INTEREST DUE
EACH MO. (Sears. Master Charge, Loan Com
panies, and others )

OTHER (including child care, household help
alimony, taxi, and bus)

66

CREATIVE COMPUTING

THERE ARE SEVERAL WAYS

TO BUY A SMALL COMPUTER.

HERE'S WHY BUYING FROM US

MAKES MORE SENSE.

We offer you more and
better choices. Sunshine
Computer Company sells the
best selection of small
computers available
including DEC'S 11/03 and
11/23, Cromemco's Z2-H and
System Three, the new
Tl 99/4, plus the best of
Apple North Star, and
Vector Graphic. From
personal systems with
floppy disks to full-
fledged business systems
with as much as 60
megabytes of on-line
storage. We can help you
find the right software,
too. We feature powerful,
field-proven packages for
general business
applications by companies
like Structured Systems
Group, Serendipity Systems,
and Professional Systems
Development. Inc. We also
offer packages for
specialized applications
like property management,
word processing, and data
base management.

Better support than the
little guys. When you buy a
system from us. that's just
the beginning. We stand
behind every system we
sell. Completely. Our
factory-authorized service
personnel can handle any
hardware woes. Our expert
programming staff can help
you develop new applications
or modify one of our proven
off-the-shelf software
packages to fit your special
needs. Try getting that
kind of support from your
local computer store.

Better prices and delivery
than almost anyone. Price a
system from one of the
other big computer
companies. Find out how
long their lead time is.
Then talk to us. We can
sell for less because we
buy in volume and pass the
savings on to you. And,
since we have most models
already in stock,
delivery is prompt.

We're nearby. We're
freeway- close to all of
Southern California,
located midway between
LA. and Orange County, just
off the San Diego Freeway.
Come in and look at our
demo systems. They're
up and running in their
optimum configurations so
you can see exactly
what you're getting. If you
are out of the Southern
California area, try our
mail order service. Many of
our customers have found
it more convenient than
going to their local
computer store. For more
information, call
(213) 515-1736 or write
Sunshine Computer Company
20710 South Leapwood
Avenue. Carson, California
90746

CIRCLE 203 ON READER SERVICE CARD

SUNSHINE COMPUTER COMPANY

The Sensible Alternative.

MAY 1980

67

Speedy, cont'd.

DREAMERS, YOU SAY YOU HAVE • 1 1657.0(9 PER MONTH TO USE.
YOU ARE USING ♦ 1,386.33 FOR THE FOLLOW I NGi

FOOD

CAR PAYMENTS

RENT (MORTGAGE)

UTILITIES

OTHER DEBT PAYMENTS

CHILDCARE. OTHER

SO FAR SO GOOD. THERE

IS

360.00
1 75 . 00
65 1 . 33
125.00
75.00
0.00
• 270.67 LEFT TO SPEND

HE HAVE JUGGLED YOUR MONTHLY BUDGET.
HERE ARE OUR GUESSES AND COMPARISONS.

COMPARATIVE MONTHLY BUDGET ANALYSIS

COMMENTS
AN ESTIMATED 93.927. OR *1556.33 OF YOUR BUDGET
GOES FOR FOOD i HOUSING, AUTO & OTHER DEBT.
THIS LEAVES 6.0BX OR » 100.67 TO DECIDE ABOUT.
YOU NEED CAREFUL PLANNING TO GET BY ON YOUR BUDGET.
WE GUESS YOU WILL NEED * 128.46 FROM SAVINGS.
OR FROM A LOAN TO GET BY EACH MONTH.
YOU MIGHT CUT CAR COST.

STAY WITH IT DREAMERS

FIGURE 1

WIFE WORKS. YOU SAY YOU HAVE » 2.338.00 PER MONTH TO USE.
YOU ARE USING * 1,318.00 FOR THE FOLLOWING!

FOOD

CAR PAYMENTS

RENT (MORTGAGE)

UTILITIES

OTHER DEBT PAYMENTS

CHILDCARE, OTHER

SO FAR SO GOOD, THERE IS

450.00
144.00
400.00
150.00
324.00
50.00
* 812.00 LEFT TO SPEND

WE HAVE JUGGLED YOUR MONTHLY BUDGET.
HERE ARE OUR GUESSES AND COMPARISONS.

COMPARATIVE MONTHLY BUDGET ANALYSIS

YOUR BUDGET COMPARATIVE BUDGET

YOUR BUDGET COMPARATIVE BUDGET

ITEM

DOLLARS PERCENT

DOLLARS PERCENT

ITEM

DOLLARS PERCENT

DOLLARS PERCENT

TAKE HOME PAY

1,657.00

1,657.00

TAKE HOME PAY

2,330.00

2

330.00

EXPENSES

EXPENSES

FOOD

360.00

21.73

348.00

21.00

FOOD

450.00

19.31

348. 00

14.94

RENT OR MORTGAGE

63 1 . 33

39.31

63 1 . 33

39.31

RENT OR MORTGAGE

400.00

17. 17

400.00

17.17

UTILITIES

123.00

7.34

106.25

6.41

UTIL ITIES

150.00

6.44

127.50

5.47

CAR PAYMENT

173.00

10.36

73.32

4.44

CAR PAYMENT

144.00

6. 18

211.29

9.07

GAS AND OIL

80.00

4.B3

80.00

4.83

GAS AND OIL

108.27

4.65

120.00

3.15

CAR UPKEEP

50.00

3.02

50.00

3.02

CAR UPKEEP

50.00

2. 15

54.47

2.34

CAR INS, LICENSE, ETC

40.00

2.41

40.00

2.41

CAR INS, LICENSE, ETC

54. 13

2.32

70.00

3.00

OTHER DEBTS

75.00

4.33

0.00

0.00

OTHER DEBTS

324.00

13.91

184.88

7.93

CLOTHING

40.00

2.41

33.14

3.33

CLOTHING

108.27

4.63

120.00

3.13

LIFE INSURANCE

20.00

1.21

18.38

1.11

LIFE INSURANCE

36.09

1.35

52.82

2.27

DOCTOR AND MEDICAL

28.00

1.69

36.76

2.22

DOCTOR AND MEDICAL

60.00

2.58

60.00

2.38

FURNISHINGS & EQUIP

6.01

0.36

9. 19

0.33

FURNISHINGS & EQUIP

18.04

0.77

26.41

1.13

GENERAL SUPPLIES

25.00

1.51

9. 19

0.55

GENERAL SUPPLIES

25.00

1.07

26.41

1.13

EDUCATION

23.00

1.51

9. 19

0.55

EDUCATION

25.00

1.07

26.41

1.13

GIFTS. CONTRIBUTIONS

33.14

2.00

30.57

1.84

GIFTS, CONTRIBUTIONS

90.22

3.87

132.05

5.67

RECREATION

32.00

1.93

43.95

2.77

RECREATION

90.22

3.87

132.03

3.67

PERSONAL

20.00

1.21

20.00

1.21

PERSONAL

20.00

0.86

26.41

1.13

CHILDCARE. OTHER

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

CHILDCARE, OTHER

30.00

2.15

0.00

0.00

SAVINGS

-128. 4B

-7.73

73.52

4.44

SAVINGS

126.76

5.44

211.29

9.07

TOTALS

1,657.00

100.00

1,657.00

100.00

TOTALS

2,330.00

100.00

2

3J0.00

100.00

MONEY CAN BUY MORE IF

YOU PLAN

MONEY CAN BUY MORE IF

YOU PLAN

COMMENTS
AN ESTIMATED 72.12V. OR 41680.40 OF YOUR BUDGET
GOES FOR FOOD, HOUSING, AUTO & OTHER DEBT.
THIS LEAVES 27.88% OR » 649.60 TO DECIDE ABOUT.
YOU NEED CAREFUL PLANNING TO GET BY ON YOUR BUDGET.
YOU MAY BE ABLE TO REDUCE YOUR FOOD BUDGET.

STAY WITH IT WIFE WORKS

FIGURE 2

FIGURE 3
WIFE DOESN'T WORK, YOU SAY YOU HAVE ♦ 1,950.00 PER MONTH TO USE.
YOU ARE USING » 1,200.00 FOR THE FOLLOWING:

FOOD

CAR PAYMENTS

RENT < MORTGAGE >

UTILITIES

OTHER DEBT PAYMENTS

CHILDCARE, OTHER

SO FAR SO GOOD, THERE

400.00
90.00
400.00
160.00
150.00
0.00
* 750.00 LEFT TO SPEND

WE HAVE JUGGLED YOUR MONTHLY BUDGET.
HERE ARE OUR GUESSES AND COMPARISONS.

COMPARATIVE MONTHLY BUDGF.T ANALYSIS

CAR INS, LICENSE, ETC

50.00

2.56

53.30

2.73

OTHER DEBTS

130.00

7.69

118.73

6.09

CLOTHING

100.00

5. 13

106.60

5.47

LIFE INSURANCE

33.33

1.71

35.33

1.82

DOCTOR AND MEDICAL

60.00

3.08

60.00

3.08

FURNISHINGS & EQUIP

16.67

0.85

17.77

0.91

6ENERAL SUPPLIES

25.00

1.28

17.77

0.91

EDUCATION

23.00

1.28

17.77

0.91

GIFTS, CONTRIBUTIONS

B3.33

4.27

88.83

4.36

RECREATION

83.33

4.27

88.83

4.56

PERSONAL

20.00

1.03

20.00

1.03

CHILDCARE, OTHER

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

SAVINGS

103.33

5.30

142.13

7.29

TOTALS

1 , 930. 00

100.00

1,930.00

100.00

ITEM

TAKE HOME PAY

EXPENSES
FOOD

RENT OR MORTGAGE-
UTILITIES
CAR PAYMENT
GAS AND OIL
CAR UPKEEP

YOUR BUDGET COMPARATIVE BUDGET
DOLLARS PERCENT DOLLARS PERCENT

950.00

1 , 950. 00

400.00

20

51

348.00

17

85

400.00

20

51

400.00

20

51

160.00

8

21

136.00

6

97

90.00

4

62

142. 13

7

29

100.00

5

13

106.60

5

♦7

50.00

2.

36

50.00

2

56

MONEY CAN BUY MORE IF YOU PLAN

COMMENTS
AN ESTIMATED 71.797. OR *1400.00 OF YOUR BUDGET
GOES FOR FOOD, HOUSING, AUTO & OTHER DEBT.
THIS LEAVES 28.217. OR * 350.00 TO DECIDE ABOUT.
YOU NEED CAREFUL PLANNING TO GET BY ON YOUR BUDGET.
YOU MAY BE ABLE TO REDUCE YOUR FOOD BUDGET.

STAY WITH IT WIFE DOESN'T WORK

68

Back, and Bigger
than Ever.

NCC

Personal Computing Festival

May20-22,DisneYland Hotel

So great is the interest in personal com-
puting, so dynamic is the personal computer
industry, that this year's Personal Computing
Festival is again being held separate from the
rest of NCC, at the Disneyland Hotel.

The 3-day festival features its own impres-
sive roster of exhibitors plus over 50 learning
sessions on every aspect of personal computers
and their use.

Personal computers at home, at school,
and in the executive suite. Personal computers
as word processors, entertainment devices,
and aids to the handicapped. Personal com-

puter operating systems, programming lan-
guages, and software evaluation.

In addition, we've set aside a special area
where demonstrations of personal computers
will be conducted throughout the show. And
we're awarding prizes for the most interesting
use of personal computers.

If you're coming to NCC '80, be sure to
make The Personal Computing Festival part of
your visit.

Who knows— you may even win a prize.

h^v^

AFIPS, 1815 North Lynn Street, Arlington, VA 22209

MAY 1980

69

Speedy, cont'd...

BEAUTY, YOU SAY YOU HAVE « 11.008.00 PER MONTH TO USE.
YOU ARE USING * 9,150.00 FOR THE FOLLOWING!

FOOD »

1.500.00

CAR PAYMENTS ♦

2.000.00

RENT (MORTGAGE) *

4.000. 00

UTILITIES ♦

650.00

OTHER DEBT PAYMENTS »

500.00

CHILDCARE. OTHER *

500.00

SO FAR SO GOOD. THERE

IS » 1.B50.0O LEFT TO SPEND

WE HAVE JUGGLED YOUR MONTHLY BUDGET.
HERE ARE OUR GUESSES AND COMPARISONS.

COMPARATIVE MONTHLY BUDGET ANALYSIS

ITEM

YOUR BUDGET COMPARATIVE BUDGET
DOLLARS PERCENT DOLLARS PERCENT

TAKE HOME PAY

EXPENSES
FOOD

RENT OR MORTGAGE
UTILITIES
CAR PAYMENT
GAS AND OIL
CAR UPKEEP

CAR INS. LICENSE.ETC
OTHER DEBTS
CLOTHING
LIFE INSURANCE
DOCTOR AND MEDICAL
FURNISHINGS & EGUIP
GENERAL SUPPLIES
EDUCATION

GIFTS. CONTRIBUTIONS
RECREATION
PERSONAL

CHILDCARE, OTHER
SAVINGS
TOTALS

1 1.000.00

1 . 500. 00
4.000.00
650.00
2.000.00
150.00
82.22
70.00
500.00
800.00
100.00
100.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
300.00
1.500.00
200.00
500.00
-1. ti-
ll. 000. 00

13.64
36.36
5.91
18. 18
1.36
0.75
0.64

7.27
0.91
0.91
0.45
0.45
0.45
2.73
13.64
1.82
4.55
-14.57

kO0.Be

n.000.00

174.00

4.000.00

552.50

250.00

150.00

110.00

70.00

1.004.03

1.097.44

100.00

100.00

143.43

50.00

50.00

300.00

1.500.00

200. 00

0.00

1. 148.60

11.000.00

1.58
36.36
5.02
2.27
1.36
1.00
0.64

0.91
0.91
1. J0
0.45
0.45
2.73

13.64
1.82
0.00

10.44
100.00

MONEY CAN BUY MORE IF YOU PLAN

COMMENTS
AN ESTIMATED 81.387. OR »8952. 22 OF YOUR BUDGET
GOES FOR FOOD. HOUSING. AUTO ft OTHER DEBT.
THIS LEAVES 18.627. OR »2047.78 TO DECIDE ABOUT.
YOU NEED CAREFUL PLANNING T(.' GET BY ON YOUR BUDGET.
WE GUESS YOU WILL NFED »l&02.22 FROM SAVINGS.
OR FROM A LOAN TO GET BY EACH MONTH.
YOU MAY BE ABLE TO REDUCF YOUR FOOD BUDGET.
YOU MIGHT CUT CAR (

J.TAY WITH IT BEAUTY

FIGURE 4

MINIMUM WAGE SINGLE.
VOU ARE USING *

FOOD

CAP PAYMENTS

PENT • MORTGAGE >

UTILITIES

OTHER DEBT PAYMENTS *
CHILDCAPE, OTHER *
SO FAR SO GOOD. THERE IS

VOU SAY VOU HAVE * 625 00 PER MONTH TO USE
00 FOR THE FOLLOWING

* e ee

* o ee

* M ML'.

* e m
o ee
e ee

625 00 LEFT TO SPENO

WE HAVE JUGGLED YOUR MONTHLY BUDGET
HERE ARE OUR GUESSES AND COMPARISONS

COMPARATIVE MONTHLY BUDGET ANALYSIS

ITEM

TAfE HOME PAY

EXPENSES
FOOD

RENT OR MORTGAGE
UTILITIES
CAR PAYMENT
GAS AND OIL
CAR UPKEEP
CAP INS, LICENSE.ETC
OTHER DEBTS
CLOTHING
LIFE INSURANCE
DOCTOR AND MEMCAL
FMPNISHINGS * EOUIP
GENERAL SUPPLIES
EDUCATION

GIFTS. CONTRIBUTIONS
RECREATION
PEPSONAL

CHILDCARE. OTHER
SAVINGS
TOTALS

YOUR BUDGET COMPARATIVE BUDGET
DOLLARS PERCENT DOLLARS PERCENT

e ee

e ee

o ee

e ee

3. eee ee

1. 875 ee

l, 5oe ee

e ee

l, 2oo ee

see ee

34e ee

26 04

605 ee
60? ee

26. 04

96e ee

600 00

e eo

-11,21

629 ee

e ee

e ee

e ee

e ee

480 ee

iee eo

* ee

e >«j

us ee

96 ee

134 40

4 17

m se

96 80
4 17

96 eo
e ee
. ■
iee ee

6. 912 001105

e ee e

e ee e

o. ee e

3. eee ee 480

i. 875. ee 3ee

l, 5ee ee 240

e ee

1, 2ee ee 192

5 ee e

840 ee 134

3. ee e

3 ee e

5 ee e

ee e

see ee 153

6ee ee 96

ee o

-16. 282 ee

92

ee
ee
ee
ee
ee
ee
ee
ee
ee

40

ee
se
se
ee

ee
00
ee

e ee

12

MONEY CAN BUY MORE IF VOU PLAN

COMMENTS
AN ESTIMATED 1620 O0X OR «6375 00 OF VOi ■■
GOES FOP FOOD, HOUSING, AUTO * OTHER DEBT
VOU NEED CAPEFI.IL PLANNING TO GET ftV ON VOUP BUDGET
WE GUESS VOU WILL NEED *:.11212 10 FROM SAVINGS
OP FPOM A LOAN TO GET BV EACH MONTH

TTAV WITH IT MINIMUM WAGE SINGLE

FIGURE 5

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70

Speedy, cont'd..

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132* frintutilities
1325 lprintutil1ties
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1348 printchiiochre. other i',
1345 lprint'chilocsre. otkr i*,

1331 IFRSXQ0T0138*

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1398 OS PRINT* HRVE JUGOEO VOUR HWTHV BUDGET-

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1445 LPRI*TT8B(27)'V0UR 8UDXT COPmnTIVE 8UMET

145* PRINT' ITEH HOLLARS PERCENT

1433 LPRINT' ITEH D0LLRR5 PERCENT

146* PRINT, H21 PRINT

1463 LPRINTH2I LPRINT

147* K3t.'l llllllll N' H4t>'i*M H* PRINT' THE HOK PRV

1475 LPRINT' T(K HOHE FHV ', LPRINTUSINOOI.DX, LPRINT'

148* PRINT PRINT LPRINT' '

1485 PRINT' EXPENSES' LPRINT' EXPENSES'

1486 FORI'lTOl* PRINTTKI), PRINTUSINBGI.BWI.l). PRINTUSINDH4I,BD(I,5), PRINTU5IM»*;»I.4). PR1NTUSIN0H4I,BD(I.6) KXTI FORMT
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15*8 OS PRINT'NBCV CBN 8UV HORE IF VOU PLBN* PRINT PRINT' COUNTS'
15*5 LPRINTTOCV CBN BUV ICRE IF VOU PUW LPRINT' ' LPRINT' COHKNTS'
1518 F14 F24 F0RMT08 Fl*140(l,5) F2-F24D(I,1) KXTI

1328 FM88-F1 F44-F2 PRINT'BN ESTlnBTED ', PRINTUSINDMI.FL PRINTS OR •', PRINTISIKMt.F2, PRINT' OF VOUR BUDGET
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1335 LPRINT-GOES FOR FOOD. HOUSING. AUTO I OTHER DEBT '

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DOLLARS PERCENT-
DOLLARS PERCENT

PRINTUSIHGH3I, DH. PRINT'
', LPRINTUSINGH3t.Z

PRINTUSINGKJI.Z

168* F14D(4.1)-6D<4.4) IFFD36PRINT-V0U NIGHT CUT CAR COST • LPRINT-VOU HIGHT CUT CAR COST . •

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162* PRINT PRINT PRINTSTW H1TH IT *,NM

1625 LPRINT- 'LPRINT- ■ LPRINT-ST* WIN IT -,NA» FODMT06 LPRINT* * KXTX

lO* ***«*1 INPUT'DO VOU HISH TO REVISE VOUR BUDGET (V OR N)'.AW

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1637 INPUT-EITHER REENTER THAT FIGURE OR A KN 0K*;2
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167* INPUT-REENTER THAT FIGURE OR A KN 0K'.X(6)

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163* INPUT'REENTER THAT FIGURE OR B KN 0K',X(7)
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171* INPUT'REENTER THAT FIGURE OR A KN 0K'.X(8>
172* OS PRINTVOUR OTHER DEBT FIGURE IS »*. 8fX*.l>
173* INPUT-REENTER THAT FIGURE OR A KN 0K';X(9)

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178*F«INTH9I PRINnt(l). PRINTU5INGH3t.BD(I.2).tD(l.3)

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1*3*01)

71

Canned Programs are Only a Beginning. Pre-
programmed disks and cassettes are a terrific way
to get started in micros. But they're just a start.
The best thing about owning a computer is pro-
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72

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CIRCLE 146 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Shoplist: The Latest Kitchen Utensil (qSc

James McClure

Have you ever gone to the super-
market for a special item, only to
return home without it? Or, have you
ever made several trips because of
things you neglected to get? If you, or
perhaps your partner, are having
trouble coordinating your shopping
trips, the following article may be for
you.

In an era when personal com-
puters have finally become afford-
able, it makes good sense to have one
in the kitchen. Various articles have
been written about computer recipe

In an era when personal
computers have finally be-
come affordable, it makes
good sense to have one in
thekitchen^ ^^^

filers and menu planners; however,
another good use for a kitchen com-
puter is in modernizing the food
shopping list. After all, computers are
natural data handlers, and a shopping
list is really only a group of data
items.

In this article, I will detail a
program which I have written to com-
puterize the family shopping list. The
program, called Shoplist, was written
to run under the CP/M operating
system in the popular Microsoft
Basic ■ It requires under 7K memory,
handles a master list of 100 different
grocery items (this can be expanded if
the computer has more than7K) and
provides for easy creation, printing
and updating of shopping lists. The
program was written for use with a
floppy disk. However, since only one
sequential access file is required, a
cassette recorder would work as well.
Any console with scrolling, 16 or
more display lines and 80 characters
across can be used. Needless to say,
the program can be adapted to ac-
comodate terminals with character-
istics different from those men-
tioned.

Before describing its operation, I
think it's important to point out that

Jamas McClure, 1019 Van Kirk St., Phila-
delphia, PA 19149.

this program is not for everyone. If the
family computer is inconveniently
located in the attic (with the bats), or
if no one in the family eats, or if the
family shopper loves to spend extra
time, gasoline and money running
back and forth to the supermarket,
then the Shoplist program is defin-
itely not appropriate. On the other
hand, if the home computer is located
in or near the kitchen and is easily
operated, then Shoplist is definitely
worth considering.

Operation

Detailed instructions regarding
Shoplist follow. Because they are
detailed, these instructions may
appear complicated, however, don't
be fooled. The program is really quite
simple to operate, as will be seen
after you try it a few times.

The operation of Shoplist centers
around a master list of grocery items.
In the original version, up to 100 items
may be entered via the "Enter"
command. After pressing the letter
"E" and the return key, the computer
will prompt for the name of the item to
be added to the list. Once this name is
entered, it is stored alphabetically in
the master list which is then reprinted
on the screen. Notice that because
the computer stores the items alpha-
betically, the item names should all
begin with either a capital or a small
letter, it is not important which, but it
is important to be consistent.

All items which are entered into
the master list are assigned a number
which will appear within square
brackets ("[. . .]") next to the item name
whenever the list is printed. For con-
venience, these numbers will be used
in place of the full item name. At no
time, however, will the operator be
required to remember the number of a
given item— it will always be displayed
on the screen beside the item's name.
The sole purpose of the item code,
which will change as items are
entered, deleted and modified, is to
save the operator from constant
typing out of whole names of an item .

When Shoplist is first run, it will
be necessary to enter all the groceries
that are normally bought by the

74

family. Once this is done (via the
"Enter" command) the list does not
need be re-entered; it will be stored
automatically whenever required.

If any mistakes are made while
entering the name of an item, the
"Change" function may be invoked by
typing the letter "C" followed by a
return. After this is done, the
computer will ask for the code of the
item to be changed. If an illegal code
is entered (a number less than one or
greater than the number of items in
the list) the request will be repeated.
Once a proper code has been entered,
you will then be asked to type the
corrected item name. After this, the
computer will reprint the master list,
incorporating the edited grocery
name.

If you wish to delete an item in the
master list, call the "Delete" com-
mand by typing a "D" and a return.
Next, enter the code of the item to be
deleted. This function will cause the
specified item to disappear from the
master list.

It is quite possible that more items
will be entered than can be displayed
simultaneously on the screen. For
this reason, the "Page" command is
available. A page constitutes the
number of item names printed at one
time on the terminal, normally 12
lines * 3 items = 36 names. If an item

A short form of the "List"
command is available for
those instances where a
quick list is wanted.

is not visible on the display, simply
press "P" followed by a return,
followed by an "N" to move forward a
page, this will cause the next group of
36 items to be displayed. In place of
"N", an absolute page number may
also be entered. For instance, to
return to the beginning of the master
list, enter "I" for the page number; to
move to the end of the list, type a
large number, such as "99." Any
intermediate value is also acceptable
and will cause the computer to
display the corresponding group of 36
items.

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•TRS-80 Is a trademark of Radio Shack and Tandy Corp. "Apple Is e registered trademark of Apple Computer Co.

Shoplist, cont'd...

MAJOR ROUTINES

1000 -

1090 INITIALIZATION ROUTINE! THE ARRAYS ARE CHFATED. THE

DATA

FILE IS READ. AND THE CONSTANTS ARF ASSIGNFD.

2000 -

2095 MEN

A GO SUB IS REREORMFD TO THE DESIRED FUNCTION BLOCK.

FUNCTION SUBROUTINES

3000 -

3036

"E(NTER" FUNCTION

1000 -

1030

"S( ELECT" FUNCTION

5000 -

5040

"P<AGE" FUNCTION

6000 -

ft 105

"LOST" FUNCTION (LONG FORM)

7000 -

7045

"CCHANGF." FUNCTION

7500 -

7595

••R<ESFT" FUNCTION

8000 -

6045

"DfELETF" FUNCTION

9000 -

9875

"LCI ST" FUNCTION (SHORT FORM)

10300 -

10310

"0(UIT" FUNCTION
SUPPORT SUBROUTINES

10000

- 10040

PRINTS MASTER LIST ON CONSOLE.

10100

- 10135

UPDATFS DATA ULE.

loeoo

- 10235

BETS

AND TESTS ANSWER FOR YES/NO QUFSTI0N.

Table 1 . Program Breakdown.

C 13 4 BREAD

C »1 3 MILK

C 131 6 ORANCE JUICE

Shopping List

C 31 1 JAM

C 101 1 PASTRIES
C 171 2 STEAK SAUCE

C SI 2 SODA

C 121 2 TEA BACS

C 181 3 TOILET PAPER

Figure 1 . A sample shopping list (printed using the List
command).

2 SODA
2 LUTTUCE

Quick List

2 MILK

1 CUCUMBERS

2 MEAD

Figure 2. The short form list for those unexpected trips to
convenience stores. Note that these Items can
be deleted from the master (full) list which will
be used on shopping day.

A>ED SHOPLIST.DAT

NEN FILE

•I

TYPE SHOPLIST.DAT

BREAD.

-BREAD', ff

CHEESE.

-CHEESE",

JAM.

"JAM",

PAPER TOWELS,

"PAPER TOWELS",

SODA,

-soda-, a

TAFFIES.

-TAFFIES", »

CANNED FRUIT,

"CANNED FRUIT",

FROZEN VEC,

"FROZEN VEC",

MILK,

"HILK",

PASTRIES,

-PASTRIES-,

STEAK,

•STEAK",

TEA BACS,

"TEA BACS",

CATSUP,

"CATSUP",

ICED TEA,

•ICED TEA",

IUICE,

-ORANCE JUICE",

SALT,

"SALT",

STEAK SAUCE,

"STEAK SAUCE",

TOILET PAPER

"TOILET PAPER ",

•E

A>

Figure 3. The creation of the initial data file (all grocery
items usually bought) Is an important step and
must be done before the program is RUN. The
file is created and the data entered using the
system editor as shown in 3a. (Important Note:
Be sure to leave off comma at end of last data
item). Figure 3b shows how the file looks after
being accessed by Microsoft BASIC (the zeros
will be updated by the program to reflect the
quantity wanted for that particular Item).

you begin to run out of
groceries, use the "Select" command
to mark them as needed. Simply press
"S" and a return , f ol lowed by the code
of the item which needs to be pur-
chased. The computer will then ask
for the quantity desired. To answer
this, type the number of cans (or
boxes, bags, etc.) which are needed.
Whenever the grocery list is printed,
the quantity needed will appear im-
mediately in front of each item's
name.

After the select command is used,
the master list will not be reprinted.

The data file holding the
master grocery list is se-
quential and is read once
when the program is
loaded, and written once
when it is exited.

This is done for convenience, so the
command can be invoked several
times in quick succession without
waiting for the master list to be
printed each time. If, however, the list
scrolls off the screen, the "View"
command will bring it back so the
user is never left in the dark.

When the time comes for a major
shopping trip, use the "List" com-
mand. The computer will ask whether
a full or short list is desired - enter an
"F" for a full list. After this prompt,
the computer will ask whether the
printer is on and ready. At this time,
make sure there is paper in the printer
and it is switched on. Afterwards,
type a "Y". (Typing a "N" is also valid ;
it causes the list to be printed on the
console instead of the printer.) The
computer will then print, in alphabet-
ical order, a list of all the required
grocery items, preceded by the quan-
tities needed of each. (See Figure 1
for a sample shopping list.)

Once the shopping is finished, the
"Reset" command may be invoked to
reset the quantities of the items that
were brought back to zero. After you
have typed an "R" followed by a
return, the computer will ask if all
items are to be reset. If you didn't find
all the items on your list, "N" is the
response. However, if all the needed
items were found and purchased,
typing a "Y" will reset all the grocery
items.

Assuming an "N" has been typed,
the computer will then list the items
that were to be purchased. If the given
item was bought, simply type a return
and the computer will mark that item
as not needed, and proceed to the

76

CREATIVE COMPUTING

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The IVIAwl^ WAIMiy is the most powerful,
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That's not bragging. That's just telling it
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The MAGIC WAND is the best word
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The MAGIC WAND is a rock solid piece
of software. The command structure is
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not tossed in features without thought to
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have we included any feature that is not
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are crash-proof and completely reliable.

And the system is supported by what we
are told is the best user's manual ever pro-
duced for microcomputer software. It
contains a step-by-step instructional pro-
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uses sample files from the system disk and
compares his work to simulated screens
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Support doesn't stop when you buy the
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questions, reports upgrades and teaches
new applications of the MAGIC WANO.

It's through a lot of hard work that we
are able to offer you a product that is
"almost perfect." but we aren't about to
stop working until we can say that the
MAGIC WAND is perfect.

Full screen text editing

The MAGIC WAND has probably the most
responsive and easy-to-use editor avail-
able for either a serial or DMA terminal. It
uses only single stroke control keys to
give command and takes advantage of the
special function keys on your terminal
whenever possible In addition, you can
set up library files with coded sections that
you can merge by section name.

Full text formatting commands
The MAGIC WAND allows you to set the
left, right, top and bottom margins, page
length, indentation, paragraph indenta-
tion, (incuding "hanging" paragraphs),
text left flush, right flush, justified (two
ways), literal or centered, variable line and
pitch settings, variable spacing (including
half lines), bold face, underlining (solid or
broken), conditional hyphenation, sub-
and superscripting. You may change any
of these commands at run-time without
reformatting the tile.

Merging with external data files
You may access any external data file.
with either fixed length or sequential
records The MAGIC WAND converts the
record into variables that you define and
can use like any other variable. Of course,
you may use the data for automatic form
letter generation. But you can also use it
for report generation

Variables

You may define up to 128 variables with
names of up to seven characters. The cur-
rent value of a variable may be up to 55
characters, and you may print it at any
point in the text without affecting the cur-
rent format. Although the MAGIC WAND
stores the variables as strings, you may
also treat them as integer numbers or for-
mat them with commas and a decimal
point. You ma/ increment or decrement
numeric variables or use them in format-
ting commands.

Conditional commands

You may give any print command based
on a run-time test of a pre-defined condi-
tion. The conditional test uses a straight-
forward IF statement, which allows you to
test any logical condition of a variable
You may skip over unneeded portions of
the file, select specific records to print,
store more than one document in a single
file. etc.

True proportional printing

The MAGIC WAND supports proportional
print elements on NEC. Diablo and Oume
printers Other formatting commands,
including justified columns, boldface,
underline, etc . are fully functional while
using proportional logic

Available on 8 soft-sectored and 5 1/4" Northstar or Micropolis (hard or soft sectored) diskettes, as well as
ONYX hard disk Terminals supported include— ADOS. Beehive. Cromemco. Dynabyte Hazeltine. Heath. I msai.
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MAY 1980

CIRCLE 194 ON REAOER SERVICE CARO

77

CP/M is a registered trademark ol Digital Research Corp

Shoplist, cont'd...

next item. However, if the item was
not available, or if not enough of it
was bought, enter the quantity which
remains to be purchased followed by
a return. After storing this informa-
tion, the computer will then proceed
to the next item.

At some time it may be desirable
to make a quick trip to a nearby
convenience store. Sometimes a list
may not be necessary ; nonetheless, a
short form of the "List" command is
available for those instances where a
quick list is wanted. After invoking
the "List" command, type an "S" to
select the short form. At this time, the
computer will ask whether any items
are desired from the master list. If you
answer "Y", the computer will ask for
the codes and quantities of the items
needed; otherwise, the next prompt
will ask whether you wish to type in
the names of any special groceries
not appearing on the master list. If
you choose to do so, you may then
type the names and the quantities
needed of these special items. Once
this is finished, the computer will
then print out the entire list. (See
Figure 2 for a sample of the short form
list).

When you are finished with Shop-
list and wish to terminate the pro-
gram, invoke the "Quit" command by
typing a "Q" followed by a return. If
any changes have been made to the
master list requiring it to be rewritten
on the mass storage device, there will
be a delay while the data is output,
after which the computer will stop. If

A home computer, once
purchased, can perform a
variety of useful, time
saving functions.

the list does not need to be rewritten,
the program will terminate immedi-
ately and return control to the oper-
ating system.

The Program

I have acquired a habit of dividing
programs into their functional blocks
and the Shoplist program was written
in this fashion. There are nine major
subroutines, corresponding to the
nine functions, which are called from
the menu routine at lines 2000
through 2100. These major sub-
routines, in turn, call various support
routines. A list of all the routines,
along with a description of each, may
be found in Table 1.

As I mentioned earlier, the pro-
gram was written in Microsoft Disk
Extended Basic forCP/M. However,

900

90S

910

920

930

940

950

960

970

980

1000

1003

1010

1013

1020

1023

1030

1033

1040

1043

1030

1033

1060

1063

1070

1(373

1080

1083

1090

2000

2003

2010

2313

2020

2023

2030

2033

2040

2043

2030

2033

2060

2063

2070

2073

2090

2083

2090

2093

2100

3030

3303

3010

3013

3020

3023

3030

3033

3040

3043

3030

3033

4000

4003

4010

4013

4020

4023

4030

3000

3003

9010

3013

3020

3023

3030

3033

3040

6000

6003

6010

6013

6020

6023

6030

6033

6040

SHOPLIST

by
JIM NcCLURE

for
CREATIVE COMP'JTINC
April 22, 1979

REM ♦*

REM ♦

REM ♦

REM ♦

REM ♦

REM •

REM ♦

REM ♦

REM ♦

REM **i-*»»*******..***»***************

REM

CLEAR 10000 : WIDTH 80 : DEFINT A-Z

DIM MLIS«(100>,MLIS(100),TLIS«(20), TLIS<20>

F1««"C###: •# \ \ "

FA1«-" cum «« \ \"

F2«-"C#MMM \ \ "

F3»»" •• \ \*

REM Raid lut from disk

OPEN "I", 1. "SHOPLIST. DAT"

N-l

INPUT • 1,MLIS«(N),MLIS(N>

N-N+l

IF NOT E0F(1» THEN 1030

I»N

CLOSE 1

START"! : REM Assign 1 as p*g« to b« printed

C0UNT-3»12 : REM llumbtr of linos of ItMM printed '12 horo)

U"0 i REM Signals whether file must bo rewritten

U5»l : REM Scroon Update initially required

REM Menu pr int

IF US-0 THEN 2033

PRINT "Master List: "i 1-1; " Items"i

PRINT " Format: C<code>3 <qty> (item name>"

PRINT

COSUB 10000

PRINT

PRINT "Shoplist: CChanqa 0(elete E(nter L(ist P<age"j

PRINT " RCeset Sielect Vdeui Q(uit",

INPUT OPT* : 0PT»-LEFT»<0PT«, l>

IF <0rT«>-"a"> AND (0PT«<-"i"> THEN 0PT»-CHR«(ASC(0PT»)-32)

US-i : IF 0PT»-"V" THEN 2000

IF 0PT«-"C" THEN COSUB 7000

IF 0PT»-"D" THEN COSUB 8000

THEN COSUB 3000

THEN COSUB 6000
IF OPT»-"P" THEN COSUB 3000
IF 0PT««"S" THEN COSUB 4000

THEN COSUB 10300

THEN COSUB 7300

IF 0PT«-"E"
IF 0PT»-"L"

IF 0PT«-"Q"

IF 0PT»-"R"

COTO 2000

REM Enter

INPUT "Name of item to add to list"|N«

FOR N-l TO 1-1

IF N«>MLIS»(N) THEN NEXT N
FOR Ml-I TO N*l STEP -I

ML!S*(N1)>MLIS«CN1-1>

MLIS(N1)-MLIS(N1-1)
NEXT Nl
MLIS»iN)-N» : MLIS«N)«0

U-l

RETURN

REM Choose

INPUT "Code number of item to be bought"; C

IF O-I OR CO THEN 4003

PRINT "What quantity of "jMLISeCC/,

INPUT MLIS(C)

U»I : US-0

RETURN

REM Paqe command

INPUT "What paqe number (enter n for next )"i PAGEN*

IF PACEN»-"n" OR PACEN«-"N" THEN 3020

START- <VAL<PACEN»>-1 > "COUNT* 1 I COTO 3023

START-START*COUNT

IF I-C0UNT<1 THEN RETURN

IF START<1 THEN START-1

IF START>I-COUNT THEN START-I-COUNT

RETURN

REM Print list to printer

INPUT "Do you want the full list or a short one (F or S>"iL»

L»-L£FT»<L», 1)

IF L»«"S" OR L»-"s" THEN 9000

IF NOT <L»-'F" OR L»-"f") THEN 6003

PRINT "Is the printer switched on";

COSUB 10200

P-ANSWER

PRINT: IF p THEN LPRINT

78

CREATIVE COMPUTING

ihoplist, cont'd...

6043
6050
6033
6060
6063
6070
6073
6080
6083
6090
6093
6100
6103
7000
7003
7010
7013
7020
7023
7030
7033
7040
7043
7300
7303
7310
7313
7320
7328
7330
7333
7340
7343
7330
7332
7333
7360
7363
7370
7373
7380
7383
7390
7393
8000
8003
8010
8013
8020
8023
3030
8033
3040
8043
9000
9003
9010
9013
9020
9023
9030
9033
9040
9043
9030
9033
9060
9063
9070
9073
9080

REM Delate privioui entry
REM Enter new tntry

9093

9100

9103
9110
9113
9120
9123
9130
9133
9140
9143
9130
9133
9160

PRINT TAB(32>i "Shopping List"

IF P THEN LPRINT TAB(32>i "Shopping List"

PRINT IF P THEN LPRINT

FOR N-l TO 1-1

IF MLIS<N>-0 THEN 6083

PRINT USINC FAl«iN,MLIS(N>,MLIS*(N>i

IF P THEN LPRINT USINC FA1», N, MLIS(N), MLI3«<N)i
IF POS(0)-78 THEN PRINT: IF P THEN LPRINT
NEXT N

IF POS<0)>1 THEN PRINT: IF P THEN LPRINT
PRINT: IF P THEN LPRINT

IF NCT P THEN INPUT "Ara you finished ruai ng ', ANSWER*
RETURN

REM Change command

INPUT "Coda number of itam to change", C
IF O-I OR C<1 THEN 7003
PRINT "Change "|HLIS*(C>i" to whet"i
INPUT N»
QaNLXt(C)
COSUB 8013
COSUB 3010
NLIS(N>«Q
RETURN

REM Rasat command

PRINT "Ara ali itini to ba PHI("|
COSUB 10200

IF NOT ANSWER THEN 7343
FOR N-l TO 1-1

KLIS<N>-0
NEXT N
U-l

RETURN
PRINT

PRINT "Hin it a list of the itams you war* to buy."
PRINT "For aaeh itam, antar a raturn if it was purchased,
PRINT "or, if net, tha quantity ram«i«""i to ba bought. "
PRINT
FOR N-l TO 1-1

IF HLIS(N>-0 THEN 7390

PRINT NLIS<N>» " "iMLIS»(N)j

HLIS>N)-0

INPUT MLIS(N)
NEXT N
RETURN
REM Da lata

INPUT "Coda number of item to delete'jC
IF O-I OR C<1 THEN 8003
FOR N-C*l TO 1-1

HLIS«(N-1)«MLIS«(N)

MLIS(N-1 )-MLIS<N)
NEXT N
I-I-l
U-l

RETURN

REM Temporary List
TI-1

COUNT-COUNT- 4«3 : REM Decrease count by 4 lines
PRINT "Do you -ant any items from tha master I l»t"|
COSUB 10200

IF ANSWER THEN COSUB 9140

PRINT "Do you wish to type in any special i terns "i
COSUB 10200

IF ANSWER THEN COSUB 9233
PRINT "Is tha printer switched on";
COSUB 10200
P-ANSWER

PRINT: IF P THEN LPRINT
PRINT TAB(24>| "Quick List"
IF P THEN LPRINT TAB(24), -Quick List"
PRINT: IF P THEN LPRINT
FOR N-l TO TI-1

PRINT USINC F3«|TLIS(N>,TLIS«(N>i

IF P THEN LPRINT USINC F3», TLIS(N), TLIS«<N) (

IF POS(0>-60 THEN PRINT: IF P THEN LPRINT
NEXT N

IF POS(0)>1 THEN PRINT: IF P THEN LPRINT
PRINT: IF P THEN LPRINT

IF NOT P THEN INPUT "Are you finished read ing" ( ANSWER*
C0UNT«C0UNT*4«3 I REM Restore count
PACEN»-"1"
COSUB 3010
RETURN

REM CLEAR SCREEN
COSUB 10000
PRINT

PRINT "Enter a zero to stop or an ' n' to advance page"
PRINT USINC "Coda number of item »e";TI,

: use any commands
which cannot be found in most 8K
Basics, and even in some smaller
Basic interpreters. Only three
groups of instructions peculiar to
extended Basics were used in the
program and these may be changed .

First, the disk commands OPEN,
CLOSE, INPUT and PRINT, as well as
the EOF function were utilized. As
stated before, the data file holding the
master grocery list is sequential and
is read once when the program is
loaded, and written once when it is
exited. (It is, of course, important that
the initial list be created, using the
system editor, prior to running th
program. (See Figure 3.) Thus,
cassette commands may be easily
substituted for the disk statements.
In fact, since some Basics are able to
load and save arrays with one
command, programming the mass
storage I/O may even be easier in
other language implementations.

The second extended command
used by Shoplist is the PRINT USING
statement. The use of this command
greatly simplified portions of the pro-
gram and was therefore included for
the sake of clarity and brevity.
Furthermore, most newer Basics
have some form of formatted PRINT
and it will undoubtedly be easier to
translate from a PRINT USING com-
mand into a simpler format than vice
versa. Nonetheless, if no print for-
matting is available, the USING
statements may be omitted and the
print spacing effected by other
means.

The final extended command used
by the shopping list program is the
LPRINT statement. For the program
to be at all useful, it must be able to
provide a hard copy of the shopping
list, and in Microsoft's Basic,
LPRINT is the only means of doing
this. Most other good Basics have
some command which will direct
output to a line printer instead of the
console; simply change the LPRINT
statements in the program to what-
ever will achieve the same result. If
there are any other extended com-
mands in Shoplist, they may be left
out without adversely affecting the
program.

The program, as shown in the
listing, reserves room for 100 grocery
items. This may be changed to any
number (as long as there is enough
memory) by changing the dimensions
of MLIS$ and MLIS on line 1010 and
adjusting the CLEAR statement on
line 1005 to allow for the extra items
(if necessary). The number of items
printed per page of display can also
be changed by adjusting the value

MAY 1980

79

v **«

Shoplist, cont'd...

tf**^

corns

»«■*£

CIRCLE 165 ON READER SERVICE CARD

9163 INPUT PACEN*

9179 IF PACEN*-"n" OR PACEN*-"N" THEM COSUB 3010: GOTO 9140
9173 C«VAL(PACEN*>

9180 IP C-0 THEN RETURN

9183 IF O-I OR C<1 THEN 9160

9190 TLIS*(TI)-MLIS*(C>

9193 PRINT "What quantity of "»TLIS*<TI>|

9200 INPUT TLIS(TI)

9203 PRINT "Subtract fro* iuitir lut",

9210 COSUB 10200

9213 IF ANSWER THEN HLIS(C>-MLIS<C>-TUS<TI )

9220 IF HLIS(C)<0 THEN MLIS(C)-0

9223 TI-TI*!

9230 COTO 9160

9233 PRINT

9240 PRINT "Typa a blank lma to stop"

9243 PRINT USINC "Name of it am •*>"»TI|

9230 INPUT TLIS*<TI>

9233 IF LEN<TLIS*<TI>>-0 THEN RETURN

9260 PRINT "What quantity of "i TLIStHTI >i

9263 INPUT TLIS<TI>

9270 TI-TI*1

9273 COTO 9243

10000 REM Print iiat

10003 FOR N-START TO START*COUNT- 1

10010 IF MLIS(N>-0 THEN 10020

10013 PRINT USINC F1«,N, MLIS(N),HLIS«(N)i : COTO 10023

10020 PRINT USINC F2«,N, MLIS«(N)|

10023 IF POS<0>-78 THEN PRINT

10030 IF N<I-1 THEN NEXT N

10033 IF POS(0)>1 THEN PRINT

10040 RETURN

10100 REM Updata data fila

10103 KILL "SHOFLIST.DAT"

10110 OPEN "0", 1, "SHOPLIST. DAT"

10113 FOR N-l TO 1-1

10120 PRINT •1,CHR»<34),MLIS«<N>,CHR«(34), ", " t MLIS<N)

10123 NEXT N

10130 CLOSE 1

10133 RETURN

10200 REM Yas/No Answer

10203 ANSWER- 1

10210 INPUT ANSWER*

10213 IF LEFT* (ANSWER*, 1)-"Y" OR LEFT* < ANSWER*, 1 )-"y" THEN ANSWER— 1

10220 IF LEFT*(ANSWER«, 1>-"N" OR LEFT* ( ANSWER*, 1 )-"n" THEN ANSWER-0

10223 IF ANSWERO THEN RETURN

10230 PRINT "Plaasa answer aithar yaa or no"i

10233 COTO 10210

10300 REM Quit

10303 IF U-l THEN COSUB 10100

10308 SYSTEM

10310 END

given to COUNT on line 1080. COUNT
should be assigned as follows :

COUNT = (« of items/line) * (# of
lines on terminal -4)

The number of items per line is
governed by the fact that each item
takes 26 characters of space on the
display. Thus, an 80 column terminal
can print up to 3*26 or 78 characters
before a carriage return is necessary.
This is the reason that the cursor
position is tested on line 10025 to see
if it equals 78. For a 64 character
terminal, the "78" should be changed
to 2*26 or "52;" this will cause only
two items to be printed per line.

A similar situation is encountered
within the quick list subroutine at line
9095. In this case, each item takes
only 20 characters of space to
display, so 3*20 or 60 characters can
be printed before a carriage return is
needed. This value will work for either
64 or 80 column terminals, but will
have to be changed for narrower
displays.

Conclusion

A home computer, once pur-
chased, can perform a variety of use-
ful, time saving functions. For some
families, an automated shopping list
may be overkill. However, for those of
you who could use a hand with your
grocery buying, try Shoplist. It'll
make a wonderful addition to any
kitchen! D

Dear Computer

Dear Computer:

My husband just got a personal
computer. We used to spend evenings
by the fireside making love. Now he
calls this monster his "baby. "How can I
win him back from "little miss lovejoy"?

Dear Widow: ~ Com P utCT Widow
Thank your lucky stars data net-
works aren't common in personal com-
puting yet or he'd have a baby in every
port. Seriously, I think you're in real
trouble sweetie. Try wearing something
that shimmers. Steve M . Aldridge

80

CREATIVE COMPUTING

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The Shadow. Buck Rogers end the Horn* Computet -

Gardnar
The Slate ol the Art — Hatmar*
Could a Computer Take Over — flush

TMt OUT AND TECHNOLOGY
A Systems Approach to a Personal

Microprocessor — Sudmg
Frankenstein Emulation — Murray
Programming for the Beginner -
What »s a Character - PesMia
Friends. Humans, and Country robots

Land me your Ears — «*ce
Magnetic Recording For Computers — Manly

COMPUTER KITS

Assembling mn Allan 6600 — ZarraMa

Buikl a 6B0O System With This Kit — Kay

Mora on the SVVTPC 6600 System - Kay

The New AKatr 660 — Vice

A Date With KIM — Simpaon

True Confessions How I Relate to kim — Gupta

Ziiog zeo — Maatutuma

The Digital Equipment LSI- ti — Baker

Cromemco TV Dauler

HARDWARE
Fhp Flops Exposed — Browning
Recycling Used ICs - Mifckersen
Powerless IC Test Clip — Ernco and Sefter
Parallel Output interfaces in Memory

Address Space — Himart
Son ol Motorola — Fytatra
Data Paths — Urmng
Build a ttl Pulse Catcher — we/tfe
Dressing Up Front Panels — We/fers
Deciphering Mystery Keyboards — Halmars
A Quick Test ol Keyboards — Wallers
Keyboard Modification — Mecomoer
Serialize Those Bits From Your

Mystery Keyboard — He/oar
Build a Television Display — Germ
The "ignorance is Bliss" Television Drive

Circuit — Barbtar
Bund a TV Readout Device for Vour

Microprocessor — Suding

22

27

36

56
59

64
BS

72
76

81

66

102
104
106

110
117
124
125
126
134
135
136

136
144

Let There Be Light Pens — Loom,*
Build an Oscilloscope Graphics interface - Hoganaon
An Introduction to Addressing Methods — Zarratta
interface an ASCII Keyboard to a 60mA

TTV Loop - Cotton
interfacing the 60 mA Current Loop — King
The Complete Tape Cassette interface - Hamanway
Digital Oata on Cassette Recorders — Meucft
Build a Fast Cassette Interface — Suding
Technology Update

What's In a Video Display Terminal? — Wattars
Pot Position Digitizing idea — Scnukrifl
Read Only Memories in Microcomputer Memory

Address Space — Eichbauar
More information on PROMs — Smith
Getting input from Joysticks and Slide Pots — Maimers
Logic Probes — Hardware Bug Chasers — Burr
Controlling External Devices With Hobbyist

Computers — Boamn
Microprocessor Baaed Anetog/Oigitai Conversion —

frank
Add a Kiuge Harp lo Your Computer — Hatmart
The Time Has Come to Talk — Atmar
Make Your Own Printed Circuits — Hoganaon

torrwARe

Write Your Own Assembler — Fytatra

Simplify Vour Homemade Assembler - jawaH

Interact With an ELM — Gab*

Design an On Line Debugger — Wier and Brown

Processing Algebraic Expressions — Maura*

The My Dear Aunt Sally Algorithm" - Grappa/

Can VOUR Computer Tell Time? — Hoganaon

A Plot Is incomplete Without Characters - terse'*

Heipewn A Beginning Protect in Artificial

intelligence — Wier
Shooting Stars — Afieo
Biorythm lor Computers — Few
Life Line — Hewners

APPLICATIONS
Tola' Kitchen Information System — Leu
A Small Business Accounting System — Lahman
Chips Found Floating Down Silicon Slough — Trumttutl

Books ol Interest

RttOUNCCt

153
ISO
160
174

175
177
164
190
197
196
190
200

203
210
213

218

226
231
236

246
255
261
268
275
266
294
300
309

314
322
326

372
375

NOW- CALL TOLL-FREE

800-631-8112

(in NJ call 201 540-0445)
CHARGE VOUR ORDER

creative
computing

P.O. BOX 789-M
Morristown. New Jersey 07960

MAY 1980

81

'Kick-back cash" is waiting

Computing Trash to Treasure

Jacqueline Miller

"That woman just pushed out two
carts with $64.19 in free groceries!"

I could hear the words rumble
from one cash register aisle to
another as my daughter and I pushed
laden, goodie-filled carts to our car
in the parking lot. The clerks might
just as well have screamed "Stop that
woman, she's a thief!" the impact
was so great as the eyes of nearby
shoppers glued themselves on us in
disbelief.

But it was true. It is a weekly
occurence in our household because
I've discovered how to fight inflation
by an effective and fun-filled way,
and what's more important, you can
too.

It started with our home compu-
ter. My husband had it programmed
to pay our bills, make out our
Christmas card/gift list, computerize
his favorite baseball batting aver-
ages, even finalizing to the decimal
point our utility bills, gasoline con-
sumption, etc. I secretly felt, when I
saw him poking around my recipe
file, that he'd know how many
calories I was sneaking in the newest
dessert. My husband programmed
our system to do all those efficient,
time-saving, knowledgeable things.
The little homemaker taught our
computer how to reward us with
"kick-back-hard-cash" and here's
proof that you can too.

Several years ago I became
engrossed in a new hobby called
refunding. If you aren't familiar with
the newest hobby sweeping the
country, and a new economy to
housewives and the family pur-
chaser, let me tell you about it.
Refunding is money received back
for having bought a specific product.
In many ways it is advertising for the
manufacturer, a proof that the consu-
mer is buying his product, and he's
glad to reward the user with cash,
coupons or even merchandise.

Jacqueline Miller, 3S40 Mozart Ave., Cheviot,
OH 45211

"But how do I know what pro-
ducts are offering a rebate?" you ask.
There are several ways :

1-You might find forms on your
grocer's shelves, usually taped be-
neath the specific promotional pro-
duct. They usually read something
like this:

FREE

PACKAGE REFUND
V MAIL-IN OFFERS

4 WAYS TO GET
$2 CASH REFUND from

WHEN YOU BUY
J<|* by TK^m^hcArv

HAWAIIAN
PUNCH

HAWAIIAN
PUNCH

U4U4

HAWAIIAN

PUNCH -,-r-A^

HAWAIIAN

PUNCH •^•^/-A
PLUS: •**"' '' >TWA«

The easiest way for me to refund
is to save all labels, boxtops, P.O.P
(proof of purchase), net weights, tear
strips, inner seals, etc., in a conven-
ient sink drawer. By the time they
make it to the basement, they are
sorted into boxes labeled: soap,

beverage, sweets, food, dairy and
miscellaneous. My "desk" is a shoe-
box that conveniently houses the
refund forms filed by expiration date.

2-Newspapers and magazines are
additional sources for refund blanks.

3-To become a serious refunder
you need to learn about more blanks
than you are able to find in local
stores, newspapers and magazines.
That's where a refund bulletin comes
in handy. There are dozens of
refunding bulletins. Usually a re-
quest will get you a sample, and then
you can subscribe. Included here are
some of the refund publications,
many of which list refunds, plus ads
of people willing to swap forms and
qualifiers.

The list seemed endless with
cash-backs. These are just a few of
the hundreds of offers circulating
every day turning trash into treasure.
I've cited these to illustrate the
variety of manufacturers products
from detergents to delectables,
sweets to spice, cars to cat food.

It doesn't take a genius to figure
out the variables that would be fed
into the computer. (We're using a
general purpose data base program,
called Selector III, from Micro-Ap.) In
common denominator and of impor-
tance was :

1 . Expiration date

2. Product

3. Address

4. Refund amount

5. Qualifier (boxtop, tear strip, net
weight, UPC symbol, proof of pur-
chase, etc.).

6. Refunds per family (if you have
additional refund blanks and qualifi-
ers, you might like to remember that
son in college, etc.

The most important point is that
my computer never lets me miss an
expiration date. I always know how
many I've submitted and to whom
under the category of "one per
family" and, if I wish, I can keep tabs
on the manufacturer to see if they've
paid off.

As a result of my refunding
hobby, we are not only eating less

82

CREATIVE COMPUTING

>me Refund Publications

CASH FLASH, Coupon Saving House, P.O. Box 46577, Dept. JM,
Ed. Lynda Bettenhausen, Sample $1 .50, 6 months $8; year $12.

CASH FROM TRASH, 107 Loch Rd., Oept. JM, Columbia, SC
29210, Ed. Cheryl Peyehouse. Year, $7.50, ads .10 word.

ROAD RUNNER REFUNDER. 5812 W Elm, Dept. JM, Phoenix,
AZ 85031, Ed. Jan Neuberger, sample .85, 3 mo. $2.50; 6 mo. $4.25,
year, $8.

THE COUPON CLIPPER, P.O. Box 305, Dept. JM, Beulah, CO
81023, Ed. Cherle Carter, sample copy, $1 ; 4 mo. $4, 6 mo. $6, year,

MONEY TALK. 181 Jackson St., Dept. JM, Edwardsvllle, PA
18704, Ed. Jean Kwiatkowski, sample copy, $1 ; 3 mo. $2.75, 6 mo.
$5; year $8.50

THE MONEY MAKER BULLETIN, Box 439 F, Ballwln, MO 63011,
Ed. Carol J . Backs. 1 issue $1 .00, 6 issues, $5.50, 1 2 Issues $9.00.

CLIP AND SAVE, P.O. Box 6765, Dept. JM, Jacksonville, FL
32205, Ed. Pat Hinson, single Issue $1.00, 6 mo. $5.50, year $10. 2
years, $19, ads .10 word.

SHOPPERS BONUS, P.O. Box 109, Dept. J., Marksvllle, LA
71351, Ed. Donna Caubarreaux, sample $1 ; 3 issues, $2.75, 6 issues,
$5, 12 Issues $9.

REALISTIC REFUNDING, 1196 Schuerman, Dept. JM, Essexville,
Ml 48732, Ed. Judy Rlvard, Year $7; 6 months, $4, 3 months, $2.75,
sample $1 .

CLIPPERS BULLETIN, Box 422, Dept. JM, Argo, IL 60501, Ed.
Barbara Mlchallk, year $7; 6 months $4; 3 months, $2.25; sample
.80

INFLATION FIGHTER, Route 2, Box JM, New Oxford, PA 17350,
Ed. Dorothy E. Plosay, year $10; sample copy $2.

Sample Current Offers

KELLOGG FRUIT AND CEREAL OFFER, P.O. Box 9471 , St. Paul,
MN 55194, $1 .00 toward purchase of any fresh fruit or Kellogg cereal
for 4 POP, June 1980, one per family.

THREE BEAN GREEN GIANT, Box 15-536, LeSueur, MN. buy two
and get one free, Aug. 31, 1980, one per family.

SIMONIZ, $1.25 cash refund, P.O. Box 4680, Maple Plain, MN
53348, $1 .25 for cash register receipt with code number from bottom
of can, Jan. 1, 1981, one per family.

Hf

EROM

W£&**

Gtt'T° back when you buy 2padiag»
of NEW FREEDOM Bdun> Pfefc -. -.

SMI Itw PRODUCT OOOE SYMBOLS (TO*r> any? MMtNd
~ FREEDOM Mm Pad, or Mau Pad* [aaoaol Tnal Sua)
a It 00 caan fatural Conaaata data* on back

C*FCB EXPIRES AUGUST 31 1079

expensively, but we are eating better.
I find myself trying new foods. Who
can resist the temptation when you
get them either free or with a
handsome rebate?

On the humorous side, it's true
that many times I've opened a
delabeled can expecting to find
catfood and it turned out to be corn.
And sometimes we don't always have
the vegetable we planned for dinner,
because the label was somehow
mysteriously removed and someone
forgot to label the can in the haste to
send off for that desired refund. But
I've earned the title of Coupon
Clipper at my local supermarket, and
it's all legitimate and tax free.

Recently, Betty Crocker gave

iflWtt

I

7,»?i inoi«

10%of the grocery bill (up to $3.50)
for several qualifiers with a grocery
receipt. I made four people, plus
myself, $3.50 richer on just that one
refund.

The mail today, an ordinary day,
netted me the following refunds :

Aim $1.00

Cracker Jack coupon for free box

Cremora $1.50

Hefty free coupon

Nine Lives Cat Food Morris T-Shirt

Hershey $2.00

Land of Lakes free pound of butter

Can you see how easy it is to
average a savings of $20-$30 a week
or $1 ,000-$1 ,500 a year? Wouldn't
you like to get mail like this every
day?

You can do it. Let your computer
keep track of those "kick-back" items
and bring in money for you. Saving
$64.19 on my weekly grocery bill is
not that remarkable. Would you
believe once the store owed me 18
cents? They figured it twice just to
make sure of the figures, and as they
scratched their heads in amazement,
I left happily with several carts of
groceries and 18 cents! □

AUTHORS WANTED

BY N.Y.PUBLISHER

A well-known New York subsidy book
publisher is searching for manuscripts
worthy of publication. Fiction, non-
fiction, poetry, juveniles, travel, scien-
tific, specialized and even controversial
subjects will be considered. If you have
a book-length manuscript ready for pub-
lication (or are still working on it), and
would like more information and a free
booklet, please write:

Vantage Press. Dept. D-66
516 W. 34th St.. New York, NY. 10001

CIRCLE 200 ON READER SERVICE CARD

The "DATA DC1BBER" f

DUPLICATES AMY
PROGRAM TAPE

TRS-80

Yes. even those in machine language! Feed your cassette into the Data Dubber and
get out exact replicas of the TRSflO CSAVE data pulses Obtain perfect CLOAD s even
from tapes with hum. distortion, or minor dropouts and without constantly adiustimj
the volume Connect a second cassette to the Data Dubber and make perfect
reproductions, just as if the data had come from the TRS60.

The Dubber works with Level I or II and costs only $49.95 postage paid Start your
own software business Pays for itself m time saved and reduced tape cost Order the
Data Dubber' today! If you are not completely satisfied with its performance simpry
return it for full refund. « „ _

P.O. Box 524-CC

THE PERIPHERAL PEOPLE PO Box 524. Mercer Island. WA 98040

CIRCLE 187 ON READER SERVICE CAR0

MAY 1960

83

Complete with replacement costs

Home Inventory

Leslie Sparks

How much would it cost to replace
the major items in your home? What
are they and where are they? How
much have you spent furnishing your
home?

How many of the above questions
can you answer? If you have a good
conventional home inventory you may
be able to answer the last two ques-
tions. But you still can not answer the
first question, which is really the most
important one. After all, if something
happens, the cost of replacing your
belongings becomes very important.

The home inventory program is
designed to provide you with all the
information that a conventional inven-
tory program will; but the program will
also provide you with an estimate of
the replacement cost of the items in the
inventory. It is this last feature, the
estimate of the replacement cost, that
makes it worth the effort of program-
ming your computer. If all the program
did was allow you to keep a conven-
tional home inventory, it really would
not be worth the effort involved in
keying in the program.

The cost of any given
item may have increased
faster than the average or
slower.

The program is written in TRS-80
Level II Basic. It is set up for a 16K
TRS-80 with cassette storage. A
subroutine for hardcopy is provided.
Conversion of the program to a disk
based system should be a matter of
providing file names and changing the
PRINT #-1 statements to appropriate
disk commands.

The program estimates replace-
ment cost based on the consumer
price index published by the U.S.
government. (Data for 1945-1978 are
provided in the program.) Thereplace-

Leslie Sparks. 1014 Evergreen Dr.. Durham. NC
27712.

EXAMPLE OF HARDCOPV

INVENTORV FOR 1979

CURRENT CONSUMER PRICE INDEX

IS 290

INVENTORY FOR THE LIVING ROOM

ITEM PURCHRSED

PRICES

REPLACEMENTS

SOFR 1972

490

718 27

END TRBLE 1976

280

234 6

REC CHRIR 1978

288

285 12

TOTAL PURCHRSE PRICE OF ITEMS

IN THIS ROOM

858

TOTRL REPLACEMENT COST OF ITEMS IN THIS ROOM

1157 99

INVENTORY FOR THE DEN ROOM

ITEM PURCHRSED

PRICES

REPLACEMENT*

DESK 1971

298

412.2

DSK CHRIR 1972

95

15163

LRMP 1967

58

188

TOTAL PURCHRSE PRICE OF ITEMS

IN THIS ROOM

395

TOTAL REPLACEMENT COST OF ITEMS IN THIS ROOM

663.83

TOTAL PURCHRSE PRICE OF ALL ITEMS * 1245

TOTAL REPLACEMENT COST OF ALL

ITEMS t 1821 82

Figure 1.

Example of program output. The same informa-
tion is displayed on the CRT.

ment cost (RC) of an item is given by

RC=PC xCI(now)/CI(when purchased)

where PC is the purchase cost,
CI (now) is the consumer price index
now, and CI (when purchased) is the
consumer price index when the item
was purchased.

Note that the estimated replace-
ment cost for any given item may be in
error. The consumer price index is
based on average prices of lots of
items. So the cost of any given item
may have increased faster than the
average or slower (yes, there are such
items) than the average. However, the
estimated total replacement cost for all
items should be accurate.

The inventory is organized on a
room by room basis (mainly because I
found it easier to conduct the inventory
room by room).

The program will prompt you
when it needs data input. The following
data are asked for:

1. Current consumer price index
(about 200)

2. Current year

3. Number of rooms

4. Name of room

5. Name of item

6. Year purchased

7. Purchase price.

The program will ask for data and
then print your response on the CRT,
and then ask if the information is
correct. If not, you will be asked to
reenter any incorrect data.

After you have entered all the data,
the information shown in Figure 1 will
be displayed on the CRT. You will then
be asked if you want to save the
inventory on tape. (Here's where you
have to make minor changes for a disk
system.) You are asked to provide a
name for the inventory (HOME is the
default).

Once you have an inventory on
tape, you can add or delete items with
the options provided in the program.
You can, and should, periodically
review the data to see what inflation is
doing to you.

Note that when you make changes
in an inventory, the whole inventory is
read from the tape into the computer
and then the modified inventory (even
for rooms not changed) is written back
on tape. If you have disk, I suggest you
set up a separate file for each room and
allow for expansion of the file. This way
you can update the inventory for each
room.

Finally, now that you have your
inventory, make a back up copy and
put it in a safe place. O

84

CREATIVE COMPUTING

Hie 1980 Business & Heme
Computer Shows.®

Last year's spectacular success in
Boston broadens its reach this year into the
prosperous Chicago and Washington/
Baltimore markets as well. The Business &
Home Computer Shows are coming up again.
But space is going fast. So call now if you
want to be a part of the hottest thing ever
in regional end-user computer expositions.

A SMASH LAST YEAR; EVEN BETTER
THIS YEAR.

A record-breaking 31,000 people
attended the first of these shows in 1979, a
three-day affair in Boston. This year's
events are broadened to four days, and will
have even bigger promotional budgets
than ever. In fact, the Business & Home Com-
puter Shows have the largest national bbsm
and regional advertising budget of any Si

computer exhibits except NCC.

SELLING SHOWS S: =--==J=T--C

WHERE PEOPLE j^JiT— "— —

REALLY BUY. - - - — — - '

The Business & ^■^L?B W S

Home Computer Shows ^^w ■ ^m

produce solid results. These ^n. mm!

are eager audiences— about ^JrJm ■%■

70% businessmen and the rest hobbyists-
primed with purchasing power in mini- and
microcomputers, word processors, periph-
erals, ana software. They come to buy And
cash sales are permitted throughout the show.

CALL NOW! SPACE IS RUNNING LOW.

Four hundred booths and 100,000
square feet of floor space for each of the
three shows may sound big, and it is. But
over half that space has already been sold,
mostly to last year's participants. (Several
companies tried single booths last year and
are back again with reservations for 12 to
16 booths!) So hurry. Call Bill Mahan or
Joan Donahue at (61 7) 524-4547 to get
more facts and assure your reservation.
._ WASHINGTON/BALTIMORE: D.C.
■ £■ Armory /Starplex, Thu., Sept. 18 thru
S"» Sun., Sept. 21.

CHICAGO: AAcCormick
^ Place, Thu., Oct. 16 thru
Sun., Oct. 19.
■ BOSTON: Hynes Audi-
torium/Prudential Center,
Thu., Nov. 20 thru Sun.,
Nov. 23.

RO. Box 678, Brookline, MA 02147

18 REN HOME INVENTORY PROGRAM BY L E SPARKS
28 REM CLEAR STRING SPACE

38 CLERR(ieee>

40 REM VARIABLE LIST— C1<1> CONSUMER PRICE INDEX FOR YEAR 1944*1

58 REM CI CONSUMER PRICE INDEX FOR CURRENT YEAR

68 REM VR CURRENT YEAR

78 REM IC VR-1944

88 REM NR NUMBER OF ROOMS

98 REM R$ NAME OF ROOM <R*<I) NAME OF ITH ROOM)

188 REM NI(I) NUMBER OF ITEMS IN ITH ROOM

118 REM It NAME OF ITEM (It(I.J) IS AN ITEM NUMBER J IN ROOM • I

128 REM Yd, J) YEAR THAT ITEM NUMBER J IN ROOM NUMBER I HAS PURCHASED

138 REM P<I,J> PRICE PAID

148 REM TP TOTAL PRICE PAID <TP(I> IS THE TOTAL PRICE FOR ROOM tl>

158 REM RC REPLACEMENT COST <RC<I) IS THE REPLACEMENT COST FOR

ITEMS IN ROOM • I
168 REM PROGRAM STRUCTURE
178 REM SUBROUTINE INITIALIZES EVERYTHING
188 REM SUBROUTINE 2888 CREATES AN INVENETORV
198 REM SUBROUTINE 3888 DISPLAYS THE CURRENT INVENTORY
288 REM SUBROUTINE 4888 STORES THE CURRENT INVENTORY ON TAPE
218 REM SUBROUTINE 5888 READS AN INVENTORY FROM TAPE
228 REM SUBROUTINE 6888 ADD TO THE INVENTORY IN THE COMPUTER
238 REM SUBROUTINE 7888 DELETES AN ITEM FROM THE INVENTORY
248 REM TRANSFER TO SUBROUTINE 1888
258 GOSUB 1888

268 INPUT-DO YOU WANT TO CONTINUE (ANSWER V OR N PLEASE)"; Y*
278 IF Y*«"N" THEN STOP
298 RUN

1888 REM SUBROUTINE TO INITIALIZE
1818 CLS

1828 PRINT-HOME INVENTORY BY L E. SPARKS"
1838 NR18
1848 Nl-28

1858 PRINT'HOM MANY ROOMS < ";NR;" ) IS DEFAULT"; INPUT NR
1868 PRINT' MAXIMUM NUMBER OF ITEMS IN ONE ROOM C;NI;"> IS DEFAULT"; : INPUT
1878 DIM CI<48),R*<NR>,I*<NR.NI).V<NR,NI).P<NR,NI).NI<NR).TP(NR>,RC(NR>

leee rem read in consumer price index from data statement

1898 FOR LI TO 48

1188 READ CKL)

1118 IF CICD-999 THEN G0T01288

1128 NEXT L

1288 CLS

1218 PRINT" WHAT IS CURRENT CONSUMER PRICE INDEX <";CI;">")

1228 INPUT CI

1238 PRINT" WHAT IS CURRENT YEAR C;VR;")";

1248 INPUT YR

1258 CLS

1268 PRINT'THE CURRENT YEAR IS ";VR;" AND THE CONSUMER PRICE INDEX IS ";CI

1265 CKYR-1944XI

1278 INPUT-IS THIS CORRECT ";V»

1288 IF Y*«"V" THEN G0T01488

1298 PR I NT -REENTER INCORRECT DATA"

1388 GOTO 1218

1488 FL«8

1418 CLS

1428 PRINT-THE AVAILABLE OPTIONS ARE :"

1438 PRINT "1 CREATE AN INVENTORY'

1448 PR1NT-2. READ AN INVENTORY FROM TAPE"

1458 PRINT"! ADD TO AN INVENTORY"

1468 PRINT'4 DELETE FROM AN INVENTORY"

1478 1NPUT-HH1CH OPTION <1, 2- 3. OR 4) DO YOU WANT"; OP

1488 IF OP-1 GOSUB 2888

1498 IF FL*1 THEN G0T01888

1588 IF 0P«2 THEN GOSUB 5888

1518 IF FL=1 THEN GOTO 1888

1528 IF 0P»3 THEN GOSUB 6888

1538 IF FL«1 THEN GOTO 1888

1548 IF OP-4 THEN GOSUB 7888

1558 IF FL>1 THEN GOTO 1888

1568 IF 0PO4 THEN PRINT" PLEASE ANSWER WITH 1,2, 3. OR 4"

1578 G0T01488

1888 FL-8

1818 RETURN

2888 REM SUBROUTINE TO CREATE AN INVENTORY

2818 as

2828 PRINT-YOU HAVE SELECTED TO CREATE AN INVENTORY"

2838 J-l

2848 FOR I«l TO NR

2845 J-l

2858 PRINT-HHBT IS NAME OF ROOM <;"R*<I>">;

2868 INPUT R*(l)

2878 PRINT "NAME OF ROOM IS ";R*<1>

2888 INPUT" IS THIS CORECT ",V«

2898 IF Y«-"V" THEN GOTO 2288

2188 PRINT"ENTER CORRECT DATA'

2118 GOTO 2858

2288 REM BEGIN LOOP FOR ITEMS IN THE ROOM

2218 PRINT-UHAT IS THE NAME OF ITEM i"; J; "<M*<I. J>> -) »|

2228 INPUT I«<I,J>

2238 PRINT-YEAR PURCHASED <"; V<I, J); ■>";

2248 INPUT Y<I,J)

2258 PRINT-PRICE <";P<I, J); ">";

2268 INPUT PU,J>

2278 PRINT I*<I,J)i "PURCHASED IN ",YU,J>;" FOR *";P<I.J>

INPUT "IS THIS CORRECT"; Y«
IF V*»"V" THEN GOTO 2588
2388 PRINT-REEHTER INCORRECT DATA CURRENT DATA SHOWN IN <)"

2318 GOTO 2288
2588 CLS

2318 PRINT-CURRENT CONTENTS OF INVENTORY FOR -;R»<I>

2528 PRINTMTEH". "PURCHASED". "PRICE*"

2538 FOR K=l TO J

2548 PRINT I»(I,K>,V<1,K),P<1,K)

2538 NEXT K

2568 J-J*l

2378 INPUT-ARE THERE ANYMORE ITEMS IN THIS R0OM";V*
2568 IF VM'V" THEN GOTO 2288
2598 NKD-J-1
2688 NEXT I

2618 GOSUB 3888 REM PRINT OUT THE INVENTORY
2628 V*»" "

2638 INPUT-DO YOU WANT TO SAVE THIS INVENTORY ON TAPE-;Y«
2648 IF V*'*V" THEN Q0SUB4888
2658 REM OPTION FOR THOSE WITH PRINTER
2668 Y* s " *
2678 INPUT-DO VOU WANT HARD COPY";V*:REN DELETE THIS LINE IF YOU DO NOT

HAVE PRINTER
2688 IF Y»-"V" THEN GOSUB 9888:REM DELETE THIS LINE IF YOU DO NOT HAVE

A PRINTER
2698 RETURN

3888 REM SUBROUTINE TO PRINT INVENTORY ON CRT
3818 CLS
3828 FL-1
3838 V*-" ■
3848 TP>8
3858 RC-8
3868 FOR I'lTO NR
NI 3878 CLS

3888 PRINT-INVENTORY FOR ";R*<I>;" ROOM"

3898 PRINT-ITEM •. "YR PURCHASED - , -PRICE*-, -REPLACEMENT -

3188 RC(I)-8

3118 TP(I»-8

3128 FOR >1 TO NKI>

3138 IC»V(I,J)-1944

3148 XC*INT<188*P<I.J>*CI/'CI<lC)>/iee

3158 REM THIS ROUNDS XC TO NEAREST 8 81

3166 PRINT I«<I,J),Y(I,J),P(I,J),XC

3178 RC< !>■«;< I )*XC

3186 TP<1>«TP<I)*P<I,J>

3198 NEXT J

3286 PRINT "TOTAL PRICE PAID FOR ITEMS IN -;R«<l)j" **;TP<I)

3216 PRINT "TOTAL REPLACEMENT COST *-;RC<I>

3212 TP-TP»TP<I>:RC«RC*RC<I)

3226 INPUT-PRESS <ENTER> TO SEE NEXT ROOM";0

3238 NEXT I

3246 FL«1

3243 PRINT "TOTAL PURCHASE PRICE OF ALL ITEMS IS «"; TP

3246 PRINT "TOTAL REPLACEMENT COST OF ALL ITEMS IS *";RC

3236 RETURN

4888 REM SUBROUTINE TO STORE DATA ON TAPE

4618 CLS

4828 PRINT CHR*<23); "READY RECORDER"

4836 INPUT" IS RECORDER IN RECORD HODE";Y*

4846 as

4858 HI*-*HOME"

4868 PRINT'WHBT IS NAME OF INVENTORY <VHI*. " IS DEFAULT)";

4876 INPUT HI*

4888 PRINT'NAME IS ";HI*

4898 INPUT-IS THIS CORRECT'; V*

4188 IF V*«"N- THEN G0T04866

4116 PRINTt-l.HU.MR

4128 CLS

4138 PRINT HI*. MR

4148 FOR I'lTO NR

4158 PRINT*-1,R*<I>,NKI)

4168 PRINT Rt(I>,NI(I)

4178 FOR J«l TO NKI)

4188 PRINTt-1, I*<I.J),V<I,J),P<I,J)

4198 PRINT I*<I,J),V<I,J),P<I,J>

4288 NEXT 1

4218 NEXT I

4228 OS

4238 PRINT CHR*(23). "TURN RECORDER OFF'

4246 FL-1

4258 RETURN

3888 REM SUBROUTINE TO READ FROM TAPE

3818 FL«1

5826 as

3838 PRINT CHR*<23); 'READY RECORDER'

5846 INPUT-IS RECORDER IN PLAY HODE";V*

3838 as

3*68 HI*--HOHE"

3876 PRINT'WHAT IS NAME OF INVENTORY ";HI«;" IS DEFAULT"

3888 INPUT HI*

5898 PRINT HI*; " IS NAME OF INVENTORY"

3188 lNPUT'IS THIS CORRECT';**

5118 IF Y*-"tT GOTO 5878

5128 INPUT i-l.Ht,NR

5138 IF HtOHIt THEN GOTO 5888

5148 FOR I -1 TO MR

5158 INPUTt-lR»d>.NId>

5168 PRINT Rtd>.NId>

5178 FOR J1 TO NKI)

5188 INPUT t-l, lt(I,J).Ya.J).Pd.J)

5198 PRINT I*(I.J).V<I.J>.P<I.J>

5288 REM FOR SPEED DELETE PRINT STATEMENTS ABOVE

5218 NEXT J

5228 NEXT I

5238 IF Fl-2 THEN GOTO 5988

5248 GOSUB 3888 REM GO AND PRINT INVENTORY

5258 REM FOR THOSE WITH HARDCOPV

5268 INPUT-DO VOU WANT HARDCOPV; Yt

5278 IF Vt-'V THEN S0SUB9888

5288 INPUT-DO VOU MANT TO ADD TO THIS INVENTORY", V«

5298 Fi-i

5388 IF Vt-'V THEN GOSUB 6888

5318 INPUT-DO VOU MANT TO DELETE ITEMS') V»

5328 IF V*="Y" THEN GOSUB 7888

5338 RETURN

5888 CLS

5818 PRINT Ht;'0";HIt;' YOUR OPTIONS ARE"

5828 PRINT 1 STOP. 2 CONTINUE HITH THIS INVENT0RV,OR 3. TRV A NEW TAPE"

5B38 INPUT'MMICH OPTION 1,2. OR 3 DO YOU WANT", OX

5848 IF OX =2 THEN GOTO 5148

5858 IF OX -3 THEN GOTO 5888

5988 RETURN

6888 REM THIS SUBROUTINE ADDS ITEMS TO INVENTORY

6818 CLS

6828 PRINT- THIS SUBROUTINE ADD ITEMS TO INVENTORY"

6838 IF Fl-1 THEN G0T06868

6848 Fl-2

6858 GOSUB 5888

6868 INPUT-HHAT ROOM DO VOU WISH TO ADD TO".R»

6878 FOR 1-1 TO HR

6888 IF R»-R«(I) THEN GOTO 6288

6898 NEXT I

6188 INPUT" NOT IN INVENTORY DO VOU WISH TO TRV ANOTHER ROOM';V*

6118 IF Vt-'V THEN G0T06868

6288 CLS

6218 PR1NT-VOU HISH TO ADD ITEMS TO THE 'iR*<I><* ROOM'

6228 PRINT -CURRENT INVENTORV IS"

6238 FOR J-1TO NKI)

6248 PRINT I«<I, J), V(I, J).P<I, J)

6258 NEXT J

6268 INPUT-NAME OF ITEM TO BE ADDED", I*<I. J)

6278 INPUT-YEAR PURCHASED'; V<I, J>

6288 INPUT-PRICE*-iP<I.J)

6298 PR1NT-VOU HISH TO ADD M*<I. J).V<I. J).P<I. J>

6388 INPUT-IS THIS CORRECT'; Yt

6318 IF Vt-'V THEN GOTO 6588

6328 PRINT'REENTER INCORRECT DATA"

6338 G0T06288

6588 J-J*l

6385 NK1>«NK1>+1

6518 V$»" •

6528 INPUT'DO VOU HISH TO ADD ANOTHER ITEM TO THIS ROOH';Vt

6538 IF Yt-'Vt THEN GOTO 6288

6348 V$=" -

6558 INPUT* DO VOU HISH TO ADD ITEMS TO ANOTHER ROOM", Vt

6568 IF Vt-'V THEN GOTO 6868

6578 GOSUB 3888

6588 Vt»" -

6598 INPUT-DO VOU HISH TO DELETE ITEMS FROM THIS INVENTORY'; V*

6688 IF Vt«"V THEN GOSUB 7888

6618 IF F3-1 THEN G0T0688e

6628 INPUT-DO YOU MANT HARDCOPV; Vt

6638 IF Vt-'V THEN GOSUB 9888

6648 INPUT-DO VOU WANT TO SAVE THIS INVENTORY'; V*

6658 IF Vt-'V THEN GOSUB 4888

6888 RETURN

7888 REM THIS SUBROUTINE DELETES ITEMS FROM INVENTORV

7818 F3-1

7828 IF Fl«l THEN GOTO 7848

7825 Fl-2

7838 GOSUB 5888

7848 INPUT-ROOM WHERE ITEM IS LOCATED ';R«

7868 FOR 1*1 TO NR

7878 IF Rt-Rtd) THEN GOTO 7288

7888 NEXT I

7898 PRINT Rt; ' IS NOT IN INVENTORY '

7188 INPUT-TYPE ROOM IF VOU MANT TO TRV ANOTHER ROOM, OR STOP TO OUIT";

7128 IF HP*-"RO0H' THEN GOTO 7848

7138 STOP

7288 FOR J- 1 TO NKI)

7218 PRINT I*<I.J>,V<I.J>,P(I.J),J

7228 NEXT J

7238 INPUT' ITEM NUMBER THAT VOU HISH TO DELETE"; ID

7248 PRINT'VOU WANT TO DELETE '; ltd, ID),

7258 INPUT-ANSWER V OR N';V»

7268 IF Vt-'N" THEN GOTO 7238

7278 ltd. ID>-"NUU."

7288 INPUT" IS THERE ANOTHER ITEM IN THIS ROOM TO BE DELETED"; Vt

7298 IF Vt""V" THEN GOTO 7238

7388 INPUT'DO VOU WISH TO DELETE AN ITEM IN ANOTHER R0OM';Yt

7318 IF Vt«-V THEN GOTO 7188

7328 FOR 1-1 TO NR

7338 FOR J> 1 TO NKI)

7348 IF ltd, J)0-NULL- GOTO 7398

7358 ltd, J>-Itd. J+l>

7368 Vd,J>-Vd.J*l)

7378 Pd,J)«Pd,J*l)

7388 XD ■ XD +1

7398 NEXT J

7488 NKI)=NKI)-XD

7418 XD-8

7428 NEXT I

7438 REM NOW LIST NEH INVENTORV

7448 PRINT' THE INVENTORV IS NOW"

7458 GOSUB 3888

7468 INPUT'DO VOU WISH HARDCOPV'; Vt

7478 IF Vt-'V GOSUB 9888

7488 INPUT'DO VOU HISH TO SAVE THE INVENTORY'; Vt

7498 IF Vt-'V GOSUB 4888

7588 RETURN

9888 REM HARDCOPV ROUTINE

9818 LPR1NT 'INVENTORV FOR ";VR

9828 LPRINT 'CURRENT CONSUMER PRICE INDEX IS ")CI

9825 TP-8:RC-8

9838 FOR 1=1 TO NR

9835 TPd)-8:RCd)-8

9848 LPRINT'INVENTORY FOR THE ";Rtd);' ROOM'

9838 LPRINT'ITEM", "PURCHASED", "PRlCEt". "REPLACEHENTt"

9868 FOR J- 1 TO NKI)

9878 !C«Vd.J>-1944

9888 RP-lNT<18»*d.J)-Cl/CI<lC>)/iee

9898 LPRINT Itd.J),Vd.J).Pd.J).RP

9188 TPd>-TPd>*Pd.J>

9118 RCd>-RCd)*RP

9128 NEXT J

9138 TP-TP*TPd>

9148 RC -RC«RCd>

9158 LPRINT "TOTAL PURCHASE PRICE OF ITEMS IN THIS ROOM ';TP<I>

9168 LPRINT' TOTAL REPLACEMENT COST OF ITEMS IN THIS ROOM ";RCd>

9178 NEXT I

9188 LPRINT'TOTAL PURCHASE PRICE OF ALL ITEMS f;TP

9198 LPRINT'TOTAL REPLACEMENT COST OF ALL ITEMS f.RC

9195 RETURN

9288 REM CONSUMER PRICE INDEX DATA FROM 1945 TO 1978 1967-188

9218 DATA 53 9.58 5.66 9,72. 1,71 4.72 177 8,79. 5,88 1

9228 DATA 88 5, 88 2. 81 4, 84. 3, 86 6, 87 3, 88 7, 89. 6, 98. 6

9238 DATA 91 7, 92. 9. 94. 5, 97. 2. 188, 164 2, 189 8, 116. 3, 121. 3

9248 DATA 125. 3. 133. 1. 147. 7, 161 2. 178. 5. 181 5. 195, 999

87

Home Buying
by Computer

William Lappen

There is no doubt that the cost of
buying a home has gone up dramati-
cally in the past. Interest rates are at all
time highs, too. But this may not mean
that a home is a bad investment. Given
the fact that you have to live some-
where, the program described in this
article compares renting with pur-
chase of a home. You may be sur-
prised at the results.

In order to make the analysis, you
must define the length of time that you
would consider holding the house (or
condominium) that you're considering
purchasing. In Figure 1 1 have assumed
that the time frame is 8 years (line
number 1).

1 YEARS 8

2 FIRST LOAN AMOUNT 80000

3 INTEREST 15

I TERM 25 MONTHLY PAYMENT 10214.67

5 SECOND LOAN AMOUNT 25000

6 INTEREST 17

7 TERM 1 MONTHLY PAYMENT 721.38

8 PROPERTY TAX 1500

9 INSURANCE AND MISC. 2000

10 TAX BRACKET 10

II COMPARABLE MONTHLY RENT 750

12 GENERAL INFLATION RATE 12

13 DOWN PAYMENT 25000

CORRECT (Y/##/EHD> ?

FIGURE 1

Next comes the loans. Let's say
that a bank or savings institution will
loan you $80,000 to buy the house. The
interest rate will be 15% and the length
of the loan is 25 years. In addition, the
seller will loan you $25,000 for 17%
interest for 4 years. The computer
takes these inputs (lines 2 through 7 on
Figure 1) and computes the monthly
payments for the loans.

One of the less thrilling joys of
property ownership is that you will
have to pay the property taxes (as-
sumed to be $1,500 per year). Don't

William Lappen. 10427 Lindbrook Drive. Los
Angeles. CA 90024.

despair too much because this is
deductible for federal tax purposes.
We will cover that later.

In addition to the above costs, you
will have to pay for property insurance
and upkeep. This figure has been
estimated at $2,000 for the first year for
our hypothetical property.

After inputting your tax bracket
(line 10) and guessing at the monthly
rent that you would save if you owned
your own house, you are ready to take
a stab at predicting the inflation rate for
the general economy. Good luck —
economists haven't been too success-
ful at this. The advantage to the
computer analysis is that you may run
it many times for different inflation
rates and see what effect it will have on
your potential purchase.

The final piece of information
needed is the amount of money you
will have to put down to buy the
property that you are considering. This
has been assumed to be $25,000 in our
example.

Now, changes may be made to any
of the input data by typing the line
number. If everything is correct, type a
"Y" and the computer will generate
Figure 2.

The top part of Figure 2 deter-
mines the tax consequences of owning
property. (Notice that numbers are
expressed in hundreds in this section.
This is what the "(00)" in the title
means.) Asa renter, you can't deduct a
single thing from your taxes. As a
property owner, the federal govern-
ment allows you to deduct interest paid
on the loans and property taxes. These
are computed for the eight years that
we have stated we would hold our
hypothetical house. Notice that the
interest portion of your loan payments
decreases over time.

Moving to the second part of
Figure 2, cash payments are shown.
The payments are made up of the two
mortgage payments, property tax and
insurance payments. The first year
also includes the down payment that
you have to make on the house.

Next, the program calculates the
tax benefits provided by the deduc-
tions. For the first year, the tax
deductions are $17,400 (interest plus
property taxes). This reduces income
that you pay tax upon. In the 40% tax
bracket, you will save $7,000 in taxes.
This is a savings in actual cash and is
treated as a flow of money to you.

3UY OR

RENT

(00)

1

2

3

1

5

6

7

8

DEDUCTIONS

INTEREST

FIRST

120

119

119

118

117

116

115

111

SECOND

39

30

20

7

PROP. TAXES

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

CASH PAYMENTS -

195

217

250

253

169

173

177

182

TAX BENEFIT ♦

70

66

62

56

53

52

52

52

RENT SAVING ♦

90

101

113

126

112

159

178

199

REAL COST

335

80

75

71

-26

-38

-53

-69

FIGURE 2

88

CREATIVE COMPUTING

Home Buying, cont'd...

880 PRINT " FIRST";
890 A(FI*2)=A(F)
900 FOR 1=1 TO A(1)

10 'RENT VS BUYING A HOME 12/12/79

20 DATA YEARS, FIRST LOAM AMOUNT.INTEREST

TERM

910 IF I>A(F*2) GOTO 1010

30 DATA SECOND LOAN AMOUNT, INTEREST, TERM

PROPERTY TAX

920 D=0

140 DATA INSURANCE AND MISC., TAX BRACKET

930 FOR J=1 TO 12

50 DATA COMPARABLE MONTHLY RENT, GENERAL INFLATION RATE

910 L=A(FI+2)»A(F*1)/1200

DOWN PAYMENT

950 A(FI*2)=A(FI*2)-A(FI)*L

60 CLEAR 200

960 D=D+L

70 B$=CHR$(8)

970 NEXT J

80 B$=STRING$(1," ")*STRING$(1,B$)

980 C = D/M«-.5

90 DEFINT C,S

990 B(I)=B(I)*C

100 X=13

1000 PRINT TAB(10*I»S) C;

110 S = 6

1010 NEXT I

120 "S IS SPACING AND X IS # OF ENTRIES

1020 PRINT

130 DIM A(X*1),L(P),C(8),B(8)

1030 IF F=5 GOTO 1090

1U0 FOR 1=1 TO X*1

1010 F=5

150 A(I)=0

1050 FI=X*2

160 NEXT I

1060 IF A(F)=0 GOTO 1090

170 F1=0

1070 PRINT " SECOND";

180 CLS

1080 GOTO 890

190 RESTORE

1090 E(1)=E(1)*A(13)

200 F=0

1100 PRINT " PROP. TAXES";

210 1=0

1110 FOR 1=1 TO A(1)

220 1=1*1

1120 B(I)=B(I)+A(8)/M

230 READ A$

1130 PRINT TAB(10*I»S) INT( A(8)/M+.5) ;

210 PRINT I; " " ; A$ ;

1110 NEXT I

250 IF F1=0 INPUT A(I) ELSE PRINT A(I)

1150 PRINT

260 IF F = AND KX GOTO ??n

1160 PRINT

270 F=1

1170 PRINT "CASH PAYMENTS -" ;

280 FI=?

1180 FOR 1=1 TO A(1)

290 IF A(FI*1)=0 OR A(FI*2)=0 GOTO 360

1190 C(I) = C(I) + INT(A(8)/M*.5)*INT((A(9)»((UA(12)/100)

300 A(X*F) = (A(FI+1)/1?00)/(1-((1*(A(FI*1)/120O;

[(I-1)))/H+.5>

[(-A(FI+2)*12)))*«(FI)

1200 IF 1 = 1 THEN C(I)=C( I)*A( 13)/M*.5

310 IF F=2 GOTO 360

1210 PRINT TAB(10*I»S) C(I);

320 IF A(5)=0 A(X*2)=0: GOTO 360

1220 NEXT I

330 F=2

1230 PRINT

310 FI=5

1210 PRINT "TAX BENEFIT +";

350 GOTO 290

1250 FOR 1=1 TO A(1)

360 A$="M0NTHLY PAYMENT"

1260 C=B(I)»A(10)/100*.5

370 PRINT 6 212, A$; INT( A( X* 1 ) • 100+ .•})/ 100;

1270 PRINT TAB(10*I»S) C;

380 PRINT 9 101, A$; INT( A( X+2) • 1 00* .5 )/ 100 ;

1280 C(I)=C(I)-C

390 F1=0

1290 NEXT I

100 PRINT X»61*10, "CORRECT (Y/##/END)"

;B$;

1300 PRINT

110 IF A(1)>8 1=1: PRINT: GOTO 170

1310 D=A(11)»12/M

120 INPUT A$

1320 PRINT "RENT SAVING ♦" ;

130 IF A$="Y" GOTO 560

1330 FOR 1=1 TO A(1)

110 IF A$="END" RUN "REALESTATE"

1310 C = D»((UA(12)/100)[(I-1))*.5

150 I=VAL(A*>

1350 PRINT TAB(10*I«S) C;

160 IF I<1 OR I>X GOTO 100

1360 C(I)=C(I)-C

170 RESTORE

1370 NEXT I

180 FOR J=1 TO I

1380 PRINT

190 READ A$

1390 PRINT

500 NEXT J

1100 PRINT "REAL COST";

510 PRINT A$;

1110 FOR 1=1 TO A(1)

520 INPUT Ad)

1120 PRINT TAB(10*I»S) C(I);

530 PRINT 9 (X+1)»61, CHR$(30);

1130 NEXT I

510 PRINT 9 (I-1)»61+LEN(A$)+5, A(I);

1110 PRINT

550 GOTO 260

1150 PRINT

560 F1=1

1160 PRINT

570 CLS

1170 INPUT "ENTER WHEN READY ";A*

580 C=A(X*1)

1180 CLS

590 M=1

1190 PRINT

600 IF 050 THEN M=M»10: C=C/10: GOTO 600

1500 PRINT TAB(20) "FINAL SALES INFORMATION"

610 A$=STR$(M)

1510 PRINT

620 A$=RIGHT$(A$,LEN(A$)-2)

1520 PRINT

630 PRINT TAB(20) "BUY OR RENT (";A$;")"

1530 F$="###, ###,#*#"

610 FOR 1=1 TO A( 1)

1510 A=A(2)*A(5)*A(13)

650 PRINT TAB(10*I»S) I;

1550 A1=A«(HA(12)/100)tA(1)

660 NEXT I

1560 A1=INT(A1/M*.5)"M

670 PRINT

1570 PRINT TAB(IO) "SALES PRICE"; TAB(IO);

680 FOR 1=1 TO A( 1)

1580 PRINT USING Ft; A1

690 C(I)=0

1590 A=A1».06

700 B(I)=0

1600 PRINT TABOO) "SELLING COMMISSION (6X)"; TAB(IO);

710 NEXT I

1610 PRINT USING F$; A

720 F=P

1620 A1=A1-A-A(16)-A(17)

730 FI=X+1

1630 AxO

710 FOR 1 = 1 TO A( 1)

1610 FOR 1=1 TO A(1)

750 IF I>A(F*2) GOTO 780

1650 A=A+C(I)»M

760 C=A(FI)»1?/M*.5

1660 NEXT I

770 C(I)=C(I)*C

1670 PRINT TAB(IO) "TOTAL REAL COST ";TAB(10);

780 NEXT I

1680 PRINT USING F$ ; A

790 IF F=5 COTO 810

1690 PRINT TAB(IO) "EQUITY"; TAB(IO);

800 IF A(5>=1 GOTO 810

1700 PRINT USING F» ; A1

810 F = 5

1710 PRINT

820 FI=X+2

1720 PRINT TAB(10) "TOTAL GAIN"; TAB(IO);

830 GOTO 710

1730 PRINT USING F$; A1-A

810 PRINT "DEDUCTIONS"

1710 PRINT

850 PRINT " INTEREST"

1750 PRINT

860 F=2

1760 INPUT "ENTER WHEN READY"; A$

870 FI=X+1

1770 GOTO 180

MAY 1980

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(Sell -Indexing
Query (System

WHATSIT?

Wow! How d All That Stuff get In There?

'OTOOTGR

Home Buying, cont'd...

You will also save the rent you
would have paid if you didn't buy the
property. Notice that this increases
each year. The increase is based on the
inflation rate that you predicted.
(Inflation also affects the insurance
and maintenance expense you will
have to pay each year. This is figured
into the cash payments.)

The result of paying out the cash
and receiving the savings gives you the
real cost of owning the house. Our
hypothetical house cost us $33,500 the
first year and $8,000 the second . . .
(Remember, the first year includes the
down payment.) By the fifth year, we
would actually start saving money by
owning the house as opposed to
renting.

This doesn't look that great.
However, the most obvious difference
in renting and purchasing is that after
eight years of renting, you have
nothing but rent receipts. After eight
years of owning this hypothetical
house, we would have a large equity. If
the house's value keeps up with
inflation (which is very likely based on
past experience), the house will be
worth about $321,900 in eight years
(see Figure 3).

FINAL SALES

INFORMATION

SALES PRICE

SELLING COMMISSION <6t)

TOTAL REAL COST

E0UITY

321,900
19,31«
37,500

227,110

TOTAL GAIN

189,616

FIGURE 3

BOX 14694
SAN FRANCISCO 94114

In order to get this money you may
either refinance the house (increase
your loans) or sell it. This analysis
assumes that the house is sold and the
broker gets a six percent commission
($19,314 in this case). Since the house
has cost us $37,500 more than renting
would have cost, this must be re-
covered from the $227,116 equity we
have in the house (the first mortgage
still has 17 years to go and we would
owe $75,479 on it).

Thus, the total gain from purchase
rather than rent is approximately
$190,000. This should just about make
you rush right out to purchase a house.
Be sure that you analyze each house
(these hypothetical figures probably
won't reflect your exact situation).
Also, run the program with changes in
the different input assumptions. This
will give you a feel for the sensitivity of
the variables on the final outcome. If
you are not interested in buying a
house yet (or already own one), see if
some local real estate brokers might be
interested in having this analysis
available to give to their prospective
buyers. It should certainly help sales.

90

CREATIVE COMPUTING

we have the largest selection
of TRS-80*, APPLE* and
Rl* software, anywhere!

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91

The Software Exchange

(. s< vthStn <et,Box 68. Miliord, N» / KSS 6Q ih7 5-57+,

TO ORDER CALL TOLL-FREE

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CIRCLE 221 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Retirement and the

Arithmetic of Inflation

Carl E. Whitney

Inflation puts many retired people
in a difficult position. Since Social
Security and pensions usually aren't
enough to pay expenses, these people
must spend some of their investment
income on day-to-day needs. But next
year's income won't buy as much, and
eventually the invested principal will
have to be tapped; in effect, this
amounts to living off savings, and it is
only a matter of time until the money
runs out. When will this happen? The
following BASIC program solves this
straightforward recursive problem. It
may cause some distress among the
inflation-naive, who don't understand
that we are well on the way to a tenfold
increase in prices by the end of the
century.

The problem is not infla-
tion but the relationship
between interest rates
and the rate of inflation.

Actually, the problem is not infla-
tion but the relationship between
interest rates and the rate of inflation.
Suppose that the latter is twelve
percent. After paying income tax, the
holder of a bank account must in-
crease the size of his or her account by
twelve percent each year, if the
account is to keep its purchasing
power. Real, spendable income is what
remains after this set-aside. But "paper
assets" such as stocks, bonds and
bank accounts have not consistently
supported such real income over the
last fifteen years. (To determine the
amount of real income, the program
multiplies total assets by the difference
between the rate of return on assets
and the rate of inflation. Social
Security is added to the result, and
expenses are subtracted.)

Projecting today's conditions far
into the future is hypothetical, of
course, but there is little reason to
think that things will get better and not
worse. Thus, the program is a valuable
analytic tool. An asset lifetime of less

Carl E. Whitney. 846 Bush Street #3. San Fran-
cisco. CA 94108.

than ten years should be cause for
concern; either expenses are too high,
or investment income is too low, or
both. An interesting feature of this
asset decay is that total assets appear
to rise for a time, only to be suddenly
consumed by the ballooning cost of
living.

How is the calculation done?
Clearly, next year's assets are this
year's assets plus income minus
expenses. Social Security is indexed
for inflation, so that next year's
payments must be adjusted. Expenses
will rise at the rate of inflation. Most
pensions are not indexed; if the retiree
has a partially indexed pension, it
should be added to Social Security to
the extent that it is indexed. (For
example, suppose that a specific
pension has tended to rise at half the
rate of inflation. Half the monthly
payments should be added to Social
Security before entry; the other half
should be entered as a pension.)

Will property and income taxes
rise at the rate of inflation? The
program assumes that they will,
though this assumption may break
down as the retiree's assets and
income shrink. It might be more
realistic to assume that income taxes
will be proportional to income, or to
assets. Trial runs, however, show that
the final answer would not change
drastically under this assumption.
Until Congress indexes the income
tax, it's sufficiently precise to lump
taxes with other expenditures.

So much for the easy part. The

market value of a common stock is
known, but what is the rate of return
here? A pessimistic guess is simply the
yearly dividends. A more optimistic
figure is the stock's earnings per share
(times the number of shares held; EPS
figures appear in the firm's annual
report). The most optimistic approach
allows for expected growth in the
company's earnings.

The retiree's personal residence
should be ignored; the program then
gives the point at which this is the only
remaining asset. Rental property can
be entered as an asset, but the problem
of return again pops up. One estimate
of the return is the expected appreci-
ation of the property, plus the net profit
as reported on the latest income-tax
return.

The program does not allow for
debts. This should cause few prob-
lems, except in the case of a large
mortgage on a personal residence. The
mortgage payment is not like other
expenses — it will not increase with
inflation, it ends at some point, and
part of it is not an expense at all, since it
builds equity. This situation cannot be
handled without major modifications
to the program.

For people who don't know their
monthly expenses, an alternative
computation is provided. But it's tricky,
and must be done carefully. Over any
fixed period — the program uses three
months, the interval at which banks
pay interest and report account bal-
ances — expenses are equal to income
minus net change in total assets. It's

Input Variable
Rate of inflation

Rate of return on:

Bank accounts,
money market funds

Bonds

Common stocks

Rental property

Best case/Worst case Assumptions
Optimistic Treatment Pessimistic Treatment

Underlying rate, or official Recent Consumer Price

government forecasts Index rate

current rate

Actual payments, from which the program will calculate the rate. Use
current market value for "value of asset." (More accurately, use the
yield-to-maturity as found in Standard & Poor's Bond Guide.)
Expected yearly growth in Annual dividends, or

earnings-per-share. plus current "dividend yield"

"earnings yield" (EPS divided by
stock price)

Current net profit plus expected
appreciation

Gold and collectibles Expected appreciation

Current net profit plus less
optimistic estimate of
appreciation

Less optimistic estimate

92

CREATIVE COMPUTING

idea to tabulate assets
as of the beginning of each calendar
quarter.

Finally, there is the question of
inflation. At this writing, the U.S.
Consumer Price Index is rising at an
annual rate of twelve percent. But the
underlying or "imbedded" rate is
probably closer to ten percent. One
approach is to use a best case/worst
case analysis, as summarized in the
accompanying table. The rate of
inflation can be changed and the
program rerun without reentry of the
other variables.

The program presently runs on a
16K PET, but should run on any
machine with floating point arithmetic

and 8K of memory. It may be illegible if
the computer's text line is less than
forty characters. Its assumptions may
not hold outside the United States.

Summary of Sample Run

Total assets: $52,300

Return on assets: 10.14%

Inflation: 12%

Social Security: $310 per month

Pension: $140 per month

Expenses: $515 per month

Taxes: $600 per year

Assets will be consumed in 21
years. The inflation rate is not too
critical; a rerun with inflation set to 10%
gives an asset lifetime of 25 years.

Note that this widow's "income,"
as the word is usually understood,
currently exceeds her outgo by almost
$4000 per year. But real income and
apparent income are two different
quantities, a fact which the program
should dramatize.

In this writer's judgment, an asset
lifetime of twenty or thirty years is
neither totally satisfactory nor hope-
lessly grim. What can be done here?
The woman, who now rents an apart-
ment, might buy a house; such a move,
if thoughtfully executed, not only
shields money from inflation, but also
reduces income tax. A foray into
common stocks or investment real
estate might be appropriate, though
potential risks must be weighed
carefully. D

38 PRINT
4a PRINT

le n-0
is i-e

17 PRINT "WRITE DOWN MLL ENTRIES FUR LATER USE"

20 PRINT "ENTER ASSETS ONE BV ONE, AS FOLLOWS"

22 PRINT

24 PRINT "VALUE OF ASSET, VIELD"

26 PRINT

26 PRINT "VIELD CAN BE EITHER PERCENT OR DECIMAL"

30 PRINT "10000' 12 MEANS 12K RETURN ON ♦10,wet3

32 PRINT "100O0-. 12 MEANS THE SAME"

34 PRINT

36 PRINT "IF THE ANNUAL VIELD Is MORE THAN *100. "
IT MAV BE ENTERED DIRECTLV"
2000.180 MEANS «180 VEARLV INCOME"

42 PRINT "ON AN INVESTMENT OF »2©0O"

43 PRINT

44 PRINT "WHEN THRU. ENTER 2 ZEROES"
100 INPUT X.V

103 IF X-0 THEN 18S
110 IF V>100. THEN 160
120 IF V<1 THEN 140

130 v-v».oi

138 REM FIND ANNUAL RETURN FROM DECIMAL VIELD

140 Z-X»V

ISO GOTO 179

158 REM FIND DECIMAL VIELD FROM ANNUAL RETURN

160 Z-V

170 V-ZVX

173 REM ACCUMULATE ASSETS. RETURN

173 I-H-Z

1 76 fl , fHX

178 PRINT "*";INT<X>;" AT ",1O0*V;"X - *";INT<Z>;

180 GOTO 100

182 REM RATE OF RETURN - TOTAL

18S R-I/A

190 PRINT "TOTAL ASSETS - «";INT<A>

192 PRINT "RATE OF RETURN - ";1008R

194 PRINT "TOTAL RETURN - *";INT<I>

200 PRINT

205 PRINT "EXPECTED RATE OF INFLATION-";

210 INPUT F

220 IF F<1 THEN 240

228 REM CONVERT PERCENT TO DECIMAL

230 F-F».01

248 PRINT "MONTMLV SOCIAL SECURITY ■ ";

250 INPUT S

260 PRINT "MONTMLV PENSIONS"

261 PRINT "tNOT INDEXED FOR INFLATIOH> - ";
270 INPUT P

280 PRINT "MONTMLV EXPENSES <NOT INCLUDINO TAXES>"

285 PRINT "IF UNKNOWN. ENTER ZERO"

290 INPUT E

293 IF E>0 THEN 390

301 REM CALCULATE MONTHLY EXPENSES

308 PRINT "ASSETS AS OF 3 MUNI HS MGO.FOR BANK"
ACCOUNTS. MONEY MARKET FUNDS. ETC."
USE BALANCE FROM QUARTERLY STATEMENT. "
FOR STOCKS, BONDS, REAL ESTATE, ETC, "

312 PRINT "USE EITHER CURRENT MHRKET VALUE OR"

313 PRINT "VALUE 3 MONTHS AGO. ENTER ONE BV ONE."

319 REM CALL INPUT ROUTINE

320 OOSUB 700
325 AA-V

335 print "total income during the 3 months, plus"
unremlized chin <or loss; on stocks, etc"
•.unrealized gain - value entered at"
program star i minus value just entered."

YEARLY-
RETURN /TOTAL ASSETS

"K"

309 PRINT

310 PRINT

311 PRINT

350 Il-Y

360 PRINT

361 PRINT

365 OOSUB 700

366 TT-V

370 PRINT "ASSETS THEN • *

371 PRINT "ASSETS NOW • *"

372 PRINT "3 MONTH INCOME

373 PRINT "TAXES PAID - #"

TAXES PAID DURING THIS TIME. OR OTHER-
UNUSUAL OR ONCE- A- YEAR EXPENSES"

; INT<AA>
INT<M>
*", INTCII)
INT«.TT.>

336 PRINT

337 PRINT

338 PRINT

340 GOSUB 700

374 REM DELETE NON-MONTHLY EXPENSES
376 HA-AA-TT

378 REM EXPENSES - INCOME MINUS CHANGE IN ASSETS

379 REM ADJUSTED TO MONTLV BAsIS

380 E-<II-<A-HA>>/3

385 PRINT "MONTHLY EXPENSES ■ *".INT<E>

386 PRINT "VERIFY THAT THIS NUMBER IS REASONABLE"

387 PRINT •■**♦«*«»♦«♦*♦*»♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦#♦♦♦♦♦

388 PRINT

389 REM REJOIN MAIN FLOW OF FROORAh

390 PRINT "ANNUAL INCOME AND PROPERTY TAXES."

391 PRINT "AND OTHER ONCE-A-VEHR EXPENSES"
393 OOSUB 700

395 TT-V

397 PRINT "TOTAL TAXES. ETC - *",INT<Tr>

398 REM ANNUALIZE NUMBERS. CONVERT RATES TO CONVENIENT

399 REM FORM. CHANGE VARIABLE NAMES TO SIMPLIFY PROGRAM

400 REM MOD AND INPUT RETRIEVAL. INITIALIZE YEARS
403 SX-120S

410 PX-120P
420 EX-12*£+TT
430 FX-F-U
440 RX-R*1
430 AX-A
460 Y-0

463 REM VERIFY THMT POSITION Is UNSTABLE. DO EXPENSES

464 REM EXCEED REAL INCOME/
470 II-<R-F>»A*SX-EX

400 IF IK0 THEN 300

490 PRINT "THIS POSITION IS STABLE. REAL MONTHLY"

491 PRINT "INCOME IN EXCESS OF EXPENSES - *" . INT< I 1/ J2>
493 GOTO 6O0

300 PRINT

310 PRINT "YEAR", "ASSETS"

313 PRINT

317 REM LOOP . CALCULATE NEXT VEHR S ASSETS

320 V-V+l

330 AX-AX»RX*SX*PX-EX

540 PRINT INr<V>,INT<HX>

548 REM INFLATE SOCIAL SECURITV, EXPENSES

350 SX-SX*FX

560 EX-EX»FX

570 IF AX>0 THEN 520

600 PRINT "TO RERUN, ENTER A DIFFERENT"

610 PRINT "INFLATION RATE. Tu END- ENTER ZERO"

620 INPUT F

630 IF F-0 THEN 1000

635 IF F<1 THEN 405

640 F-F*.01

645 GOTO 405

699 REM CUMULATIVE INPUT SUBROUTINE

700 V-0

710 PRINT "ENTER ZERO WHEN THRU"

713 INPUT X

720 IF X-0 THEN 733

725 V-V*X

730 OOTO 715

735 RETURN

1O0O END

MAY 1980

93

Comments on Checkerboard
Problem Solved

Abijah Reed

t

Here are some comments on
the article "Checkerboard Problem
Solved" in the January issue.

Several of the solutions printed
for the N = 4 case do not conform to
the requirement that there be exactly
one checker on each main diagonal.

I believe there is a more efficient
way to find solutions exhaustively
than that alluded to by Steve North.
For every solution, each checker has
a row number and a column number
which describe where the checker is.
We can arbitrarily assign the number
1 to N as the row numbers in every
successful solution, and then our
problem is reduced to finding the
column numbers. Any permutation
(of which there are N!) of the
numbers 1 to N can be used as a set
of column numbers, and then we will
almost have a solution. The only
condition not yet accounted for is the
one-checker-per-diagonal condition.
In any case, this procedure only
requires that we check N! cases, not

N2!

N!(N2-N)!

For N=8, N! is smaller than this
expression by a factor of more than
100,000.

I am enclosing a listing of a
program to find correct solutions,
and either count or print them. The
program simply generates the per-
mutations of column numbers, and
screens out those that don't meet the
diagonal condition. The screening is
done on line 2 of the function
'CKBD'.

A final remark: many of the
solutions found by these procedures
are simply rotations and/or reflect-
ions of each other. All 8 solutions for
N = 4 are fundamentally the same.
For N = 5, the 20 solutions generated
contain only 4 that are distinct.

I haven't thought much about a
program to generate only distinct
solutions, but some of your readers
might enjoy that problem. □

Abijah Reed, 225 Thoreau St., Concord. MA.
01742

[1]
[2]
[3]
[•»]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]

[1]
[2]
[3]
[*]
[5]

HO.

VC7fflC[P]V

V Z+A CKPV N-.P-.K
P+l.V K--0

L2f*((l**/P=\N)vl**/(P*\N) = N*l)/r.l

*(A='C )/L3

P O *L1
L3:K--K*1
LI -.P-PEltV P

~U*pP)/L7

-»</1 = 'P' )/0

'HO. OF SOLUTIONS: ' ,WK

V

V Z+PERK Vitl\B;SiT;J-,C;I
!-f>V P*-~1*V<1$V 7*ff- (♦.«') ll

■*<o*i)/r,i o z«-o o +o

L1:S*-VIH T*-\./{C>S)/C*-(-(li-I))*V
J*-V\T O P[7]«-r O r[.7]*5 e*(7tV).cr»C«-(-(.'/-7) )tlO

z*-v

V

•C" CKPV 3
Of SOLUTIONS:

CKPD 4

' CKPD 5

<4

3

?
3
U
1
5
i*
5
1

s

1
?
1

5
?
3
U
3
2

only these 4 are distinct

example

1

2

3

4

5

1

o

2

O

3

o

4

O

5

O

KG.

'C CKBD 6
OF SOLUTIONS: 9 6

94

CREATIVE COMPUTING

O D

b_

_Q_

o°

°

^«* These are all the same.
N=4

o
o
o
o

°

o

°

o
o
o

00 ~
o o

o c

o o

o

CO
O

° J

o

o

o
o

° o

o

o d

o

° o

o o

o o
o o

o °

°

3 °
°

o

■b-1

o
o

o

o
o

o °

o
o

o

N = 5

20 solutions

only 4 distinct ones I

oo

for Businesses, Schools and Homes
J. Victor Nahigian/William S. Hodges

Basket, Boggle, Gunner, Jackpot,
Poker, Star Trek, and many more!
Here's an exciting and challenging
collection of computer games with
something for everyone. Written in
8K of memory BASIC and designed
for micro-computers as well as
PDP 11 and PDP 12 computers.
Programming notes, probability
tables, and amusing illustrations
add to the fun.

To: Winthrop Publishers, Inc.
17 Dunster Street
Cambridge, MA 02138
Attn: Sara Black, Dept. 2880

Please send me copies of

COMPUTER GAMES. Bill me at
$10.95 each, plus postage and
handling. (Send payment now and
we pay postage and handling. Make
check payable to Winthrop
Publishers, Inc.)

Name

Address

City

State

Zip

~ CIRCrETtWON "READER" si RvTcECARD

Here is a huge sourcebook of ideas for using
computers in mathematics instruction. There are
sections on:

•Thinking Strategies and How to Solve Problems
*How to Buy a Microcomputer System
•Art, Graphics, and Mathematics
'Computer Assisted Instruction
'Computer Simulations
•Programming Style
•Probability
•Magic Squares and much more.

Computers in mathematics:
ft Sourcebook of Ideas

One section presents over 250 problems, puzzles
and programming ideas, more than are found in most
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Pragmatic, ready to use, classroom tested ideas
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The book includes many activities that don't
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Although much of the material has appeared in
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Edited by David Ahl. Large format paperbound,
224 pages, $15.95. (12D)

Use handy order card or form on page 191 .

MAY 1980

95

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creative computing

Vol. 3, No. 4 • Jul/Aug 1977

Guide to selecting a microcomputer.
Write your own CAL. Part 2. Computers
in medicine and health care. Dwyer: "8-
Hour Course in Basic-Part 1." Thinking
Strategies-Part 3." Sherlock Holmes and
Charles Babbage. Four new games.

Vol. 3, No. 5— Sep/Oct 1977

A dynamic debugging system for 8080
assembly language, bibliography of
"limits to growth" models. Dywer: 8-
hour course in Basic-Part 2. Pro-
gramming approaches to solving com-
plex equations. Electronic information
exchange, Symmetric art with your
computer, in-depth reviews of 5 .micro-
computer BASICS, software technology
music system. Games: Nomad, Rotate.
Lissajous.

Vol 3, No. 6— Nov/Oec 1977

Programming techniques- Part 1. CAI.
Topics in Logic. Three 8080 8K BASIC
evaluations. Smart electronic game
reviews How computers can write final
exams. Mastermind II and Othello
computer games Profile of the Alpha 1
and Alpha 2 for the TDL Xitan.

Vol. 4, No. 1— Jan/Feb 1978

File structures. 16-bit computers, LOGO
Language. Murphy's laws, review of
Radio Shack TRS-80 and Heath H8.
World model, biorythms. how to write a
simulation, Hart sort algorithm. 3
games. 8-Hour Basic Course - Part 4.

Vol. 4, No. 4— Jul/Aug 1978

Reviews of Commodore PET, Apple II,
Atari computer, Video games, inter-
facing to the real world: 5 articles,
business. computing: 4 word process-
ing systems, ROM section: 7 articles,
backgammon game, bar code.

Vol. 4, No. 5— Sep/Oct 1978

Equipment profiles: TRS-80. Exidy
sorcerer, Bally Arcade. PolyMorphic
8813, Merlin Video Display preview of
nine new personal computers. Ac-
counts receivable systems. All about
PASCAL, real world games, a real time
clock to build, PET cassettes, special
education features, new software: Star
Wars. Hex.

Vol. 4, No. 6— Nov/Dec 1978

Subject index and file index in BASIC,
consumer computers buying guide,
electronic game reviews, critical path
analysis, mailing label programs, robot
programming, experiment in teaching
strategic thinking, evaluations of North-
star Horizon, CP/M operating system
end backgammon computers, columns
on Apple II PET and TRS-80, plus game
section Including "Corral", "Joust" and
Puzzle'

Vol. 5, No. 1— January 1979

Computers in fiction; Survey of
Educator's Attitudes; K-State; How to
Hide Your Basic Program; World Chess
Championship Computer; Compleat
Computer Catalog, Microchess for the
TRS-80: Exidy Sorcerer; Ohio Scientific
superboard II; Robots in Fiction; Help
for the Weary Taxpayer; A counterfeit
Cursor for your PET: Medical Audit
Time.

Vol. 5, No. 2— February 1979

Evaluations: Electric Pencil. Heathkit H-
8. Computer Music Records. Computer
Games: Gold Mine, Atom-20. Com-
puterized Sports Predictions. Multiple
Regression Analysis Simplified, Value of
Computers in Education. Budget Man-
agement System. Help for the belea-
guered consumer.

Vol. 5, No. 3— March 1979

Six articles on data base management:
Evaluations of TRS-80 and Apple Disk
Systems: Payroll system; the Game of
Go: Small business computing with the
Sourcerer; Judging of sports events:
Social Science survey program.

Vol. 5, No. 4— April 1979

Safeguarding your computer; Inter-
pretive programming; Elements of a
good computer game, Music com-
position; "What will happen if"; Vertical
graphs and bar charts; People Pro-
gramming; Home applications.

Vol. 5, No. 5— May 1979

Word processing systems — buying a
system and 5 evaluations: Writing 2
user-oriented program; Tutorial on
PILOT; 3 new games; Amoritization
schedules, reading and comprehension
tests.

Vol. 5, No. 6— June 1979

8 Articles on computer graphics and
plotting; Evaluations: HiPlot. NAD
System, ALF/Apple Music Synthesizer;
Copyright of Software; Sesame Place:
Probability Study: String Manipulations;
3 New Games.

Vol. 5, No. 7-July 1979

Two Ecology Simulations, Creativity
Test: World Power Systems; Files and
Data Basis — 4 Articles; Evaluations of
Six Peripherals and Software Systems;
Personal finance Model, 2 logic games.

Vol.5, No. 8 August 1979

Adventure, Computers and Dance,
Can Computers Think? The Law and
Your Computer, muMath, Image Pro-
cessing, Manipulating Pencil Files,
Structured Programming Techniques.
Evaluation of TI99/4, TRS-80 Model
II, SWTPC PR-40, IMSAIVIO. Games:

%

HVOLT and Fort.

96

bl.5, No. 10 October 1979

Battle ol the Word Processors, The
Computer as a Gun, Computer Driven
Real 3-D Display. Applications: RCA
VIP and COSMAC ELF' Graphics
Digital Clock. Evaluations: Perip-
hicon511, Compucolor II, Health H14
Printer, Atari Video Computer Cart-
ridges, Mountain Hardware Super-
Talker.

Vol.5, No. 11 November 1979

Comparison Chart of Six Popular
Personal Computers, Comparison ol
Single Board Computers, Electronic
Toys and Games, Quick Printer II,
Interact Computer, TRS-80 Level III
Basic, Battle of the Word Processors,
lntrolX-10 Home Control System,
Adventure: Complete Listing in Ba-
sic, Build Your Own Telephone Dialer
and Joysticks.

Vol.5, No. 12 December 1979

More Electronic Games, Language
Translators, APFMP1000 Video Game
System, Buying a Word Processor
printer, Satellite Tracking Software,
Syskit for the 8080, Assemblers:
CP/M vs. TSC, Statistics for the
TRS-80. Part 2: Controlling House-
hold Devices, Computerized Biofeed-
back. Applications: The Microcom-
puter as an Investment Tool, "Turn-
key" CP/M systems, Animation for
the Apple. Digitized Video Images.

Volume 6, No. 1 January 1980

Interviews with Donald E. Knuth and
William Wulf; Six Features on Artifi-
cial Intelligence; Air Traffic Control-
ler: Computerized Resume; GROW:
A Program that Learns; Evaluations:
Six Basics; NEWDOS and TRSDOS;
Auto Scribe; Micro Music.

Volume 6, No. 2 February 1980

Six articles on Investment Analysis;
David Levy: Intelligent Computer
Games; Programs: Geneology,
Graphing, Genetics; Evaluations of
Word Star vs Electric Pencil ; Pascal
for the TRS-80; Micro Composer;
Data Dubber; Sorcerer Word Proces-
sing Pac; Trivia Contest Results.

Volume 6, No. 3 March 1980

Evaluations: Tl 99/4; Cobol: Micro-
soft vs Micro Focus; Pencil Sharp-
ener; Mallroom Plus; Ten software
packages; Networks for Personal
Computers; Three Mile Island
Game; Interview with Joel Birn-
baum ; Hov. to Make a Basic Tree.

rvwrt

July 1977

SOL. The Inside Story: Braille and the
Computer Video newspaper; A Chip is
Born: The Care and Feeding of Your
Home Computer; Digital Foam — the
peripheral of the future.

August 1977

The Kit and I. Part I. by someone who's
never soldered before; Introduction to
the fundamentals of Computer Memory;
Tips for the do-it-yourself hardware
beginner; Binary clocks: APLomania.

September 1977

Xeroxes and other hard copy off your
CRT; Payroll Program; How Computers
Work; The Kit and I. Part II: or Power to
the Computer; CCD's How They Work
and How They're Made; A look at
PLATO, an Educational Computer
System; IBM 5100.

October 1977

Binary Arithmetic For the Beginner:
Microprocessor Aid for the Deaf and
Blind: The Kilobyte Card; Scott Joplin
on Your Sci-Fi Hi-Fi; Building a Basic
Music Board; Flowcharting; Payroll
Program.

November 1977

Solar Energy Measurement, A Begin-
ners Introduction to BASIC: The Kit and
I, Part III; More Music to Play on Your
Computer; Micro Maintenance: Solo-
mon and Viet: Putting Together a

Personal Computing System;
Sharing on the Family MICRO

Time

December 1977

A Beginners Guide to Peripherals; The
Best Slot Machine Game ever; Artificial
Intelligence?; An Electronic Jungle
Gym for Kids: File Copy Program; Better
Health Through Electronics: the Kit and
l Part IV.

January 1978

Synthetic Skin for Your Robot and How
to Make It; TLC: A Visual Programming
Language. The Code That Can't Be
Cracked; Beginners Guide to Computer
Graphics; The Computer and Natural
Language: First-Timer's Guide to
Circuit Board Etching.

February 1978

A Practical Mailing List Program
Artificial Intelligence; Assemblers
Flowgrams— A New Programming Tool
Refresher Course in BASIC; Micros and
Analyzing Election Results; Upgrading
Your BASIC.

March-April 1978

Introduction to real time concepts;
Felsenstein An Absolute-Time Clock;
Dreyfus: Things Computers Still Can't
Do: Introduction to Interpreters. Othello
Games; Weizenbaum: Incomprehen-
sible Programs. The Quasar Robot
Revealed; Chesson: Cryptanalysis.

Send order to Creative Computing, P.O. Box 789-M,
Morristown, NJ 07960. Or save time and call your credit card
order toll, free to: 800-631-8112 (in NJ. 201-540-0445).

97

Update:

Car Pooling &
Personal Computers

John Craig

i'smiute,

MVXpooi

In the November, 1979 issue of
Creative Computing we published a
rather lengthy article on using per-
sonal computers to establish car pool
systems in small and medium-sized
towns across the country. In addition
to providing a valuable community
service, especially in these energy-
troubled times, I wanted to show how
operating such a system could also be
a good source for primary or second-
ary income. Unfortunately, my efforts
in trying to locate sources for federal or
state funding were fruitless. And, that
kind of funding does seem to be the
only way to finance a personal com-
puter ride matching service. The article
also provided specifications for soft-
ware for such a system. A ray of hope
has broken through the cloudy skies
and it looks like we have answers to
both the funding and software ob-
stacles.

I sent a copy of the article to my
Congressman, Robert Lagomarsino,
and asked his help in getting the
answers I felt were still in the Depart-
ment of Energy and Transportation. He
definitely proved to be the right
leverage for getting the information.
The response from the two govern-
ment agencies proved to be very
helpful and courteous. I also sent a
copy of the article to the White House
because of President Carter's October
25th announcement of increased
federal activity in car and van pooling.
Apparently that move provided some
additional leverage.

In this month's issue we have a
review of the Universal Data Entry
program from The Software Store.
Rich Didday wrote the article and used
the car pooling program specs as an
example of how the data base could be
used. There are other general-purpose
data base programs, as well as special-
ized programs, which could be used
for this application. This example is a
step in the right direction. Getting
some of these systems funded and
operational would certainly be a step in
the right direction.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION •*» m

WASHINGTON. D.C. 20550

NOV I 6 m

i»en.Y«tF[»To

HHP-33

Honorable Robert J. Lagomarsino
House of Representatives
Washington, D.C. 20515

Dear Mr. Lagomarsino:

This Is In response to your letter of November 1 to
Federal Highway Administrator Karl S. Bowers transmitting
a letter of October 24 to you from your constituent,
Mr. John Craig, requesting Information on Federal funding
for carpool computer matching systems.

As Mr. Craig mentioned on page 6 of his article, "Car Pooling
and Personal Computers," Federal funds are available for
carpool computer matching activities. Federal-aid highway
funds can participate In these matching activities and
other rldesharlng activities, as described on pages 12-13
of the enclosed transportation system management (TSM)
publication. The decision to use Federal-aid funds for
rldesharlng activities is made by the State and, with respect
to Urban System funds, State and local officials.

There is a division office of the Federal Highway
Administration (FHWA) in each State. The Division
Administrator in each office can provide advice on the
use of Federal-aid funds for rldesharlng activities. A
list of the addresses and telephone numbers for each FHWA
division office is contained in the enclosed publication
"Community Rldesharlng: A Leadership Role." The Division
Administrator can also refer interested persons to
representatives of the State transportation agency and
the local metropolitan planning organization for further
information.

Sincerely yours,

Associate Administrator
for Planning

98

CREATIVE COMPUTING

VAMpool

Following is an excerpt from the
TSM (Transportation System Man-
agement) booklet from the U.S. De-
partment of Transportation, Federal
Highway Administration:

Fid.«ai ..i. Primary. Secondary, and Urban System funds can
be used for a wide ranee of activities to encourafe and promote car-
pooka* and vanpookng. Federal-aid funds can participate in 75
percent of the project coal FOdetharmg activities need not be
restricted to any Federal-aid highway system.

Federal- aid funds cannot be used for projects which will encourage
substantial numbers of transit users to switch to carpoost or vanpools.

Specific costs related to the following types of activities which
e and promote ridesharing are eligible for funding

• Systems, manual or computerized, for locating and informing
participants of potential carpoois. vanpools. or buspools
—Computer hardware and software coats.
—Related installation costs (including labor)
Specialised procedures to serve the elderly and handicapped

Where To Go For Help

Specific information on ridesharing and
help in starting a ridesharing program in your
state or local area can be obtained from the
Federal Highway Administration Division of-
fices in your state. A list of their addresses,
and telephone numbers follows.

FHWA
Division Offices

ALABAMA

441 High Street
Montgomery. Alabama

36104
Tel. 205-832-7370

ALASKA

Federal Building
709 W. Ninth Street
P.O. Box 1648
Juneau, Alaska

99802
Tel 907-586-7418

ARIZONA

3500 N. Central Ave.
Suite 201
Phoenix, Arizona

85012
Tel. 602-261-6675

ARKANSAS

Federal Office Bldg.
Room 3128
700 West Capitol Ave.
Little Rock, Arkansas

72201
Tel. 501-378-5625

CALIFORNIA

Federal Bldg.. 2nd Fl.
801 I Street
Sacramento. California

94814
Tel. 916-440-2428

COLORADO

P.O. Box 25406
Denver Federal Center

Bldg. 25, Rm B-2903
Denver. Colorado 80225
Tel. 303-234-4425
INDIANA
Room 254

575 N Pennsylvania St.
Indianapolis, Indiana

46204
Tel 317-269-7474

IOWA

105 Sixth Street
Ames, Iowa 50010
Tel. 515-233-1664

KANSAS

444 SE. Ouincy Street.
Room 240

Topeka. Kansas 66683
Tel. 913-295-2550

KENTUCKY

John C. Watts Federal

Building and
US Courthouse
330 W. Broadway
Frankfort, Kentucky

40602
Tel 502-227-7321

LOUISIANA

Federal Building.

Room 239
750 Florida Street
Baton Rouge,

Louisiana 70801
Tel. 504-389-0244

MAINE

Federal Building. U.S.

Post Office
40 Western Avenue,

Room 614
Augusta, Maine 04330

MARYLAND

The Rotunda, Suite 220
711 West 40th Street
Baltimore. Maryland

21211
Tel. 301-962-4440

CONNECTICUT

990 Wetherstield Ave.
Hartford, Connecticut

06114
Tel. 203-244-2410

DELAWARE

Federal Office

Bldg.. 2nd Floor
300 South New Street
Dover. Delaware 19901
Tel 302-678-5616

DISTRICT OF
COLUMBIA

McLachlen Building.
Room 1000
666 11th Street. NW
Washington, DC

20001
Tel. 202-724-3379

FLORIDA

Ackerman Building
223 W. College Avenue
Tallahassee, Florida

32301
Tel 904-224-8111

GEORGIA

1422 W. Peachtree St.,
Suite 700

Atlanta. Georgia 30309
Tel. 404-881-4751

HAWAII

Prince Jonah
Kuhio Kalanianaole
Federal Building
300 Ala Moana Blvd..
Room 4119
Honolulu. Hawaii

96813
Tel. 808-546-5150

ILLINOIS

320 Washington St.
Springfield. Illinois

62701
Tel. 217-525-4600

MASSACHUSETTS

100 Summer Street

Suite 1517

Boston. Massachusetts

02110
Tel. 617-223-2879

MICHIGAN

Federal Building,

Room 21 1
315 West Allegan St.
P.O. Box 10147
Lansing. Michigan

48901

MINNESOTA

Metro Square Building,
Suite 490

Seventh & Robert Sts.
St Paul, Minnesota

55101
Tel. 612-725-7001

MISSISSIPPI

666 North Street.

Suite 105

Jackson. Mississippi

39202
Tel. 601-969-4215

MISSOURI

209 Adams Street
P.O. Box 148
Jefferson City.

Missouri 65102
Tel. 314-636-7104

MONTANA

Federal Office Building
301 S. Park.

Drawer 10056
Helena. Montana

59601
Tel. 406-449-5306

NEBRASKA

Federal Building,

Room 487
100 Centennial Mall

North
Lincoln. Nebraska

68508
Tel. 402-471-5000

NEVADA

Suite 300

1050 E William Street

Carson City, Nevada

89701
Tel. 702-885-5320

NEW HAMPSHIRE

Federal Building.

Room 219
55 Pleasant Street
Concord. New

Hampshire 03301
Tel 603-224-3385

NEW JERSEY
Suburban Square Bkjg
2nd Floor
25 Scotch Road
Trenton, New Jersey

08628
Tel 609-989-2288

NEW MEXICO

117 U.S. Court House
Santa Fe. New Mexico

87501
Tel 505-988-6255

NEW YORK

Leo W. O'Brien Federal
Building. 9th Floor

Clinton Avenue and
North Pearl Street

Albany, New York
12207

Tel. 518-472-3616

RHODE ISLAND

Federal Building and
U.S. Post Office

Exchange Terrace,
Suite 250

Providence, Rhode
Island 02903

Tel. 401-528-4541

SOUTH CAROLINA

Suite 203

2001 Assembly Street

Columbia, South

Carolina 29201
Tel 803-765-541 1

SOUTH DAKOTA

P.O. Box 700

Federal Office Building

Pierre. South Dakota

57501
Tel 605-224-7351

TENNESSEE

Federal Building,
U.S. Courthouse
801 Broadway.

Room A-926
Nashville, Tennessee

37203
Tel. 615-251-5394

TEXAS

826 Federal Office

Building
300 East Eighth Street
Austin. Texas 78701
Tel. 512-397-5511

UTAH

Federal Building

125 South State Street

Salt Lake City. Utah

84111
Tel. 801-524-5141

NORTH CAROLINA

310 New Bern Avenue
P.O. Box 26806
Raleigh, North

Carolina 27611
Tel. 919-755-4346

NORTH DAKOTA

Federal Building
P.O. Box 1755
Bismarck, North
Dakota 58501
Tel. 701-255-4011

OHIO

200 North High Street
P.O. Box 15008
Columbus, Ohio 4321S
Tel 614-469-6896

OKLAHOMA

Federal Office Building
Room 454

200 NW. Filth Street
Oklahoma City.

Oklahoma 73103
Tel 405-231-4624

OREGON

The Equitable Center
Suite 100

530 Center Street. NE
Salem, Oregon 97301

PENNSYLVANIA

228 Walnut Street
P O Box 1086
Harrtsburg.

Pennsylvania 17108
Tel. 717-782-2222

PUERTO RICO

Federico Deqetau
Federal Bldg.
Carlos E. Chardon Ave.
Halo Rey, Puerto Rico

00918
Tel 809-753-4232

VERMONT

Federal Building
Montpelier. Vermont

05602
Tel. 802-223-5294

VIRGINIA

Federal Building,

10th Floor
400 N. 8th Street
Richmond, Virginia

23240
Tel 804-782-2371

WASHINGTON

Evergreen Plaza Bldg.

Fifth Floor
711 South Capitol Way
Olympia, Washington

98501
Tel. 206-753-9480

WEST VIRGINIA

Courthouse and

Federal Office Bldg.
500 Ouarner Street
Charleston. West

Virginia 25301
Tel. 304-343-6181

WISCONSIN
4502 Vernon Boulevard
P.O. Box 5428
Madison, Wisconsin

53705
Tel. 608-252-5395

WYOMING

O'Mahoney Federal

Center
2120 Capitol Street
Cheyenne. Wyoming

82001
Tel. 307-778-2220

MAY 1980

Update, cont'd

®

Department of Energy
Washington, D.C. 20585

DEC 5 197!
DEC 4 T979

Honorable Robert J. Lagomarsino
House of Representatives
Washington, D.C. 20515

Dear Mr. Lagomarsino:

This is in response to your letter of November 1, 1979, to Lew Pratsch,
enclosing a letter from your constituent, Mr. John Craig, requesting
information on starting and funding a carpool matching system for small
and medium sized cities.

The Department of Energy (DOE) agrees with Mr. Craig that there is a
need for improved carpool matching services. The possibility of using
the personal computers for carpool matching in small and medium sized
cities is a very innovative and exciting idea since the Nation could
possibly utilize this resource on short notice in the event of another
gasoline shortage. We encourage the funding and development of a few
pilot programs to test the potential of such systems during periods of
varying gasoline availability.

Individuals, local nonprofit organizations and institutions, State and
local agencies, and small businesses are eligible to apply for grants
from DOE's Appropriate Technology Program which Is operated on a regional
basis. We are also enclosing a flyer on the Appropriate Technology
Small Grants Program for your constituent's Information. For more
Information Mr. Craig's readers may contact:

U. S. Department of Energy
Office of Small Scale Technology
Washington, D.C. 20585
(202) 376-4480

DOE is currently providing grant funds to States to Implement energy
conservation plans under the provisions of Title III of the Energy
Policy and Conservation Act of 1975. In order to be eligible for these
funds, each plan must Include a program to promote carpools, vanpools
and public transit. Mr. Craig's readers can contact their respective
State Energy Office, usually located in each State capital, for possible
funding under this program.

To provide additional information on the state of the art in mini and
micro computers for carpools matching Mr. Lew Pratsch of my staff called
Mr. Craig November 28, 1979.

If we can be of further assistance, please let us know.

Sincerely,

<?**&#

Paul J. Brown, Acting Director
Transportation Programs
Office of Assistant Secretary
Conservation and Solar Energy

Enclosure

Excerpt from Department of
Energy Fact Sheet on Appropriate
Technology, Small Grants Program:

Who is Eligible to
Apply for Grants?

Individuals, local nonprofit
organizations and institutions,
state and local agencies, I ndian
tribes, and small businesses are
eligible to apply for grants.
Straightforward procedures for
grant application have been
established to ensure that all
applicants receive equal
consideration. Applications
will be evaluated by people
familiar with state, local, and
regional requirements and
resources to ensure that the
projects selected for funding
are responsive to local needs
and concerns.

Every effort will be made to
notify all interested persons of
implementation of the program
in their regions. Proposals will
be solicited through program
announcements in the Commerce
Business Daily, newspapers, and
trade and technical publications.
Announcements will also be
sent to state and local govern-
ments and to a variety of
associations and groups that
have expressed interest in the
program to DOE.

100

CREATIVE COMPUTING

Update, cont'd . . .

THE WHITE HOUSE

WASHINGTON

November 19, 1979

Dear Mr. Craig:

Thank you for your recent letter to President Carter with a copy
of Creative Computing Magazine. We appreciate you sharing this
material with us.

I am sending you material on the President's recent actions on
carpooling. You might want to contact some members of the National
Task Force on Ride sharing.

Your frustrations about finding out what sources there are for
funding sound familial:. It is a problem we often face. I am
taking the liberty of bringing your request to the attention of
the Department of Energy and hope you will be hearing from them
soon.

I wish I was an expert of sufficient background and authority to
comment on your article about the use of computers in carpooling,
etc., but there's no use in pretending to be what I am not. I
can just say you obviously had a good technical presentation and,
equally as important, you care. The concept sounds workable and,
as the Iranian situation once again has underlined for us all, we
must do more to conserve energy.

Again, our thanks.

purks
"Assistant Press Secretary
Office of Media Liaison

Following are some of the initi-
atives announced by President Carter
in his delivery on car and van pooling
on October 25th, 1979:

EMBARGOED FOR RELEASE ON

DELIVERY OF THE PRESIDENT'S REMARKS

OCTOBER 25, 1979

Office of the White House Press Secretary
FACT SHEET
INITIATIVES IN ENERGY CONSERVATION THROUGH RIDESHARING

-Formation of a National Task Force on Ridesharing to encourage
business and government leaders across the country to initiate
and expand ridesharing programs, and to assist in overcoming
regulatory, financial, and other institutional barriers to car-
pooling and vanpooling.

-Mobilization of special efforts by the USDA Extension Service,
the Commerce Department's Economic Development Administration,
and the Community Services Administration, to assist isolated
low-income residents of rural areas to organize and operate
ridesharing programs.

-Making ridesharing an area of increased emphasi s within the
De partment of Transportation , by working for passage of the
Auto Use Management Program and targeting a portion of its
funds for ridesharing programs and projects; expanding the
Cities Ridesharing Demonstration Program; instituting a
national ridesharing information clearinghouse; organizing
regional conferences to promote ridesharing; and other
initiatives.

-Setting a national goal of saving 400,000 barrels of oil per
day by 1990 through ridesharing.

-- Showcasing innovative efforts to encourage ridesharing which
are already in progress in communities.

Hayden Has Openings
for Microcomputer
Software Specialists

Hayden Book Company in Rochelle Park,
N.J. is expanding its software operation
immediately and is interviewing for three
microcomputer software product man-
agers to assist in the acquisition and
development of products in these areas:

Business Applications
Entertainment

(Games and other amusements)
Education (Schools and Universities)

If your interests and experience are ap-
propriate, please send a vita/resume to:

Bill Cook. Editorial Director
Mayden Book Co., Inc.
50 Essex Street
Rochelle Park. N J 07662

CIRCLE 1S2 ON READER SERVICE CARD

ARMCHAIR

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INTRODUCES

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MAY 1980

101

Universal Data Entry System

In a car pooling application

Rich Didday

A review of the Universal Data Entry
package from The Software Store
as applied to developing a car pool
data base system.

See, these two guys are sitting in a
bar, downing a few beers. To their
right, a disreputable looking man in a

Rich Didday. 1218 Broadway. Santa Cruz. CA
95062.

Field

NumbiP of Ch«r«t.iri

Last N*mt 17

Firit Name H

Phont Numbsr \r.

Home or Work Phone? j

Work St »r ting Hour 4

Work Ending Hour 4

Pays of Meek I

Category (Drive. Share, Ride).. 1

Home M»o Or id I

Work Map Or i d 1

Field %, Record Separators 11

62 Total Characters

Figure 1.
Suggested record organization for car pool prob-
lem. From John Craig's article. "Car Pooling &
Personal Computers." Nov. 1979. Creative
Computing.

seedy wool suit is running a game of
three card Monte. To their left, a
woman is trying to line up the three
bottle caps from amongst the dimes in
three moves or less. Behind them a guy
has just won $5 betting that he can get
a peeled hard boiled egg into a beer
bottle without breaking it. So naturally,
the talk turns to computers.

"OK, I've got a bet for you."

"What."

"You know that rides and riders
data base idea that they're so hot for at
Creative Computing?"

"Yeah, sure."

"Ten bucks says I can do it in one
hour."

"Go on. I don't wanna take your
money. But . . . you're on!"

Of course there's a catch, as in all
"sucker" bets. If you have the right
tools, even big sounding projects can

THE SOFTWARE STORE
»»UNIVERSAL DATA ENTRY - NODULE GENERAT I0N<«<
SCREEN »2
DEFINE ALL VARIABLES:

VARIABLE # 4 (<C/F> ENDS VARIABLE ENTRY)
NAME (UP TO 15 CHAR): Hone or Work
BATCH TOTAL CALCULATED ( <C R >=N0; Y«YE S ) :
AUTO ENTRY/VALIDITY CODE: 7
<CR>=N0 AUTO ENTRY/VALIDITY CHECK

1*AUT0 DUPLICATE

2=FIXED VALUE

3*FIXED VALUE ENTERED EACH RUN

^INCREMENTED FIELD

5=INCREMENTED FIELD ENTERED EACH RUN

6*CHECK DIGIT TEST

7«TA6LED VALUE TEST

8-RANGE TEST

ENTER ALLOWABLE VALUES ( <C / F >*END; <C / D>=DELE TE ) :

ENTRY
«

1
2

ALLOWABLE
VALUE
H
W
"F

I PAGE EDIT: ARE THESE ENTRIES CORRECT (<CR>«YES;N»N0) : |

Figure
Defining the fourth field ("Home or Work
Phone?"). The display appears in this order: First
the header, then the variable number (4), then the
NAME prompt. After you type in the name you
want to use for that field. UDEGEN asks if you
want a BATCH TOTAL computed (that is if when
the finished module is being used, a running sum
of the values entered for field 4 should be main-
tained). Then the next 10 lines appear and the

2.

cursor moves back up to the AUTO ENTRY/
VALIDITY CODE line to get your selection. Here
option 7 was selected, meaning that when the
finished module is being used, the value entered
must be one of the values listed in a table of legal
entries. Next, the legal entries (H and W) are
specified. Finally, you have a chance to go back
to change any erroneous entries. A similar
process is carried out for each field.

102

CREATIVE COMPUTING

THE ULTIMATE

INFORMATION

MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

The brain is the perfect information management

system

Like the brain, we at Micro Ap specialize in the

lement ot I
Our soltware is the state ol the art and is
designed to efficiently store and instantly report
the information you need for your business and
personal needs

men- p provides the most cost i

soltw >ble.

At the heart ot our systems are Micro Ap's unique

index porting methods You af

limited to single key retrieval Information can be

• need by zip code, e, or any

indices required O; "menu driven' and

uses screen displays with all the instruction:
error sensing that allow the novice to quickly
rn the syst. omplish a multitude ol

A few of the reasons Micro-Ap is so popular

are:

• Quality Software It's designed with o

goal in mind

• Customer Responsiveness W.- ask for and
receive user critiques and suggestions All are

implemented

• Usability We believe that to provide n
mun i our licensees, softw ibu-
tion should include source code Ours does

• Non-obsolescence Our products are con
hnually evolving and our policy is to provide new

■ current dilference in price

• Distribution World wide by distributors,
OEK' terns houses, and consul"

• Experience SELECTOR has been around,

improving, longer than any other data base
system in microcomput<
See the top-rated SELECTOR III-C2. ci
man "he new standard setting GLe.

general ledger system at YOUR LOCAL
COMPUTER STORE
II not locally stocked, contact

Micro-Ap

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(415) 828-6697

(212) 580-0082
telex 220501

MICROAP

The Standard In Information Management Systems

Data Entry, cont'd...

be easy. The catch is that the brash
bettor is planning on using a set of
packages from The Software Store.

To set up a system to implement a
rides and riders data base system, you
need:

1.A program which accepts
records from the user and stores them
on a file.

2. A program which massages the
file of records to put it in a useful
format.

3. Programs which generate re-
ports from the files.

Here's how our barroom big roller
planned to win his bet. First, he would
use The Software Store's Universal
Data Entry Module Generator to
quickly produce a program which
accepts records from a user and stores
them on a sequential file. Step 1, he
estimated, would take 10 minutes.
Then he would use the Sort Module
Generator program to create a pro-
gram which would take the entered
records, sort them by name and then
sort them according to map grid
coordinates. He estimated that would
take another 10 minutes. Finally, he
would have to do a little programming
on his own to get the two sorted files
printed out in a nice format. His idea for
using the system was that the two
listings would be cut up to produce a
cross reference directory that the
users could access to match people up
for rides. After that, he figured if there
was any time left in his hour, he could
write a little program that would search
for specific home map grid/work map
grid pairs — so the system could auto-
matically print out lists for specific
people.

Let's follow each of the steps (and
software packages) the bettor was
planning on using. First, the Data Entry
Module Generator.

Defining the Data

The purpose of the UDEGEN
program is to produce a program
which handles data entry for a specific
file format. UDEGEN asks a number of
questions about the file, allows you to
define a classy looking display with "fill
in the blank" spaces for data entry, and
if all goes well, leaves you with a
program (data entry module) which
can be used from then on to enter data.
To create a module for the rides and
riders data base, first, you need a
description of the fields in each record.
Figure 1 shows the fields defined in
John Craig's article ("Car Pooling and
the Personal Computer," Creative
Computing, Nov, 1979).

The first thing you do in the
UDEGEN program is to define the
characteristics of each field. Figure 2
shows the questions and answers for

the 4th field. The 4th item is a single
character (either H or W) which tells if
the phone number stored in the 3rd
field is a "Home" phone or "Work"
phone. Next you define the file char-
acteristics (variable length vs. fixed
length, etc.). Finally, you specify in
detail the display the users will see
when they use the finished module.
Figure 3 shows a typical "screen" for
the rides and riders problem. To define
a screen, you are presented with a
numbered grid, and you type exactly
what you want exactly where you want
it. In this case, there are underlines
where values will be entered — to
indicate how many characters are
expected. After you're satisfied with
the screen's appearance, you define
where (row and column) each value is

IHt SOFTWARE STORE
>>»UNIVERSAL DATA ENTRY - MODULE GENE RAT 1 0N<<<<
CRT FORMAT

PR06RAM MODULE: RDB OPERATOR: rid DATE: 10/2/79

to be entered. If all goes well, at this
point, UDEGEN writes the finished
data entry module to disk, and you're
ready to try it out.

Entering & Using the Data

To use a data entry module you've
defined using UDEGEN, you run UDE,
give the module name and sit back.
Soon the CRT clears and fills with an
image of the screen you defined. The
cursor moves to the place where the
first value is to be entered, and as you
type, the value overwrites the under-
lines. When you hit Return, the cursor
moves to the next place for data. If you
make a typing error, editing com-
mands make it possible to go back to
any field and re-enter it. After all fields
have been defined, the filled-in record

■?S??22S22L 1 U!2nn 222222:!2 " 3 " 3 """********** SS "5"55566666666667777
.12345678901 2345678901 23456789012345678901 2345678901 2345678901 23*5678901 23

1 .

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.

Rid* Data Bat* Record
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦

Last Naae:
Phona:

First N»»e:

Is phone hoi* (H) or work(W)?:

Us* the 24 hour clock for work hours, e.g. 11PH'2300
work Start Hour: H ork End Hour:

Work Days (Coded forat):
Hob* Nap Grid:

Category (Drive, Share,
or Ride only):_

Work- Map Grid:

A printout showing the data entry screen that
was defined for this module. The finished module
will display an exact copy of this on the CRT. The
end user then fills in values for each field. This
"screen" was defined simply by typing everything
as shown, on the CRT. UDEGEN figures out how

Figure 3.

to reproduce the screen, and stores that infor-
mation in the finished data entry module. There
is also an "automatic" mode in which UDEGEN
chooses a "reasonable" screen for you. using the
names you entered when you defined each field.

The people preparing
the software

UDEGEN

t to pro duce

SORTGEN

use MBASIC

a Data Entry
Module

t to pro duce

Sort/Merge
Module(s)

t to pro duce

Report
Modules

The people using
the system

use UDE

Data Entry
Module

I to
T to

SORT

add records
the data base

Sort/Merge
Module(s)

to organize
the file

use EDIT

Data Entry
Module

Report
Modules

to alter records

i to generate a cross-index

Figure 4.

The people preparing the software use UDEGEN MBASIC. The end users (who need have little or
to define a data entry module. SORTGEN to define no experience with computers) use the finished
sort/merge modules, and write report modules in modules.

104

CREATIVE COMPUTING

^cS%!t>

\

"... dollar spent for dollar

earned, the software

purchased from the

Software Store has been

our most profitable and

cost justified."

George Brown

Allied Computer Service*

Huntington WV

Why reinvent the) wheel? The Software Store) supplies
complete program systems written in easy to uee Micro-
soft BASIC for Radio Shack Modal II. Altalr/MITS. TEI.
Cromamco. North Star, Procaaaor Tech. Altoe. Ohio
Scientific. Billings. IMSAI. Digital Micro Systems and
othar ZSO 8- SOW baaad computers. Our growing family
of products is divided into three categories: application
utilities, systems and system utilities.

The application utilities are the basic building blocks
for application program systems. Almost every applica-
tion can be made of a key to disk data entry segment, a
Ala edit segment, a sort/merge segment, a record selec-
tion segment and a report tt file update segment. These
functions are carried out by the ENTRY. EDIT. SORT.
SELECT and REPORTS systems, respectively Applica-
tion utilities c o nsist of two programs: one for in t erac t ive
task definition end the other for teak execution. Once
defined, a teak may be executed eny number of times
or easily revised.

Application utilities permit rapid solutions to satisfy
each user's unique requirements. Many first time com-
puter users have built respectable application systems
using our utilities and self instructive documentation.
Computer stores end consultants utilize our products
to generate custom systems for their clients. Because

of the flexible and interactive deaign of the task defini-
tion programs, previously defined systems can be easily
revised to meet changing needs.

The systems are complete packages for a specific appli-
cation. Systems are fabricated from application utilities
together with application specific programs. For
example, our Accounts Receivable System utilizes the
ENTRY. EDIT. SORT. SELECT and MWP systems along
with six special billing system programs.
The MWP system is a complete word proceaaing sys-
tem with flexible user defined "name & address" filea.
The "name and address" Information and data can be
inserted throughout a document. The documents might
be reports, manuals, mailing labels, letters or legal
documents.

The system utilities include programming toola such
aa the Program Map BASIC cross reference program
along with general utilities such aa the Disk Fix file
recovery program, the Disk Copy (ID & 2D) diskette
copy program, the TX-RX file transfer and medle con-
version programs and the CATALOG diskette library
index program.

To find out more about our growing family of software
products, contact your locel computer dealer for a
demonstration or contact ua.

The Software Store

706 Chippewa Square

Marquette Ml 49855

(906) 228-7622

CIRCLE 210ON READER SERVICE CARD

THE SOFTWARE STORE

Data Entry, cont'd.

» DISKSORT - MODULE DEVELOPNENT <<

SCREEN «1
OPERATOR INITIALS? rid

DATE AS NONTH-DAY-YEAR? 10/3/79

ARE YOU REVISING AN OLD NODULE C <CR> 'OLD N - NEW ]? N

NEW MODULE NANE? NAPSORT.NDL

FILE NANE: 'NAPSORT.MDL ' DRIVE C <CR> ' A 3? AWORKING ...

SCREEN *2

OPERATION TYPE C <CR> » SORT M « MERGE 3? SORT
NAME OF THE FILE THAT YOU WISH TO SORT? RIDES.DAT
DRIVE ON WHICH 'RIDES.DAT' IS STORED C <CR> » A 3? A
SORTED OUTPUT FILE NANE? NAPORD.DAT

DRIVE ON WHICH 'NAPORD.DAT' IS TO BE STORED C <CR> • A 3? A

SCREEN *3

NUNBER OF FIELDS IN EACH RECORD? 10

NUNBER OF HEADER RECORDS IN SORT FILE C <CR> « 11 1

INPUT FORMAT C <CR> « RECORDS F « FIELDS 3? RECORDS

SCREEN *4

NUNBER OF FIELDS ON WHICH TO SORT C <CR> » 1 J? 2
NAJOR SORT FIELD*? 9

FIELD TYPE t <CR> « CHARACTER N « NUNERIC 3? C
ASCENDING OR DESCENDING C <CR> ■ LO->HI D ■ MI->LO 3? A

NEXT SORT FIELD*? 10

FIELD TYPE C <CR> » CHARACTER N » NUNERIC 3? C

ASCENDING OR DESCENDING C <CR> ■ LO->HI D ■ HI->LO 3? A

SCREEN *5

SORT NODULE SUNNARY

Flit Htader FILE NANE: NAPSORT.NDL DATE
Optration Type SORT

Naat of flit to sort RIDES.DAT Drive
Fields / Record 10 Header records 1
Output file name NAPORD.DAT Drive A

10/3/79 OPERATOR : rid

Input fonat RECORD
Nuaber of key fields 2

Field Type Sequence Priority

9 CHARACTER LO->HI 1

10 CHARACTER LO->HI 2

ARE YOU REAOY TO WRITE SORT NODULE 'NAPSORT.NDL' C <CR> » NO Y
DO YOU WANT TO RUN THIS NODULE C <CR> « NO Y » YES 3?
SORTGEN - NORNAL END OF JOB
Ok

YES 3? Y

WORKING

The sequence of events involved in defining a sort
module to order the file on home and work map
grid values. Screen 1 gets the operator name,
date, and desired name of the finished module.
Screen 2 determines the operation (Sort), source
file, and desired name of output file. Screen 4 gets
the details of the sorting operation Here we want
to sort on two fields, field 9 (home map grid) and

Figure 5.

field 10 (work map grid). That way, within groups
with the same home map grid, the work map grids
will be in alphabetic order. Similarly, in the sort
on names (not shown), the major sort field was
Last Name, and the secondary sort field was First
Name. Screen 5 gives a summary of the sort
module that was defined.

is written to disk, the current data
values disappear, and you're ready to
enter the next record.

Of course over time, changes will
have to be made to some of the entries
in the data base, and there must be
some way to fix them. For this, The
Software Store provides an EDIT
program. Like the data entry program,
EDIT uses the data entry module you
defined for the file, but now lets you go
through the file, searching for specific
records, altering specific fields, per-
haps adding or deleting an occasional
record.

The data will probably be entered
in chronological order. But that's not
an appropriate order for using the
information. In this case, the plan was
to take the original file and sort it in two
different orders. First by name, so that
given someone's name, their phone
number and other data items can be
found quickly. And second by map grid
coordinates, so riders can be easily
matched with rides. The Sort Module
Generator package allows you to
define the input file, the sorting (and/or
merging) operations to be performed,
and the output file. Figure 5 shows the
entries required to define the sort on
home and work map grids. Figures 6, 7,
and 8 show some sample data — as
entered, as sorted by name, and as
sorted by map coordinates.

So far, so good. By using the
modules sold by The Software Store,
you can define elaborate data entry
modules, perform data entry to your
file, edit the records, and sort (and
merge) data files with amazing ease.
Next the plan was to write programs to
print the ordered data in appropriate
formats so it could be used efficiently
by people.

Programs to Format A Print Data

Since the bettor wanted to do
everything in an hour, he didn't plan
very elaborate programs to display the
data. He wanted one program which
would print all the information in each
record in an easy to read form. Figure 9
shows a sample of the desired format,
and Figure 10 shows the Microsoft
Basic program he came up with to
produce the listings. The last part of his
plan called for a program which would
print a list of items which could quickly
be used to find the names of likely
match-ups for a person with a given
home/work map grid pair. Figure 11
shows a sample of what he had in mind,
and Figure 12 shows the program he
wrote.

How Good Is the Package?

Now that we've seen how our
friend used The Software Store pack-
ages, let's pause and look at the good
and bad points of the packages
themselves.

106

CREATIVE COMPUTING

Data Entry, cont'd

The hardware you need to use
these packages includes an 8080 (or
Z80 or 8085) based machine with at
least 48K of memory, CRT, printer, and
at least one disk drive. The packages
are written in Microsoft Extended Disk
Basic, and are available in versions
for both MITS/Pertec systems and
systems that use the CP/M operating
system.

Installing the packages takes a bit
of work. It's not too bad, but you need
some knowledge of Microsoft Basic
and the details of your system. Since
the machine I used to make these tests
has an uncommon CRT controller, I
had to change the definitions of the
CRT control codes in each package. In
the UDEGEN, UDE, and EDIT pack-
ages, the Basic statements which
define the control codes (like "move
cursor up," "clear screen," "home
cursor," etc.) appear in program lines
150-260. For those three programs, it
suffices to write a little program with
the proper definitions, and then merge
it with each package. But the control
code definitions are not in the same
places in the SORTGEN program, so
you have to go through and find them
by hand. Even though the sales
literature says that the packages will
run under Microsoft Basic version 4.4
or later, and even though I was using
version 4.45 for these tests, I had to
make other changes. Every package
makes use of a function call which
doesn't exist in 4.45. After looking at
the statements around the places the
errors occurred, I deducted that
INPUT$(1) is supposed to return a
single character from the keyboard. I
wrote a little subroutine that PEEKs
and POKEs the next character from the
keyboard, and revised the statements
which included INPUT$(1). [The
INPUT$() statement is available in
Microsoft Basic , Version 5.03. — ed]
Since I was still getting an occa-
sional error message (I was fixing each
INPUT$(1) when the program came to
it) when I was first learning to use the
packages, my estimates of the ease of
learning may be a little biased. Be that
as it may, and although now that I know
how to use them I think they're really
good, I found the system moderately
difficult to learn to use. The documen-
tation lacks a clear statement of the Big
Picture. Instead, the documentation
consists of examples of running each
package, with little comments at each
point that are supposed to enlighten
you about what's going on. The first
few times through, things were a little
mystifying. For example, in the data
entry module generator program
(UDEGEN), you are asked to answer
the question

MAY 1980

NUMBER OF VALUES TO BE

DISPLAYED PER TRANSACTION

ON THE CRT: —

and a little later,

TOTAL NUMBER OF DIFFERENT

VALUES INPUT/OUTPUT PER

TRANSACTION: —

What makes these a little peculiar
is that the comments in the documen-
tation are virtually identical for each,
saying "This should include all values
manually entered plus all values auto-
matically generated. This entry can be
larger than the actual number." The
first time through, this is really puzzl-
ing. You won't discover what an

"automatically generated" value
until the next page (it's a value which is
automatically filled in on the screen
during the actual data entry process).
You can't tell what the difference
between the two desired entries are,
and you can't even tell if it makes any
difference ("This entry can be larger
than the actual number."). And when
you're trying to learn the system, since
you lack the Big Picture, you're not
even sure when a comment is referring
to a value you're supposed to enter in
the module generation phase or to a
value that a user will enter in response
to the finished module when it's being
used in the future. On the other hand,
the basic construction of the packages
is reasonable, so in a day or two of

0000'FILE NAME: RI0ES.DAT UDE: 10/2/79 BY: rid
Seat hers, John, 427-34*9, H, 800, 1600, 6, D, A, C
Teinhoffer, Louise, 555-47*7, H, 0900, 630, B,S,0,G
Kinstter, Margaret, 439-6600, W, 0745,1 600, R,S,D,C
Arnoldson,Jason,668-1816,H,0830,1700,D,R,G,A
Saaue I son, Kevin, 540-1 398, H, 0700,1 500, 0,R,G,C
De Bart o lone, Bob, 831 -5633, H, 0900,1 700, D,S, A, 6
Danie I s, Sandra, 624-9844, W, 0900,1 700, D,S,C,A
Oev Mn, Anthony, 456-9970, M, 1000,1 730, F,S,C,6
Dea I, Netisoa, 429-3455, H, 800, 530, F,R,G, A
Kins tier, Janes, 429-1882, H, 0600,1400, R,S,D,C
OeJu I io,6us, 468-8800, W,0630, 1445, 0,S,G, A
Sa i t h, Evangeline, 423-1 277, H, 0800,1 500, D,S,G,C
Sai the, Becky Jo, 429-8554, H, 0830,1 700, E,R,C,E
Sa i t hson, He raan, 429-5466, W, 0830,1 630, F,S,A, 6

Figure 6.
The data base after 14 sample records were
entered. UDE automatically adds a header record
which it uses to help insure that the next time
the data entry module is run, new records are
added to the right file.

0000'FILE NAME: RI0ES.DAT U0E: 10/2/79 BY: rid
Arno Idson, Jason, 668-1 81 6, H, 0830,1 700, 0,R,G, A
Danie I s, Sandra, 624-9844, W, 0900,1 700, D,S,C,A
De Bar to lone, Bob, 831 -5633, M, 0900,1 700, D,S, A, G
De Ju I io,Gus, 468-8800, «, 0630, 1445, D,S,G, A
Dea I, Newsoa, 429-3455, H, 800, 530, F,R,G, A
Devi in, Ant hony, 456-9970, W, 1000,1 730, F,S,C,G
Kinstler, Janes, 429-1 882, H, 0600,1 400, R,S,0,C
Kinstler, Margaret, 439-6600, U, 0745, 1600, R,S,D,C
Saaue I son, Kevin, 540-1 398, H, 0700,1 500, D,R,G,C
Saat he rs, John, 427-3499, H, 800,1 600, G,D, A, C
Sa i th, Evangeline, 423-1 277, H, 0800,1 500, D,S,G,C
Sai the, Becky Jo, 429-8554, H, 0830,1 700, E,R,C ,E
Sa it hson. He man, 429-5466, M, 0830,1 630, F,S, A, G
Te inhoffer, Louise, 555-4747, W, 0900, 630, B,S,D, 6

Figure 7.
The file produced by sorting on Last Name and
First Name.

0000'FILE NAME: RIDES.DAT UDE: 10/2/79 BY: rid

Saat hers, John, 427-3499, H, 800,1 600, G,D, A, C

De Bart o lone, Bob, 831 -5633, M, 0900,1 700, D,S, A, G

Sa it hson, Heman, 429-5466, H, 0830,1 630, F,S, A, G
Dani els, Sandra, 624-9844, W, 0900,1 700, D,S,C, A

Sa it he, Becky J o, 429-8554, H, 0830,1 700, E,R,C,E
Dev I i n, Anthony, 456-9970, M, 1000,1 730, F,S,C, 6
Kinstler, Margaret, 439-6600, W, 0745,1 600, R,S,D,C
Kinstler, J aaes,429-1 882, H, 0600, 1400, R,S,D,C
Teinhoffer, Louise, 555-4747, H, 0900, 630, B,S,D,G
Dea I, Newsoa, 429-3455, H, 800, 530, F,R,G, A
De Ju I i o,Gus, 468-8800,", 0630,1 445, D,S,G, A

Arno Idson, Jason, 668-1 81 6, H, 0830,1 700, D,R,G, A
Sa ith, Evangeline, 423-1 277, H, 0800,1 500, D,S,G,C
Saaue I son, Kevin, 540-1 398, H, 0700,1 500, D,R,G,C

Figure 8
The file produced by the sort module shown being
defined in Figure 5. Notice that the records are in
order of home map grid (field 9) and work map
grid (field 10).

107

Data Entry, cont'd.

playing around, you can figure out
what is going on, and what you're
supposed to do. After you've reached
that phase, you can deduce that the
reason the answers might be different
to the two questions is that you might
want the data entry module to auto-
matically generate some values (say, a
record number, or indexing informa-
tion), and write them on the disk file,
but not burden the user by displaying
them on the screen.

Once you know how to use
UDEGEN and SORTGEN, they're
great. You really can sit down with a list
describing a file organization and
produce data entry programs and

sort/merge programs for that specific
file in a few minutes. The data entry
program that UDEGEN produces is
classy, convenient, and fast. A couple
of years ago, I wrote a large, multi file
system for a local small business, and
I'm not kidding when I say that if I'd had
UDEGEN to use back then, I could
have done the data entry parts of the
system in a day instead of a month. The
EDIT program provides a convenient
way to alter existing records (and upon
user request, it will provide a printed
"audit trail" of the changes made). The
SORTGEN program makes it very easy
to create programs for reordering the
information. I won't comment on the
speed of the sorting algorithms that the
resulting modules use since The

Arnoldson, Jason
Hone Phone: 668-1816
Home Nap 6r1d:6
Work Start Hour:0830
Work Days:D

Daniels, Sandra
Work Phone: 624-9844
Hone Nap 6r1d:C
Work Start Hour:0900
Work Days:D

De Bartoloae, Bob
Work Phone: 831-5633
Home Nap Grid:A
Work Start Hour:0900
Work Days:D

DeJulio, Gus
Work Phone: 468-8800
Hoae Nap 6rid:6
Work Start Hour:0630
Work Days:D

Deal, Newsoa
Hoae Phone: 429-3455
Hoae Hap Grid:G
Work Start Hour:0800
Work Days:F

Devlin, Anthony

Work

Phone

: 456-

•9970

Hoae

Nap 6

rid:C

Work

Start

Hour

1000

Work

Days :

F

Kintt ler.

Jaaes

Hoae

Phone

: 429-

1882

Hoae

Nap 6

rldil

Work

Start

Hour :

0600

Work

Days:

1

Kinst ler.

Margaret

Work

Phone

: 439-

6600

Hoae

Nap 6

r1d:D

Work

Start

Hour:

0745

Work

Dayt:

1

Saauelson,

Kevin

Hoae

Phone

: 540-

Hoae

Nap 6

r«-'

Work

S'-

u

Category.-Ride only

Work Hap Grid:A
Work End Hour:1700

Category :Share

Work Nap Grid:A
Work End Hour:1700

Category :Share

Work Hap Grid:6
Work End Hour:1700

Category :Share

Work Hap Grid:A
Work End Hour:144S

Category :R ide only

Work Hap Grid:A
Work End Hour:0530

Category : Share

Work Hap Grid:G
Work End Hour:1730

Category .-Share

Work Hap Grid:C
Work End Hour:14b0

Category:**

w-

•

•

•

Figure 9.
The desired format for the directory in order of
names. The bettor's plan was to cut the individual
records apart and put them in a card file.

Software Store says that their latest
versions run substantially faster than
the one I tested.

One question you may be asking
yourself is "How general is it?" It's a
law of nature that you don't get
something for nothing. It seems clear
that there's a trade-off between ease of
use and generality in canned software.
These packages are fantastic when
you're dealing with sequential files that
are small enough to fit on one diskette.
As you can see by looking back at
Figure 2, the data entry module that's
created has the ability to keep a total of
values entered in each numeric field in
a given session (BATCH TOTAL
question) and to make a number of
validity checks on individual values.
Option 6 causes a (specific type of)
check digit test to be made. Option 7
allows you to enter a table of legal
values (that's the option illustrated in
Figure 2). Option 8 allows the module
definer to specify a number of numeric
ranges within which legal entries must
lie. When the finished module is
actually being used for data entry, if
the operator enters an invalid value, a
warning is given, and the operator may
choose to override the legitimacy test,
re-enter a new value for that field, or
delete the entire record. One option
that is missing is the ability to test the
length of character values the operator
enters.

Later in the UDEGEN program,
you choose whether the records in the
sequential file that will be filled are to
be variable or fixed length, separated
by field or just record, and you may
choose the order in which entered
values are to be sent to disk. If you
choose the fixed length option, you
must give an MBasic PRINT USING
format string to define the exact
structure of the record.

By referring back to Figure 5 you
can see the range of options available
in the SORTGEN package. One feature
that's lacking is the ability to order files
on alphanumeric keys without regard
to upper or lower case. Look closely at
the list in Figure 7 and you'll see why
you want to be able to do this in some
cases. When upper and lower case
letters "count" the same, "Deal" comes
before "De Bartolome" and "DeJulio,"
not after.

The packages are set up to create,
edit, sort, and merge sequential files.
But what if you don't have the luxury of
using sequential access? What if in
your application, you have to be able to
get to a specific record in a few
seconds? In that case, you'll use
random access files, with some sort of
indexing scheme. Will you still be able
to use The Software Store's packages?
It depends. One halfway step to an
elaborate indexing scheme would be
to use the UDEGEN and UDE pack-

108

CREATIVE COMPUTING

APPLE INVADER 1

53

PROGRAMMA INTERNATIONAL, Inc.
3400 Wilshire Blvd. Los Angeles, CA 90010
(213)384-0579 384-1116 384-1117

From the leader
of Apple II

Software

• UNIQUE HI-RES
GRAPHICS

• REALISTIC
SOUND EFFECTS

• REAL-TIME ACTION

• FUN & EXCITING

• CHALLENGING

• ADDICTING

Requires 32K APPLE II
with Integer Basic

Price: $15.95 on cassette
$19.95 on disk

Apple II is a Trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.

SB)

MAY 1900

CIRCLE 181 ON READER SERVICE CARD

109

Data Entry, cont'd

100 REN

110 REN

120

130

140 REN

1S0

16U

170

180

190

200

210

220

230

240

250

260 REN

270 REN

280

290

300

310

320

330

340

350

360

1000 REN

1010

1020

1030

LIST NAHE ORDER
OPEN FILE AND S
OPEN "I", #1, "
LINE INPUT *1,
NOW GO THROUGH
IF E0FC1) THEN
INPUT #1, L$,
LPRINT

LPRINT LS; ",
IF CS="D" THE
IF CS»"S" THE
IF CS="R" THE
IF HWS="H" TH
IF HWS«"W" TH
LPRINT "Phone
LPRINT "Hone
PUT HOURS IN
FORCE ANY NEC
HS ■ STRSCH1)
HS ■ RIGHTSC
LPRINT "Work
HS ■ STR$(H2)
HS • RIGHTSC
LPRINT "Work
LPRINT "Work
LPRINT
GOTO 1S0
DONE.
CLOSE 1

PRINT "Done li
END

ED FILE FOR NANE DIRECTORY.
KIP HEADER RECORD.
A:NANEORD.DAT"
RS

ENTIRE FILE, PRINTING EACH RECORD.
1000
FS, PS, HWS, Hi, H2, DS, CS, NHS, NHS

; FS; TABC32); "Category:";
N LPRINT "Drive only"
N LPRINT "Share"
N LPRINT "R1de only"
EN LPRINT "Ho«e ";
EN LPRINT "Work ";

";PS

Hap Grid:";NHS;TAB(32);"Work Nap Grid:";NWS
STANDARD 24 HOUR CLOCK FORN (I.E. FORCE
ESSARY LEADING ZER0S>

0000" ♦ RIGHTSCHS, LENCHSJ-1), 4>
Start Hour:";HS; TABC32)

0000" ♦ RIGHTSIHS, LENCHS)-1), 4)
End Hour:"; HS
Days:"; DS

sting rider directory.'

Figure 10.
The MBASIC program which produces the name
directory (Figure 9) from the sorted file (Figure 7).

C

Hone

G

Work

G,

•
•

D

Hone

C
Work

Nap
Grids

Kinst le. ,

D
Hone

C
Work

Nap
Grids

Category: Share
Kinstler, Jaaes

D

Hone

G

Work

Hap
Grids

Category: Share
Teinhoffer, Louise

G

Hoae

A
Work

Hap
Gr ids

Category: Ride only
Deal, Nensoa

6
Hone

A
Work

Hap
Grids

Category: Share
DeJulio, Gus

G
Hoae

A
Work

Hap
Grids

Category: Ride only
Arnoldson, Jason

G
Hoae

C
Work

Hap

Grids

Category: Share
Saith, Evangeline

fi
Hoae

C

Work

Hap
Grids

Category: Ride only
Saautlson, Kevin

ages to enter fixed length records, use
SORTGEN and SORT to order them,
then write your own accessing pro-
gram which does a binary search on
the ordered file. Every time you add or
delete a new record, you'll have to
make sure the file is left in order (either
be very careful when using EDIT, or
sort the file again).

To go all the way, you'd have to
modify the UDE program so that
instead of just tacking new records to
the end of the file, it sent them to your
own "data base management" rou-
tines. One big advantage of having the
source code is that you do have the
ability to tailor the packages to your
specific needs. A table showing each
MBasic variable's meaning is pro-
vided in the documentation, which is a

big help when you're modifying the
packages.

Summary

If your needs are for a quick,
reasonable way to generate data base
entry and sorting programs time after
time, and if the file organization you
want to use is close enough to that
implemented by these packages, they
are a tremendous deal. If you want to
write a file maintenance system once,
or if you absolutely have to have a
complex file organization, you'll prob-
ably want to do all the work yourself.

And that's that. What? The bet?
Oh, the bet. Well, you know how that
came out. Hemadeatypingerrorwhen
he was defining the data entry module,
and when he re-ran the UDEGEN
program to correct it, he made another
that he didn't catch for a while, so he
had to run it again. Then when he
thought he'd finished defining the sort
modules, he got a DISK WRITE
ERROR from the operating system, so
he pulled the disk out and looked at it,
didn't see anything physically wrong,
stuck it back in and got a BAD
SECTOR error. So he started from
scratch on a new diskette. Then when
he went to write the programs to print
the sorted data, he kept making little
"dumb" mistakes. But really, seven
hours is pretty impressive for a
collection of programs that do this
much, isn't it? D

Prices as of summer, 1979

Universal Data Entry Key-to-disk
System (UDE and UDEGEN
programs)

$195

Manual only

$ 15

Universal Data Entry Edit System

(EDIT)
Manual only

$ 95
$ 10

Disk Sort System
Manual only

$195
$ 15

from: The Software Store
706 Chippewa Square
Marquette, Ml 49855

Figure 11.
The desired format for looking up people given
a desired home map grid, work map grid, and
category.

100

REN

LIST HAP GRID ORDERED FILE FOR RIDES

DIRECTORY.

110

REN

OPEN FILE AND SKIP HEADER RECORD.

120

OPEN "I", »1, "A:HAP0RD.DAT"

130

LINE INPUT »1, RS

140

REH

NOW GO THROUGH ENTIRE FILE, PRINTING

EACH RECORD.

150

IF E0FC1) THEN 1000

160

INPUT *1, LS, FS, PS, HWS, HI, H2,

DS, CS, NHS, NWS

170

LPRINT

180

LPRINT NHS; TABC6); HWS; TAB112);

•Hap"; TAB(22); "Category: ";

190

IF CS»"D" THEN LPRINT "Drive only"

200

IF CS="S" THEN LPRINT "Share"

210

IF CS«"R" THEN LPRINT "Ride only"

220

LPRINT "Hoae"; TAB(6); "Work"; TAB<12); "Grids"

230

LPRINT TAB(22);LS;", ";FS

240

LPRINT

250

GOTO 150

1000

REH

DONE.

1010

CLOSE 1

1020

PRINT "Done listing rider directory

"

1030

END

Figure 12.

The MBASIC program which produces the loca-
tion directory (Figure 11) from the sorted file
(Figure 8).

110

CREATIVE COMPUTING

realsoft7^ PROGR ^3^?l

4 200 Wisconsin AveNW PQBox°60° Washington DC

X016

Can you hear
your TRS-80?

Add sound to your computer

Soundware

by CAP Electronics

Though sound is not normally
present on the TRS-80, you can add
it by attaching a speaker-amplifier
to the AUX cassette cable. Just as
the computer generates sounds for
the recording of programs on the
cassette recorder, with the right
software you can generate a variety
of sounds in your programs.

This cassette contains three
programs. These are Basic programs
which POKE a machine language
subroutine into high memory. The
first program demonstrates possible
sounds like bird chirps, sirens,
chipmunks, bounces, bombs, music
and more. The second program lets
you experiment with the sound
routine to make your own sound
effects. And the third will allow
you to add the sound routine to
your own programs.

Let your TRS-80 sing I
Cassette $14.95
Cassette w/ speaker-amp $29.95

Best of CLOAD Batter Up!!

from CLOAD Magazine

Several programs are published
each month in CLOAD magazine. The
best 9 programs from the first six
issues are now available on one
cassette and it includes printed
listings of each program. Now you
can run FLAGS, YTM, SAND, KNIGHT,
POOL, Y-mX+b, BREAK, PINBALL «
JUKEBOX. For Level I or II.
$9.95

Mail File

from Galactic Software

A professional mailing list
program requires thorough
documentation and support by the
publisher. Galactic Software
provides 30 pages of documentation
in a three ring binder and updates
to registered owners.

The program will sort over 600
records on a single diskette in
seconds! Not minutes. Not hours.
Retrieval is in either alphabetic
or zip code order plus other
criteria. Labels are printed in
either standard or unique user
defined label formats.

Each record consists of name,
address, phone, and category codes.
With the proper codes, thousands of
sublists are possible. And,
editing is simple.

A complete package on disk for
$99.00.
For TRS-80 Model II $199.00

by Karl Savon from Hayden

Start the baseball season nowl
This two player game lets you
and a friend pitch and bat. In the
game the pitcher decides when to
release the ball. Then the batter
decides when and how to swing at
the pitch. You actually see the
pitcher winding up and throwing,
the pitch sailing in towards the
batter, and the batter swinging.
If there is a hit, the display
shows the fielder trying to catch
it. If it gets by the fielder, the
advancing base runners are
displayed. And the game scoreboard
keeps track of the vital
statistics.

No peanuts included. $10.95.

Editor/Assembler PLUS

by Charaberlin and Yates from Microsoft

The "PLUS" in assembly language
programming has arrived. If you have
reached the limits of editor/assembler
or were always a little awed by
assembly, then Microsoft's version is
for you. You not only get the features
found in their Radio Shack version, but
also included are the debugging features
of TBUG and more. This will make your
programming, editing and debugging
easier, more efficient and more
enjoyable.

The 80 page reference manual describes
all the features. These include the
macro facility, assembly directly into
memory, condtional assembly, the
additonal expression evaluators,
automatic origin, alphabetic symbol
table and the quash command. Additional
editor commands and the new debugger are
also fully explained.

For 16k tape system $29.95

Disk based system to be announced.

PRINT to LPRINT

from Cottage Software

Ever want to change every PRINT to
LPRINT? Or vice versa? This machine
language utility will modify any program
in seconds. Make full use of your
computer. $8.95

MLUP1

from Disco-Tech

Six machine language routines with
complete and thorough documentation.
Add both keyboard denounce and repeat,
upward scrolling, and downward
scrolling. The formatted input routine
provides specified field length, screen
location and data input. The shift and
delete, and the shift and insert
routines add even greater editing
capability to the TRS-80. $24. 95

BASIC-IP

from Small System !

Wordo

by K Pfeiffer from Micro-Fantastic
Challenging word game where you try
to determine one of the over a
thousand words. One or two
players. $14.95

Atlantis & Enchanted

by Greg Hassett from Mad Hatter

LanguageTeacher

by Cindy and Andrew Bartorillo
Learn a foreign language with the
aid of your computer. This
advanced, language teaching program
contains in excess of 500 phrases,
800 word vocabulary and 1600 verb
conjugation forms. Switch between
the foreign language to English and
English to the foreign language.
Print multiple choice question and
answer test. So complete it had to
be put on disk and requires 32k of
memory. The choice is yours.
FRENCH $19.95 ITALIAN $19.95
GERMAN $19.95 SPANISH $19.95

Two new Adventures. Discover the
lost world of Atlantis or the
mysteries of the Isle.
Atlantis. $12.95
Enchanted Isle. $12.95

Air Mail Pilot

from Instant Software
Fly into the early days of aviation
history. With only 26 gallons of
fuel you attempt to land in Chicago
after leaving far off Columbus,
Ohio. $7.95

Dr. Chips

from The Software Association
The fascinating program based on
the famous "Eliza" and "Doctor"
programs. Simply talk with Dr.
Chips who will immediately analyze
your sentences and talk back to
you. Though not to be taken too
seriously. Dr. Chips makes good
conversation. $14.95

.... Software
This program provides full Level I
BASIC capablity in any Level II, 16k
TRS-80. Plus it adds the printing
commands of LPRINT and LLIST so you can
now list your programs and control your
printer from Level I BASIC. Two new
commands, LPRINT ON and LPRINT OFF allow
you to print anything that is displayed
on the screen. Using only 4k of RAM,
you have 12k for your Level I programs.
Any Level I BASIC program or data tape
may be used without conversion. All
commands and abbreviations supported.
$19.95
] ■mnnnocrarannuuiiauujai;:
THE PROGRAM STORE

Wisconsin Ave NW
Box 9609 Dept C5
ington, D.C. 20016

o YES please send me these TRS-80 programs!
a title

THE PS

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i Store

MAY 1980

111

Computer-
Aided

Model
Rocketry

Design

Keith N.Schlarb

Clubs, individuals and science
teachers interested in designing
model rockets can now use a
personal computer system to aid
in perfecting those designs.

Model rocketry generates high
interest and motivation, and thus has
been the perfect activity for my
eighth grade science classes. Model
rockets lend themselves to the
application of many concepts taught
in science classes, such as accelera-
tion, velocity, gravity and drag.
Interest in these concepts is stimu-
lated through rocket building. I used
the project principally as a high
interest unit for measurement. For
this reason each student built a kit
and was required to design and build
a flying model. It was through the
design process, which required
drawing and accurate measuring,
that the objectives of the unit were
met.

Before students started their
design, the idea of stable flight was
discussed. Having already launched
the rockets built from kits, the
students had observed some excel-
lent examples of unstable flight. It
was determined that the stability of
their rocket design should be con-
sidered before actual building. It was

Keith Schlarb, 5617 Indianolia Ave.,
Ington, OH 43085.

Worth-

explained that by finding the center
of gravity, the balancing point of the
rocket's weight, and the center of
pressure, the balancing point of all
air pressure forces of the flying
rocket, they could, in fact, determine
the stability of their design.

The center of gravity was easily
found, but to calculate the center of
pressure, extensive math computa-
tion and graph reading, from the
Technical Information Report-33
Calculating the Center of Pressure,
were required. It was necessary to
determine the center of pressure of
each region of the rocket separately;
nose, fins, conical shoulders and
boattails. The student would then
combine these to compute the
overall center of pressure. Although
the mathematics were not compli-
cated, the number of steps became
confusing to the students and made
finding the center of pressure ex-
tremely difficult.

The following procedures and
computer program for determining
the center of pressure were written to
alleviate this problem and should
prove useful for others designing
model rockets for science classes,
clubs, or as a hobby. The computer
program was written on a TRS-80,
16K, Level II, but 4K should be
sufficient if the REM statements are
removed and multiple statements
instituted. The bracket [ indicates
exponentiation, which may be enter-

ed as 4 with Level II. The assump-
tions and calculations for the center
of pressure program are from the
Technical Information Report-33
Calculating the Center of Pressure of
a Model Rocket. I suggest anyone
interested in a more detailed expla-
nation of flight and the center of
pressure consider purchasing the
report.

Steps To Designing A Model Rocket

STEP 1. Make a full scale drawing of
your design including lengths of all
required measurements to the near-
est tenth of an inch. Figure 1 shows
the required variable measurements
of two rocket designs. Your fins
must not have more than four
straight line edges to use the
program. Fins with more than four
edges must be redrawn. The redrawn
fin should have four edges and
contain the same fin area as the
original fin. The dimensions of the
redrawn fin are used to determine the
center of pressure. If the design is
stable with the redrawn fin, it should
be stable with the original fin design.
See Figure 2 for examples of redrawn
fins. The number of fins can only be
3, 4, or 6. Your design may be
multiple staged, in which case you
must calculate the stability of each
stage separately. The design may
include up to two conical boattails
and two conical shoulders.

112

CREATIVE COMPUTING

Figure 1.

Shown are the variable measurement locations.

FIGURE 2.

When the fin design has more than four edges
it must be redrawn to use the program. The
redrawn fin should have the same surface area
as the original. Note that in fin A the variable
B = 0.

STEP 2. Secure the required parts of
your model and build the entire
design with the exception of the fins.
STEP 3. When the glue is dry, place
the recovery device, wadding and a
new engine, the size you plan to use
for flight, in the model. Using a
length of string make a loop through
which the body tube can be placed.
Move the model back-and-forth until
the balancing point is found (see
Figure 3). This balancing point is the
center of gravity. Mark the center of

k^

a

FIGURE 3. Finding the center of gravity. The
rocket weight is not balanced In A or B but in C
the weight is evenly distributed. Mark the
location on the body tube-, this balancing point
is the center of gravity.

gravity. This balancing technique is

accurate if :

"(1)The overall length of the body is

greater than twelve times its

largest diameter" or,
"(2)The design has more than one

engine (two or three stages or

clusters)" or,

"(3)The design has a payload that

weighs at least as much as an

engine."

VALUE VARIABLE

G = Center of Gravity

S = Length of S on fin

D= Largest body tube diameter

E = Length of E of fin

A = Length of A of fin

B = Length of B of fin

V = Radius of body tube between fins

U = Number of fins

M = Length of M of fin

H = Distance from nose tip to top of

fins

J = Diameter at nose base

L = Nose cone length

Nose cone type

Conical shoulder 1

L1 = Length of

shoulder

K = Top diameter

of shoulder
_N = Bottom diameter

of shoulder
_ O = Distance from

nose tip to

shoulder top

Conical boattall 2

_L2= Length of
boattail

_ P = Top diameter
of boattail
Q = Bottom diameter

" of boattail

_T= Distance from
nose tip to boat-
tail top

Conical shoulder
2 values

Conical boattail
2 values

FIGURE 4.

MAY 1980

113

Rocketry, cont'd...

STEP 4. Find the center of gravity
distance, G, by measuring the dis-
tance from the nose cone tip to the
balancing point.

STEP 5. Make a list of the measure-
ments of all variables you have.
Figure 4 gives a list of all values you
will need to use the program. If your
design does not have a boattail or
shoulder there will be no values for
those. Determine the nose cone type
by comparing with those of Figure 5.

CONICAL

OGIVE

PARABOLIC

FIGURE 5. Nose cone types.

STEP 6. Determine the stability of
your model using the center of
pressure program. A stable rocket
means it is able to correct small
variations in its flight to maintain a
vertical flight path. A rocket is
determined to be stable if the center
of pressure is at least one body tube
diameter behind the center of gravity.
If the model is overly stable, its flight
path will bend into the wind (if there
is a breeze during flight), rather than
continue in vertical flight. The pro-
gram considers the distance of twice
the body tube diameter behind the
center of gravity to be overly stable.
This factor could be changed, if
desired, in Line 850.
STEP 7. If your design is stable, cut
out the fins and complete building. If
it is unstable, you may add weight to
the nose and recalculate the center of
gravity (Step 3). Then run the
program to test for the center of
pressure and stability. You could
also enlarge the fin area by increas-
ing your fin area and again calculate
the center of pressure and stability.
STEP 8. Complete building and
launch.

Information required for this article
and program was made available
through the courtesy of the Centuri
Engineering Company, Box 1988
Phoenix, AZ 85001, publisher of
Technical Information Report-33
Calculating the Center of Pressure of
a Model Rocket. D

NE THE CENTER OF PRESSURE"

3 PRINT-OF A MODEL ROCKET "

4 FOR H-l TO see
3 NEXT H

6 CLS

7 INPUT"WHAT IS THE NAME OF THE PERSON USING MV KEVS"; A«

8 CLS PRINT-HELLO "; A*, "LET'S GO TO WORK "PRINT PRINT PRINT
14 INPUT"MHERE IS THE CENTER OF GRAVITV ON THE MODEL ": G

20 LET F-2

21 LET Fl-e

22 LET F2-C

23 LET Cl-0

24 LET C2-e

29 INPUT'S EQUALS"; S

INPUT"LARGEST BODV TUBE DIAMETER 'D' EQUALS"; D

50 LET F3«e

51 LET F4-0
6© LET C3-e
61 LET C4-0

63 INPUT"E. A, B. V";E,A, B, V

169 INPUT-NUMBER OF FINS 'U ' EQUALS", U

13© LET R- 5*D

139 INPUT"M. H"; M, H

152 INPUT-DIAMETER AT BASE OF NOSE 'J ' IS'"; J

1 CLS

2 PRINT-THIS PROGRAM MILL DETERMINE THE CENTER OF PRESSURE"

3 PRINT"OF A MODEL ROCKET "

4 FOR H=l TO 800

5 NEXT H

6 CLS

7 INPUT" WHAT IS THE NAME OF THE PERSON USING MV KEYS"; A*

3 CLS PRINT-HELLO ".AJ, "LET'S GO TO WORK "PRINT PRINT PPINT
14 INPUT"WHERE IS THE CENTER OF GRAVITY ON THE MODEL ", G

20 LET F*2

21 LET F1»0

22 LET F2-0

ET Cl-0
24 LET C2-0
29 INPUT'S EQUALS"; S

;NPUT "LARGEST BODV TUBE DIAMETER '0 EQUALS". D
50 LET F3»0
31 LET F«

60 LET C3«0

61 LET C4

69 INPUT"E, A. B. V;E, A, B. V

10<> INPUT"NUMBER OF FINS U - EQUALS' U

[ T R- 5*0
139 IMPUT-M. H"i H> H

152 INPUT"DIAMETEP AT BASE OF NOSE ' IS?*J I
139 INPUT-NOSE CONE LENGTH L ' IS'"; L
169 INPUT-NOSE CONE TVPE IS CONICAL-1 OGIVE-2 PARABOLIC-3"; I

iro if i :■: goto 169

220 CLS: ON I GOTO 230,240.250
230 I ET C" 66*L

OOTO 259

I ET C» 466*L
241 GOTO 259
250 LET C=

259 INPUT DOES VOUR ROCKET HAVE A CONICAL SHOULDER" VES-1 NO-2", I
290 CLS ON I GOTO
308 INPUT"LENGTH OF SHOULOFF il - EQUALS", LI

INPUT-TOP DIAMETER OF SHOULDER 'K ' IS";K

INPUT-BOTTOM DIAMETER OF SHOULDER 'N ' IS";N

INPUT-DISTANCE FROM NOSE TIP TO SHOULDER '0 ' IS";
360 LET Fl»2*<<N/J)t2-<K/J>C2)
379 LET V»1-<K^N>

371 LET Z=l-<K/N>12

372 LET Ci«0*« iLl.'C ■ +. l + . v.7'

INPUT-DO VOU HAVE ANOTHEP SHOULDER VES-1 NO-2"; I

i S ON I GOTO 440. 469
440 LET F2-F1
4'30 LET C2"C1
4h.O GOTO 308
469 INPUT"DO VOU HAVE A BOATTAIL VES-1 N0«2"; I

LS ON I GOTO 518. 680
518 INPUT-LENGTH OF BOATTAIL 'L2' IS";L2
52f INPUT-BOATTAIL TOP DIAMETER P "lS";P
549 INPUT-BOATTAIL BOTTOM DIAMETER '0 ' IS"i Q
569 INPUT-DISTANCE FROM NOSE TIP TO BOATTAIL 'T ' IS"; T

590 LET V(Q/J>C2

591 LET Z-<PAI>C2

592 LET F3-2«<V-Z>
680 LET V"1-<P/Q>
eoi LET Z=1-<<P/Q>C2>

602 LET C3"T+<<L2,'3>*<1+<V/Z>)>

609 INPUT-DO VOU HAVE ANOTHER BOATTAIL VES-1 N0«2"; I

640 CLS ON I GOTO 650,680

650 LET F4-F3

660 LET C4-C3

114

CREATIVE COMPUTING

Rocketry, cont'd

676 GOTO 518

680 LET V»<2*EV' A+B>

681 LET V=1+.V[;.'

682 LET V-l-KSOF-
t-".3Ci LET V«<2*E >/<A*B>

681 LET V«l+c vi

682 LET V»l •
690 LET Z"<<S/\I>C2>*4«U
700 LET FV
riO IF U»6 THEN

720 let ::=if v
730 GOTO

740 LET :>1 + '
750 LET F6=

7r.n let v=. a*b>/<a+b •

761 LET V»' l.v" '♦' A+B-V'j

770 LET *>)

771 LET Z»Z/' 3*<A*B> '
780 LET C5«H-

, ET F7"F+F1+F2*F3*F4*F€

>*<F*tC4>-KF< •

610 LET C6-W/F7
-

Mi. "BUT VOUR POCKET IS UNSTABLE " PRIN

8jl LET V«<j*D-C6

ER OF PRESSURE MUST BE". INT'.100< INCHES FURTHER BACl
•••• RAO TO THE OLD DRAMINO BOARD ......... " F-RINT

:?40 QOTO

850 If

859 PRINT'CONGRADULATIONS". A* . "VOUR ROCKET IS STABLE"

PRINT'AND SHOULD FLV BEAUTIFULLV" PRINT
870 GOTO

R ROCKET IS OVERLY "TABLE AND WILL NOT FLV VERTICAL IN CROSS WINDS

1 TO 127
390 SETOI.29'

891 Nr

892 PRINTt £40. "CENTER OF PRESSURE li 'INCHES FROM NOSE TIP"

1 TO 127

895 NF

399 PRINTi 768. "TALI TO VOU LATER"J A* ■ "BVE

rue-
931 REM tPi

r '-\ FOLLOWING REMARKS INDICATE WHAT VARIABLES OF THE

1000 REM PROGRAM ARE EOUAL TO IN THE OROINflL TIR-33

1001 REM A»A f ■-(■ • F«L • M=M .
REM C -CENTER OF PRE

1003 REM D-LARGEST BOOV TURF DIAMETER

1005 REM H-LENGTH OF XF

REM I»VES ■
1007 REM

DIAMETER OFF CONICAL SHOULDER- Dl
rjF LENGTH

1010 PEM Li-LENGTH OF BOATTAIL

1011 PEM N-BOTTOM fJIAMETER OF

1012 PEM 0-OISTANCE FROM NOSE TIF TO SHOULDER
10i: PEM P=OIAMETCP OF BOATTAIL TOP

1014 PEM ©-DIAMETER OF r ATOM

1015 RFM R-PADIUS OF LARGEST BOOV TUBE

PEM T"D I STANCE FROM NOSE TIP TO ROATTATL
INS

PEM V=PAC<: -IEEN FINS

1019 REM U=ALL FORCES * CENTER OF PRESSUf

1020 REM

1021 pem v and z used

on shoulders

pcm f:.F4=ppessure on boattails
: rem f5-f0rce of fins<not rapt of tot-
1025 pem f6-<cn>fb
192« rem f7-t0tal normal force

1027 PEM C1.C2=CENTER Of r 'ER

1028 PEM C3, C4-CEHTER OF RRESSUPE ON BOATTAIL
9 PEM C5=CENTER OF PRESSURE OF FINS

1030 PEM C6-T0TAL CENTER OF PRESSURE

SAMPLE RUN 1

THIS PROGRAM WILL DETERMINE THE
CENTER OF PRESSURE OF A MODEL
ROCKET

WHAT IS THE NAME OF THE PERSON USING
MY KEYS? JOHN

HELLO JOHN

LETS GO TO WORK.

WHERE IS THE CENTER OF GRAVITY ON

THE M0DEL71 0.55

SEQUALS72.2

LARGEST BODY TUBE DIAMETER 'D'

EQUALS7.75

E.A, B.V72. 25.2.2,1 .2,37

NUMBER OF FINS U' EQUALS? 4

M,H?1,10.8

DIAMETER AT BASE OF NOSE J' IS? .75

NOSE CONE LENGTH V IS? 3

NOSE CONE TYPE IS CONICAL = 1 OGIVE = 2

PARABOLIC = 3? 2

DOES YOUR ROCKET HAVE A CONICAL

SHOULDER? YES = 1 NO = 2? 2

DO YOU HAVE A BOATTAIL YES = 1 NO = 2? 2

CONGRATULATIONS JOHN YOUR ROCKET
IS STABLE AND SHOULD FLY BEAUTIFULLYI

CENTER OF PRESSURE IS 11.35 INCHES
FROM NOSE

TALK TO YOU LATER JOHN BYE!!!
SAMPLE RUN 2

THIS PROGRAM WILL DETERMINE THE
CENTER OF PRESSURE OF A MODEL
ROCKET.

WHAT IS THE NAME OF THE PERSON USING
MY KEYS? JOHN

HELLO JOHN LETS GO TO WORK.

WHERE IS THE CENTER OF GRAVITY ON

THE MODEL730.0

S EQUALS73.8

LARGEST BODY TUBE DIAMETER 'D'

EQUALS? 1 .6

E. A, B.V74.1, 4.2,2.3,-75

NUMBER OF FINS U' EQUALS74

M,H?2.6,29

DIAMETER AT BASE OF NOSE J' IS?. 75

NOSE CONE LENGTH V ls?3.2

NOSE CONE TYPE IS CONICAL = 1 OGIVE = 2

PARABOLIC = 372

DOES YOUR ROCKET HAVE A CONICAL

SHOULDER? YES = 1 N0 = 2?1

LENGTH OF SHOULDER LV EQUALS71

TOP DIAMETER OF SHOULDER K' IS7.75

BOTTOM DIAMETER OF SHOULDER N IS71 .6

DISTANCE FROM NOSE TIP TO SHOULDER

•N' IS?1 .6

DISTANCE FROM NOSE TIP TO SHOULDER

0' IS? 1 1

DO YOU HAVE ANOTHER SHOULDER

YES = 1 NO = 2?2

DO YOU HAVE A BOATTAIL YES = 1 NO = 2?1

LENGTH OF BOATTAIL L2' IS?1

BOATTAIL TOP DIAMETER P' IS?1 .6

BOATTAIL BOTTOM DIAMETER Q' IS7.75

DISTANCE FROM NOSE TIP TO BOATTAIL T

IS?17

DO YOU HAVE ANOTHER BOATTAIL YES = 1

NO = 2?2

SORRY JOHN BUT YOUR ROCKET IS UN-
STABLE.

CENTER OF PRESSURE MUST BE 1.11
INCHES FURTHER BACK

"BACK TO THE OLD DRAWING BOARD"

CENTER OF PRESSURE IS 30.48 INCHES
FROM NOSE

TALK TO YOU LATER JOHN BYE! 1 1

MAY 1980

115

new from.
HPIRDSI

6 SOUTH ST., MILFORD, NH 03055

ATARI

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I I I II I II I I I I M I I I I I I I I I I I i I I I III II | II It It I U U \\ \\ I

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to the inch using the double-width font. The
7000+ accepts the full ASCII character set (up-
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APPLE cable $20 TRS-80 cable $20

DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED

TRS-80'COMPUTERS:

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RS Mini-Disk #0 (list $499) $449

RS Mini-Disk #1-2-3 (list $499) $439

DISK DRIVE ACCESSORIES:

2-drive cable for TRS-80 (list $29.95) $29

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QPII to Exp. Int. cable ($19.95) $19

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•TRS^O I* a trademark of Radio Shack and Tandy Corp. -Apple la a trademark ol tha Appla Computar Co.

Apple Strings

Rick Geiger

There are distinct advantages to
developing application programs in a
higher level language such as Apple-
soft, but all too frequently Applesoft is
either too slow or just won't do what
you want. When this has happened to
me, I have either revised my program
or written it in assembly language.
While short assembly language sub-
routines can be used, the difficulties in
passing parameters back and forth
restricts their use, especially for string
processing.

Recently I've been working on a
program to manipulate data in text files
that reside on the Apple mini-floppy.
Since Applesoft does not include an
INSTR function, there is no straight-
forward way to locate a substring
within a larger string. I also wanted to
be able to use an old block mode CRT
so I could create and edit a screenful of
data using the editing functions of the
CRT and then transmit them to the
Apple.

After the return, the Apple-
soft program can use the
modified variable like any
other string variable.

My first program attempt was
written entirely in Applesoft but it was
so slow that characters were lost in the
data transmission, and the lengthy wait
for a substring search was intolerable.
What to do now? I considered writing
the whole program in assembly lan-
guage, but I needed to do a lot of disk
I/O and one look at the read/write
track/sector routines documented in
the DOS 3.2 manual convinced me that
I didn't want to write that much code.

So the only solution was to develop a
convenient way of passing strings
back and forth to some assembly
language subroutines. That way I
could program the serial interface
code and the substring search code in
assembler and still do the disk I/O in
Applesoft

The first method I tried was to
dedicate an area of memory as a string
buffer and use an Applesoft POKEIoop
to store the string and a PEEK loop to
read it. The POKEing worked okay, but
the PEEK loop appended each
PEEKed character, and the string
concatenation overhead was murder! I
tried pre-allocating the string and
storing the PEEKed character into the
middle of it, but the whole process was
still too slow. Finally, I decided to try
using the Applesoft string pointers and
just pass the address of the string to
the assembly language subroutines. I
have seen other programs that used
similar techniques, but they almost
always require that only one variable
be used and that it be the first one
defined in the program.

The subroutine listed below will
work with any string variable and set
up the parameters needed for an
assembler subroutine. The routine is
called GET ADDRESS and makes use
of the fact that the name of the last
referenced variable in Applesoft is
stored in locations $81 and $82 (hex).
Applesoft references each string by
means of a runtime descriptor that
includes all of the necessary informa-
tion. The address where this table of
string (and other variable type) de-
scriptors begins is contained in loca-

tions $69 and $6A. The format of a
string descriptor is:

byte contents

+0 first character of the variable name

+ 1 second character of the variable name

+2 length of the string

+3 low address byte

+4 high address byte

+5

+6

The call to the GET ADDRESS
subroutine is immediately preceded by
a variable reference that places the
variable name you want into $81 and
$82 A convenient one that executes
quickly is:

100 X$+X$ : CALL<subroutine address>

Upon return from GET ADDRESS, a
location in page zero contains the
string address, another page zero
location contains the address of the
variable pointer, and the length of the
string is stored in a defined location in
the GET ADDRESS subroutine.

With this information, an assembly
language subroutine can access the
string by indirect indexing from the
page zero location containing the
string address. For example, to get the
third character (assuming, of course,
that the string had at least three
characters) you might use the follow-
ing instructions:

Richard G. Geiger. 901 Holiday Cl . Concord CA
94518.

LDY #2 ;LOAD OFFSET TO THE THIRD CHARACTER
LDA (STARTL).Y :GET THE CHARACTER

J

118

CREATIVE COMPUTING

APPLE MUSI
BOARD COMPARISON:
ALF & PROGRAMMA

The following is a comparison ol music products available from ALF ProOucts (the 10-5-16
Apple Music Synthesiser) and from American Micro Products Programma International (the
Music Board/Sounding Board/ Juke Box)

Note that all specifications reler only to the combination of hardware and software available
for purchase on March 15th. 1960 and exclude functions which would require programs not
supplied Music entry programs provided were (ALF) ENTRY version IB (Programmal
MUSIC version 1 All information has been determined by ALF and is correct to the best of
our knowledge

Function/Feature

Full piano scale 9
Insert omitted notes ?
Delete extraneous notes ?
Can all voices in a song be
edited?

Automatic key signature?
Automatic measure bars?
Provisions tor section repe-
tition?

Programmable volume?
Programmable envelopes 7
Cassette tape software
supplied?

Save songs on cassette
and disk?

Cables supplied tor recom-
mended setups 7
Apple paddles required?
Amplifier required 7
Programmable white noise 7
Programmable waveforms?
First board must plug into

Number ot voices per board:
Maximum numberot voices

Maximum number of notes
per song (48K system):
Suggested price per board :
Memory required with
Integer BASIC:
Memory required with
Applesoft BASIC:
High resolution graphics:

Low resolution graphics

Instruction manual

ALF

PROGRAMMA

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

No'

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

NO-

Yes

NO'

Yes

No-

Yes

Yes

No*

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

No

No-

No

No

Any slot

Slot 3

3

3

9 (3 boards)

12' (4 boards)

1 7* (6 boards, reloading

MUSIC program for

each play)

5.906 (with disk)

1.285

9.490 (without disk)

$265 00

$129 95

24K (without disk)

48K (disk required)

32K (with disk)

32K (without disk)

48K (disk required)

40K (with disk)

Sheet music shown

None'

during music entry

Color display

None

during playback

Pages 109 Tables: 21

Pages 11. Tables 4

Illustrations 65

Illustrations 8

Missing appendices

Missing appendices 1

EDIT (# of voices.

EDIT (Change. Back-

speed, titles). DELete.

space). NEW. TEMPO.

INSert. TIE. backspace. MERGE

forewardspace DE

Features available through
out song

Note duration note pitch,
rest duration

Editing commands

LETE.GOTO. MEA-
SURE. NEW. PART.
SPEED. STEREO.
SUBROUTINE
Note duration, note
pitch, rest duration, at-
tack rate, decay rate,
sustain level, release
rate, gap size, subrou-
tine call, key signature
time signature, quarter
note length, tempo
transpose volume .
• marks specifications which contradict claims made bv Programma international during
demonstrations lat the Sth West Coast Computer Fa.rei or m punted material Programma s
claims were lound to be erroneous during testing ot an off-the-shelf unit The specifications
shown above have been determ.neo by ALF and are correct to the best of our Knowledge

ALF PRODUCTS

1448ESTES DENVER, CO 80215

UNIQUE SOFTWARE FOR THE UNIQUE MINO.

OR YOU AND YOUR APPLE

This frightening two-player game, puts you directly into the hot
seat. . . managing a life or death struggle with ruthless terrorists. The
paradoxes and pressures inherent in both sides of the struggle come
to life as the Apple pits Terrorist agatast Government leader, allowing
each to make his moves simultaneously. Includes three scenarios
(capture of a building with hostages, air piracy, and nuclear
blackmail), a parameter generator.! scoring routine, and an easy-to-
use turn-key system controller Randomness guarantees that no two
confrontations will be exactly the same, making this package a
sobering and thought provoking experience for all.

48K Applesoft. Dhk and Paddies required only $29.95

J7\

THE OIL CRISIS GAME

c

l_

■

Have high energy prices and short supplies left you more time
around your compiler? Windfall will fill those extra hours,
alleviating frustrates and teaching you about energy markets. As
the Chief Executive of Engull Oil. you join the other side of the petro
world, attempting to turn crisis into cash. Windfall gains (or huge
losses) may accrue from your manipulation of prices, wages, foreign
suppliers, stock sales and collusion with the competition, while a
helpless public lines up at your stations. A must for every gasoline
user.

32K Applesoft Cassette only $1456

Diskette $1955

AVAILABLE AT FINE COMPUTER STORES EVERYWHERE.

EDU WARE SERVICES. INC. (213) 346-6783

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ORDER YOURS TODAY!

QTY.

NAME

PRICE

TOTAL

Terrorist

$2995

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$14.95

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CIRCLE 143 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Apple Strings, cont'd...

where STARTL is the page zero
location containing the address of the
string.

The availability of the address of
the pointer (in addition to the address
of the string) means that you can pass
a string from an assembly language
subroutine to an Applesoft program
For instance, if you just received a
string of characters from the serial I/O
interface that you wanted to write to
the disk, you would call GET
ADDRESS just after referencing the
string variable that you want to receive
the string. Your assembly language
subroutine could then use the follow-
ing instructions to modify the variable
pointer to map over the input buffer:

The subroutine starts by clearing
the index into the variable descriptor
space. This index is saved by the next
instruction because in the code that
follows, several parts of the descriptor
need to be checked. If any of the
checks fail it is convenient to branch to
a single place-to increment the Y-REG
to look at the next descriptor. Since
Y-REG may have been changed during
the checking and we don't want to add
the logic that would be necessary to
know which check failed, we simply
restore the initial value from the save
area.

Indirectly referencing the page
zero location $69 (VTBL) we get the
first character of the variable name
from the variable descriptor. This is

LDY #4

LDA #H,INBUF

STA (PTRL).Y

DEY

LDA #L.INBUF

STA (PTRL).Y

DEY

TXA

STA (PTRL).Y

RTS

;LOAD OFFSET TO HIGH ADDRESS BYTE OF POINTER
;LOAD HIGH BYTE OF BUFFER ADDRESS
;STORE HIGH ADDRESS BYTE INTO POINTER
;DECREMENT OFFSET TO POINT TO LOW ADDRESS BYTE
;GET LOW BYTE OF BUFFER ADDRESS
;STORE LOW ADDRESS BYTE INTO POINTER
;DECREMENT OFFSET TO POINT TO LENGTH BYTE
;TRANSFER LENGTH FROM X-REG TO A-REG
;STORE LENGTH INTO POINTER
iRETURN

After the return, the Applesoft program
can use the modified variable like any
other string variable. In the above
example the buffer where the string
was stored is INBUF, the page zero
location holding the address of the
variable descriptor is PTRL. The
notation used to designate the high
and low bytes of the buffer address is
for the C. W. Moser 6502 assembler.

How The Subroutine Works

The call to GET ADDRESS should
be directly preceded by a reference to
the string variable you want The
instruction:

100 A$=A$ : CALL oddress of GET
ADDRESS subroutine>

works nicely and makes sure that
Applesoft doesn't later clobber the
string. The only other thing to be
careful of is that the variable you use
(A$ in the example above) must not be
a null string. If the instruction given
above as an example is the first
reference to the string variable, the
GET ADDRESS routine will fail

The operand of the CALL instruc-
tion must be an address, not a variable
containing the address. If the operand
is a variable, that variable will become
the last variable referenced and GET
ADDRESS will not do what you
intended. So, assemble the GET
ADDRESS subroutine and CALL the
specific address at which you locate it.

checked against the contents of $81
(CHAR1), the first character of the
name of the last referenced variable. If
they are not the same, we immediately
go look at the next descriptor
(GANXT).

If the first characters match, we
bump the variable descriptor index
(Y-REG) and compare the second
characters. Again, if they don't match,
we go look at the next descriptor. Even
if the first two characters match, more
checking is necessary to ensure that
we have located the right variable.
Real, integer and string variables may
all have the same names but be distinct
and separate variables. Although the
documentation in the Applesoft man-
ual would seem to indicate that you

HARDWARE DEPT.

A

OUTT0 A

SOFTWARE

MEETING

©Crrativr Computing

should be able to distinguish string
descriptor from a real or integer
descriptor by the sign bits on the name
characters, I did not find this reliable.
Next, we bump the index (Y-reg) to
look at the high address byte of the
pointer. Since no strings can be
located in page zero, this byte cannot
be zero if this is a string descriptor.
Then we bump the index to look at the
last byte of the descriptor which must
be zero.

The Applesoft manual
seems to indicate that you
should be able to distin-
guish a string descriptor
from a real or integer
descriptor by the sign bits
on the name characters.

If any of the tests fail, we retrieve
the initial index from the save area
(YSAV) and increment it by 7 to look at
the next descriptor. $FC is the final
value possible in Y-REG before the
index rolls over. So far I haven't found it
necessary to add code to look at
possible variable descriptors beyond
this, but it may be required for some
programs. We then transfer the incre-
mented index into Y-REG and go
through the checks for the new
descriptor.

If all the checks are passed, we
back up the index and extract the high
address byte of the string data and
store it in the page zero location
STARTH. Then we back up again and
store the low address byte in STARTL
Another decrement positions the index
at the length byte which we extract and
store in LENGTH.

In order to allow other assembler
routines to modify the descriptor, we
must save its address. First we com-
pute the absolute address by adding
the offset we ended up with in our
search (which is in YSAV) and the
starting address of the descriptor
space in VTBL. We store the high and
low bytes resulting from the addition in
the page zero locations PTRL and
PTRH.

If properly called, this routine
should not fail, but just in case all the
descriptors fail the checks by the time
we get to an offset of $FC, we set up an
error indication to tell the calling
program that the search failed.

I hope these routines prove
useful in augmenting your Applesoft
programs with assembly language
subroutines. D

. J

120

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program allows the user to easily update the DJI file with current OJI weekly

The ANA1 two letter user commands are CA = Calculate, no graph CG " Clear
Graphs leave Grids CK - Checking out program known data CO ■ Color ol next
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points Fl ■ Filter data tor time magnitude or percent change FU ■ Data, trans-
form or constant Function with v.x./ operator GO ■ Graphic mode display
all Graph Data on screen GR ■ Graph data to screen GS ■ Set Grid Scale HE ■ Help,
summary of any commands usage LD ■ Load Data Irom disk die trom inputted
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LS = Least squares linear tit ot the data MA ■ Moving Average ol the data NS ■
No Scale next graph on screen does not use Grid Scale NT ■ No Trace PR ■ User
imphmenled Printer routine TO ■ Text mode, display Text Data on screen Tl -
Time number to date or vice versa TR = Trace TS ■ Text Stop lor number ot lines
outputted to screen when in TD U1/U2 ■ User 1/2 imphmenled routines VD ■
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ol Transform outputted in text

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Apple Strings, cont'd...

8250
0260
8270
0280
02*0
B3M
0310
0320
0330
0340
0350
0360
0370

e3se

03 SO
0400
0410
0420
0430
0440
045©
0460
0470

04 SO
049©
0560

esie

C52©

0530
0540
0550
0560
0570
0530
0590

MM

0610
0620

0630
0640
065e
0660
0670
0630
069©
0700
0710
0720
0730
0740
0750
0760
0770
0730
0750
OSO©
M : S
0S20
0030
0840
0350
0360
6370

PAGE ZERO ADRESSES

STARTL

STARTH

UTBL

CHR1

CHR2

PTRL

PTRH

I

JGET ADDRESS

I

GET ADD

GASRCH

-DE 6

• DE 7
-DE «69

• DE 129
.DE 130
.DE 8
.DE 9

JBASE ADDRESS FOR STRINGS

JCONTAINS STARTING ADD* OF URBL POINTERS
JCONTAINS FIRST CHARACTER OF LAST USED UR8L NAME
JSECOND CHR OF LAST USED URSL NAME
JCONTAINS ADDR OF POINTER- FOR LAST USEDOURBL
JCONTAINS ADDR OF POINTER FOR LAST USED URBL

LDV 0©

STY VSAU

LDft (UTBLj

CMP CHR1

bne GAhc-rr

J CLEAR TABLE INDEX

JSAUE INDEX INTO URM. TABLE

US IT THE^ONE-^ °* ** y * K " '*"* *** PZZ,<TZR

IK IF NO

INV JBUMP INDEX TO LOOK at next CHR
r?Z ^iSP'* ,GET **> °* re «1 POINTER

CMP CHR2 ;ARE 2ND CHRS THE SAME-
ONE GANXT ;BR IF NO
INV JBUMP INDEX BY 3 TO LOOK AT HIGH

{!£ J55S SXHl« IF ™ 1S 1S * STRING POINTER
INV JBVTE MUST-0

LDA <UTBL>.V ,GET HIGH ADDR BYTE

BEG GANXT ;BR IF 0->N_T8O STRVNG

INV JBUMP INDEX BV02 TO LOOK OT LAST B\TE

INV JUHICH MUST BE ©

LDA <UTBL>,V ;GET LAST BVTE

GANXT

GflGOT

BEQ GAGOT
LDA VSAU
CLC
ADC «7

CMP «252
BEQ GAERR

JIF THEN WE HAUE IT

JGET INDEX TO PREUIOUS POINTER

JBUMP INDEX TO NEXT OINTER
'ARE UE DONE

JBR IF AT END
TAV JTRANSFER NEW INDEX TO X-REG
ONE GASRCM JGO LOOK AT NEl.l POINTER
DE*.' JBACK UP BV 2 TO GET HIGH ADDR
DEY

S^ ST^TH' V JSAUE '^ HIGH ADDR BVTE OF STRING

DEY ;BACK UP TO LOU ADDR BYTE

LDA <UTBL>.V iGET LOU ADDR

STA STARTL JSTORE IT

DEV JBACK UP TO LENGTH

LDA <UTBL>.V ;GET LENGTH

STA LENGTH
CLC

LDA UTBL
ADC VSAU
STA PTRL
LDA UTBL*1
ADC •©
STA PTRH

£SS&ET

JSTORE IT

JGET LOU BVTE OF POINTER TABLE ADDRESS
JADD INDEX INTO THE TABLE
JSTORE LOU BVTE OF POINTER ADDR
JGET HIGH BVTE OF OIUTER TABLE ADDR
JADD CARRY IF THERE UAS ONE
JSTORE HIGH BVTE OF PCINTEP ADDR
jfel^SUCCESSFLiL RETURN CODE

JSINCE UE ARE SEARCHING THE URBL TBL FOR THE LAST USED URBL IT SHOULD NO"
JBE POSSIBLE FOR THIS ROUTINE TO FAIL- BUT JJST IN CASE HERE IS THE
JERROR HANDLING CODE

03=>0
090©
0910
092©

GftERF:

;

l RETURN

GARET

LDA «25

STA RTCCOE
RTS

JLOAD NO FIND ERROR

JSTORE RETURN CODE

30

ooooo

0OOOO

0'

Dad, can I use the computer tonight?

©Creative Computing

"He's been that way since being
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losing to the Kllngons. "

©Creative Computing

122

CREATIVE COMPUTING

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creative computing

123

In Search of PI

Jordan Mechner

By about 2,000 B.C., the Egyptians and the Baby-
lonians had discovered the existence of a certain
constant representing the ratio of the circumference of
any circle to its diameter. They had even arrived at its
approximate value,

n = 3

This value was improved upon over the years, from the
Babylonians'

tt= 3-1/8 = 3.125
to the Egyptians'

*=4<8/9) 2 m 3.1604928...
to the Hindu value of

tt= 3177/1250 = 3.1416
and the Chinese

3.1415926<7r<3.1415927 (402 A.D.)

Thousands of years later, n was calculated correctly to
16 decimal places (Newton, 1666), 72 places (Sharp,
1705), 100 places (Machin, 1706), 127 places (De Lagny,
1719), 140 places (Vega, 1794), 200 places (Dase, 1844),
500 places (Richter, 1855) and 707 places (Shanks,
1873). In our own time, the electronic computer has
made it possible to increase our accuracy to 2,037
places(ENIAC, 1949), 3,089 places (NORC, 1954), 7,480
places (Pegasus, 1957), 16,167 places (IBM 704, 1959),
100,000 places (IBM 7090, 1961), 250,000 places (IBM
7030, 1966) and even 500,000 places (CDC 6600, 1967).

Obviously, such accurate values are not intended to
be used for calculations. As one mathematician put it,
"Conceive a sphere constructed with a radius equal to
the distance between the Earth and Sirius, or 8.7 light
years (that is, light, traveling at a velocity of 186,000
miles per second, takes 8.7 years to cover this distance).
Then imagine this sphere to be so packed with microbes
that, in each cubic millimeter, millions of millions of
these microscopic animalcula are present. Now con-
ceive these microbes to be unpacked and distributed
singly along a straight line, every two microbes as far
apart from each other as we are from Sirius, 8.7 light
years. If this long line is taken to represent the diameter
of a circle, the circumference could be calculated to
within a millionth part of a millimeter by using a value of
t correct to only one hundred decimal places."

The rationale for computing n to half a million
decimal places is to analyze the frequency and distribu-
tion of the digits, which can be useful in classifying n as
irrational, trancendental, normal, etc. It's interesting to
note that the digits of n calculated so far seem to be
distributed randomly. For instance, in the first 2,000
digits, there are:

Jordan Mechner, 85 Heights Cross Road, Cheppeque, NY 10514.

182

0's

205

5's

212

1'S

200

6's

207

2's

197

7's

189

3's

202

8's

195

4's

211

9's

There is, of course, another reason for such accurate
calculations. Some people enjoy setting records.

Although we won't try to break any of these records,
it will be interesting to check out some of the ways n can
be calculated. Among the most efficient methods are
trigonometric formulas such as :

*■ 16tan- 1 1/5-4tan" 1 1/239 (Machin, 1706)

since they can be expressed simply and are very easy for
a computer to evaluate. Here are a few more such
formulas:

*=4tan- 1 1

n = 24 tan" 1 1/8 + 8 tan" 1 1/57 + 4 tan" 1 239

n = 4(tan-i 1/2 + tan-1 1/5 + tan" 1 1/8)

n= 20 tan-1 1/7 + 8 tan-1 3/79 (Euler, 1769)

Let's try using a computer to evaluate these
expressions. Figures 1 , 2 and 3 are programs in BASIC,
Fortran and APL, respectively, for calculating n.

Aside from being efficient ways to calculate 1, these
formulas are good illustrations of APL, BASIC and
FORTRAN notation. But there are more interesting
ways to do this. For instance, an Infinite series :

71 =4/l

3 5

7 9

(Gregory, 1671)

This is a neat series, but it has very little practical
value. A huge number of terms are needed to obtain an
accurate value. Even with ten thousand terms, our result
is correct to only three decimal places. To get a value of
n accurate to 11 places, we would need over
1,000,000,000,000 terms - more terms than there are
stars in the Milky Way. Figure 4 and Figure 5 are APL
and BASIC programs for calculating n with this tech-
nique.

At this point it will beof interest to look more closely
at the way this series converges. To do this we will use
the APL scanning function shown in Figured, in place of
the reduction used in Figures 4 and 5.

This series does not converge in a single direction,
that is, according to either of the graphs

124

CREATIVE COMPUTING

Search, cont'd...

Instead, it seems to first increase, then decrease,
then increase again, and so on. It roughly follows the
pattern

2+-

somewhat like the swing of a pendulum. It misses the
correct value of n by a little bit less each time.

Here are three more infinite series. To save space,
we'll do them all in APL (Figures 7, 8 and 9).

=x 6 /l +-U-U-U ... \
> \ 1 2 2 2 3 2 /

~^/3\A-3° 3-3 1 5-3 2 7-3 3 /

a /„ 1-1 1-3-1 1-3-5-1 j \

= 2(1 + + + + ... )

V 2-3 2-4-5 2-4-6-7 '

2 +

Figure 1 5 is a recursive APL function to evaluate it.

This is a fascinating expression. So are many other
series we've looked at. In the final analysis, however,
the most efficient methods of computing * would have
to be trigonometric formulas such as

n = 24 tan" 1 1/8 + 8 tan* 1 1/57 + 4 tan -1 1/239

They are easily expressed and easily evaluated. But
polygons, continued fractions and infinite series and
products are much more interesting ; they remain the
favorite methods of calculating D

IMmmn

Peter Beckmann . A History Of 71. New York : St . Martin's Press, 1 971 .
Philip J. Davis. The Lore of Large Numbers. New York: Random

House, 1961.
Philip J. Davis and William G. Chlnn. 3.1416 And All That. New York :

Simon and Schuster, 1 969.

How do the speeds of these series compare with tne
speed of the first one we looked at?
Here's an infinite product :

, = <(

2-4-4-6-6-8...
3-3-6*5«7-7 ...

)

(Wallis, 1655)

Figures 10 and 11 are BASIC and Fortran programs
using this approach.

If lines 40 and 50 of the BASIC program are inter-
changed, a converging of the products can be observed
in the subsequent RUN. This result is similar to what
happened with the first series. In that case, the
"pendulum action" was caused by the alternating sum ;
here, it's because we are alternately multiplying the
product by a little less than one and a little more than
one.

The next expression we'll look at is also an infinite
product. It's a very elegant one:

\1/2v1/2 + 1/20/2 V1/2 + 1/2yi/2 + 1/2^1/2.

Each term in the demoninator is equal to the square
root of 1 /2 plus 1 /2 of the proceding term. Figure 12 is a
BASIC approach to this technique.

Another way -r can be calculated is by finding the
perimeters of polygons that approximate a circle. The
more sides the polygon has, the more accurate the value
of n. Let's try it out In BASIC (Figure 1 3).

This approach seems to work, but there is a fallacy in
the program. To convert degrees to radians in line 30, we
need the value of n before we even start! A much more
straightforward way to find the perimeter of a polygon,
without using trigonometry, is illustrated in Figure 14.

The last expression we'll look at is a continued
fraction :

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125

Search, cont'

PRINT 16»ATN(l/5)-4*ATN( 1/239)
3.14159

READY

PRINT 4*ATN(1>
3.14159

READY

PRINT 24*ATN( 1/8 ) +8*ATN (1/57 ) +4*ATN< 1/239)
3.14159

READY

PRINT 4«<ATN(l/2)+ATN<l/5)+ATN(l/8))
3.14159

READY

PRINT 20*ATN(l/7)+8*ATN(3/79)
3.14159

1»2«|10000

660666666666667 3 . 16666C666666667 2.895238095238095

3.33968253968251 2 . 976010176016 1 76 3 . 2837381637 38181

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CIRCLE 129 ON REAPER SERVICE CARD

MAY 1960

127

Magic Squares & Cubes

A magic square is a square array of
the first N 2 integers, arranged so that
every row, column and diagonal add
up to the same number, which is called
the "constant." N is the "order" of the
square. The constant is the sum of all
the numbers divided by N. The formula
is (1+2+3+ . . . N 2 )/N = y 2 (N3+N).

There is only one possible 3x3
magic square, which is shown in
Figure 1. Of course, the square can be
rotated so that every row becomes a
column, and each of the four squares
obtained by rotation can be reflected in
a mirror to get a reversed array. But this
trivial set of reflections and rotations is
regarded as eight examples of the
same square. At higher orders the
number of possible squares expands
dramatically: Not counting reflections
and rotations, there are 880 order-4
squares and over 275 million order-5
squares.

8

1

6

3

5

7

4

9

2

FIGURE 1.

Magic squares are very old. They
were first discovered by the ancient
Chinese. According to Chinese
legend, the first magic square was first
noticed by the mythical Emporer Yu
while he was walking beside the river
Lo. He saw a magic square written in
Chinese characters on the back of a
tortoise! Many artists and mathema-
ticians have been fascinated by magic
squares. Durer's famous engraving
"Melancholy" contains a 4 x 4 magic
square, in which the two central
numbers in the bottom row are 15, 14
— which is the date of the engraving.
Benjamin Franklin once wrote:

Stuart Anstis & Ian Howard. York University. Oept
ol Psychology. 4700 Keele St.. Downsview,
Ontario. M3J 1P3.

"In my younger days, having once
more leisure time (which I still think I
might of employed more usefully) I had
amused myself in making these kind of
magic squares, and, at length acquired
such a knack at it, that I could fill the
cells of any magic square of reason-
able size with a series of numbers as
fast as I could write them, disposed in
such a manner that the sum of every
row, horizontal, perpendicular or
diagonal, should be equal: but not
being satisfied with these, which I
looked on as common and easy things,
I imposed on myself more difficult
tasks, and succeeded in making other
magic squares with a variety of
properties, and much more curious." 1

The standard book on magic
squares is by W. S. Andrews (1917,
i960) 2 and there is a well illustrated
account by van Delft and Botermans
(1978). 3 Martin Gardner wrote an
article on magic squares in the January
1976 edition of the Scientific Amer-
ican. 4 Computer programs for making
magic squares by the algorithms of
Franklin and de la Loubere have been
published by Piele (1977) 5 and by
Spencer (1977). »

Recently, one of us (Howard) has
discovered a new algorithm for making
magic squares, which can be gener-
alized to three or more dimensions to
make magic cubes or hypercubes.'
The order N (i.e., the number of cells
per side of the square or cube) must be
a prime number, or a product of two
primes, but there is no upper limit on
size. For instance, it would be easy to
generate a nine-dimensional hyper-
cube of order 997. The method is
illustrated in Figure 2, and the com-
puter program is listed in Figure 4.

128

Stuart M. Anstis

and

Ian Howard

Suppose you want a 5 x 5 magic
square. In lines 92 to 120 the user asks
for a 2-dimensional square of order 5.
Lines 160 to 360 insert the digits 0, 1 , 2,
3, 4 into the first row in random order.
In lines 400 to 550 these digits are re-
written in the same order, but shifted
two places to the right in successive
rows (Figure 2a). If the digits are
pushed right off the square on the
right, they wrap around and are put
into the left hand side of the square
(Figure 2a) . Since N(=5) is not divisible
by 2, this gives a Latin square in which
no digit occurs twice in the same row,
column or diagonal. (Ignore lines 600
to 745 for the moment; they apply only
to a magic cube, not a magic square;
we will come back to them later.) Line
800 is particularly important. The array
is reflected left-to-right to produce a
mirror image, which is superimposed
on the original array. This mirror image
is multiplied by N(=) and added to the
original array. Thus the original first
row in Figure 2a is 1, 0, 2, 3, 4. The
reflected array is superimposed in
heavy type in Figure 2b, giving 41 3022
14. The first digit in each pair (in heavy
type) is now multiplied by 5 and added
to the second digit, thus:

(5*4)+1 = 21
(5*2)+2 = 12
(5*1)+4 = 9

(5*3)+0 = 15
(5*0)+3 = 3

10 2 3 4

3 4 10 2
2 3 4 1

4 10 3 2
2 3 4 13

41 30 22 03 14

23 04 11 40 32

10 42 33 24 01

24 31 00 13 42

02 13 44 31 20

FIGURE 2A. FIGURE 28

CREATIVE COMPUTING

lagic, con

Each two-digit number appears
only once. These numbers 41, 30, 22,
03, 14, are really expressed in base-5,
and the operation of multiplying the
first digit by 5 and adding to the second
digit is simply a way of converting the
numbers to base-10 (decimal). The
result (Figure 2c) is that the integers
from to 24 are now written into the
array and form a magic square. The
computer adds one to each number (to
give numbers from 1 to 25 instead of
to 24; this step is not essential). This is
done in line 810, and the results are
printed out in lines 850 to 870. Lines
880 to 1200 print out the sums of each
row and column, while each add up to
the constant (=65 for an order-5
square). To avoid cluttering the print-
out, the program does not sum up the
diagonals, but if you check you will
find that both major diagonals add up
to the constant of 65, and so do all the
"broken diagonals." Imagine that the
magic square is wrapped around a
cylinder. You can start a diagonal at
(say) the center of the top row, and
when it disappears off the right hand
edge it wraps around and reappears
one row further down on the left hand
edge. Every broken diagonal also adds
up to 65. The first RUN gives a 5 x 5
square which is identical to the one in
Figure 2c (except that one has been
added to each number).

.■1

<•>

1*

i

3

' 1

6

17

20

'.

a

18

1

*

II

it

n

7

1

i

;*

10

16

FIGURE 2C

Another nice feature of the pro-
gram is that it produces a different
magic square on each RUN. This is
because the digits are randomly
rearranged on each RUN.

The smallest magic square which
this program can produce is 5 x 5. The
smallest 3-dimensional cube is 11 x 11
x 11. (5 and 11 are the smallest primes
which are greater than 2N, i.e., 2 2 and
2 3 respectively.) To make a cube, the
first stage is the same as for a square:
the first row is filled with integers from
to N in random order, and these are
then rewritten in the same order, but
shifted 2 places to the right, in
successive rows. The whole plane is
then rewritten into the N different
planes, in the same order but shifted to
the right by 4 places in successive
planes (lines 600 to 745). Each plane is
then reflected left-to-right to give a
two-digit number, as before, and then
it is also reflected top-to-bottom (line
800), to give a three-digit number in
base-11. To convert it into decimal
form, the first number is multiplied by
N 2 (=11X11). the second digit is

multiplied by 11, and the three num-
bers are then added together.

Confused? Here's an example.
Consider one plane of an 11x11x11
magic cube. The first step is to fill the
first row with the numbers 0, 1 . 2, 3, . . .
9, 10, 11 in random order, then fill in all
other rows with the same digits in the
same order, but shifted 2 places to the
right between rows, and 4 places to the
right between planes. Suppose you
have done this, and the corner digits in
plane #1 turn out to be 1, 7, 5 and 9
(Figure 3a). Now flip the plane left-to-
right, and you have Figure 3b, with a
two-digit number in each corner. Flip
the plane again top-to-bottom, and
you have a three-digit number in each
corner (Figure 3c). Now what? Well,
these three-digit numbers are in base-
11 , so find out their values by multiply-
ing out.
5, 7, 1 in the top left corner =

(121*5)+(11*7)+1 =683.
9, 1. 7 (top right) =

(121*5)+(11*7)+1 = 1107.
1, 9. 5 = (121'1)+(ir9)+5+225.
7, 5, 9 + (121*7)+(11*5)+9 = 911.

Add one to each of these numbers
(Figure 3d). Now look at the four
corners of the program PRINTout for
the 1 1 x 1 1 x 1 1 cube. Recognize the
numbers you find there? You could
figure all the numbers out in this way,
but fortunately you don't have to
because the computer does it all for
you.

1 1 7

I 5 9

71 17
95 59

571 917 I
195 759 I

FIGURE 3

V

FIGURE 3E

1.

FIGURE 3C.

683
225

1107
911

684
226

1108
912

FIGURE 3D. FIGURE 3E.

Still confused? Don't worry. Re-
member — you don't need to under-
stand the math to use the program.
Happy computing! D

References

(1) Franklin. Benjamin. Letters and Papers on
Philosophical Subjects. London, 1769.

(2) Andrews. W. S. Magic Squares and Cubes.
Open Court Publishing Co., 1917. Reprinted
by Dover Books. 1960

(3) Van Delft. P. and Botermans, J. Creative
Puzzles ol the World. Harry N. Abrams. Inc..
New York. 1978.

(4) Gardner. M Mathematical Games: A break-
through in magic squares, and the first perfect
magic cube Scientitic American. 234:1. 118-
123, January 1976.

(5) Piele. D. Magic Squares on the computer. In
David Ahl (Ed.) The Best ol Creative Comput-
ing. Vol. 2. 1977.

(6) Spencer, D. D. Game playing with BASIC
Hayden Book Co. Inc., 1977.

(7) Howard. I. P. Pan-Diagonal. Associative Magic
Cubes and m-Dimensional Magic Arrays.
Journal ol Recreational Mathematics. 9(4),
1976-77.

Acknowledgements

This program was written on an Apple II
computer which was purchased through
Grant A0260 from the National Science and
Engineering Council of Canada.

We originally planned to tell you
ill about lnventory-2 In this
■onth's ad. Unfortunately when m«
sat down at the drawing board and
lilted all of Inventory-?' s
capabilities and features it becae*
obvious that what we really needed
was a four page spread, and not a
miserly 9.3 square Inches. Also
unfortunately, the tightwad who
controls the aoney around here said
that a four page spread would
consult the entire advertising
budget through 1982.

So if you need an Inventory control,
order entry, and Invoicing syste*
that can support Inventories of wore
than 10,000 1tea» (lots wore on the
new North Star hard disk!), prints
invoices on either plain paper or
NEBS 9040 invoice fonas, understands
back orders and partial shipments,
and Is tolerant of seal-trained
users, visit your North Star dealer
and insist upon a demonstration. He
can show you all of lnventory-2' s
features.

The
Software

Worksi" Im

Mountain View, CA &08)736-9438waaaaaeai
CIRCLE 197 ON READER SERVICE CARP

TEXT EDITOR
FOR YOUR SORCERER!

SYSTEM 1

An updated Monitor System
for Sorcerer STANDARD BASIC.

3 /aK Machine Code Program that
resides at the top of RAM.

Single keystroke commands.

Includes:

1) A Text Editor with

INSERT 'REPLACE • DELETE
and RUBOUT functions.

2) A Renumbering routine.

3) A Routine that revives programs after
NEW, CLOAD or RESET is hit.

4) Other minor functions :

a) RUNSTOP stops execution
until another key Is hit.

b) CLE AR generates a RETURN .

c) Control characters do not give
SN ERROR'S after CR

d) RUB = SHIFT RUB.

e) Real time RND No. generator.

f) Prints TAPE ERROR'S
without leaving BASIC.

For a copy of this System,
send $1 5 + $1 for handling and postage to :

SYSTEM SOFTWARE

1 Kent Street, BRICTON 6157
Australia

N.B. Please specify the size

of your Sorcerer, (eg. 18K)
CIRCLE 202 ON READER SERVICE CARD

MAY 1980

129

RUN

do you

TYPE 2 FOR A SQUARE. 3 FOR A CUBE 2

WHAT SIZE MAGIC SQUARE? TYPE A PRIME NUMBER GREATER THAN 3 5

LIST

10 REM •«••••**••»•««•••••««*».••

20 REM

30 REM MAGIC SQUARES AND CUBES

50 REM BY STUART ANSTIS

SB REM

70 REM 1979

80 REM

90 REM •*»»»•»•*••»»»»••»»•«•»»»

92 PRINT JDO YOU WANT A 2-D MAGIC SQUARE OR A 3-D MAGIC CUBE?"

94 INPUT "TVPE2 FOR A SQUARE, 3 FORA CUBE ";DS

96 If D < > 2 AND D < > 3 THEN GOTO 94

98 IK D > 2 THEN GOTO 116

100 PRINr "WHAT SIZE MAGIC SQUARE? ";

110 INPUT "VYPE A PRIME NUMBER GREATER THAN 3 ";N

H? "2 • JN / 2 - INT (N / 2)) < 0.1 WEN GOTO ilO

114 GOTO 125

llfi PRINT "i«HAT SIZE MAGIC CUBE? '•

118 INPUT "TYPE A PRIME NUMBER EQUAL TO OR GREATER THAN 11 ";N

120 IK 2 » (N / 2 - INT (N / 2)J < 8.1 THEN GOTO 118

128 PHINr : PRINT : PRINT

130 DIM V(N)

140 DIM S(N,N),T(N,N),U<N,N)

150 DIM KOW(N),C0L(N)

155 DIM J[N,NJ

163 REM *•*•**»••••»•»«»•«•«..*..

170 REM

180 REM KIRST ROW

190 REM INSERT DIGITS KROM 1 TO

200 REn N IN RANDOM ORDER

210 REM

220 REM *••*•*»»•••••»•••»»••••••

300 KOR C - 1 TO N

310 V(C) - INT (N * KNO (1))

320 FOR K - 1 TO C - 1

330 IF V(C) - V(C - K) THEN GOTO 310

340 NEXT K

350 U(1,C) - V(C)

360 NEXT C

400 REM »•»•»••*•*»•••••*»»»

4111 HEM SHIFT DIGIIS 2 PLACES

420 REM TO RIGHT IN SUCCESSIVE

430 REM ROWS

440 REM L-JC-2) MOD N

450 REM • ••••*«*i»«. »••»»••

580 FOR R « 2 TO N

510 FOR C ■ 1 TO N

18 u,rJ,*- ( uV- 3 1/l) N " ICT (,C * 3) ' N " * l

540 NEXT C

550 NEXT R

600 REM *»»»•••«»«••»*»....»

610 REM SHIFT DIGITS 4 PLACES

620 REM TO RIGHT IN SUCCESSIVE

630 REM PLANES

635 REM J«(C-4«P) MOD N

640 REM «»*«»»«»i«....**....

700 FDR P ■ 1 TO N " (D-2)

710 FOR R » 1 TO N

720 FOR C - 1 TO N

7 7 f 2 i : "int'IS ; o.s/' /u - w «c - * • n / „)> ♦ i

740 S(H,C) - INT (U(R,J))

745 NEXT C: NEXT R

750 REM •«*••»•*•••••»»•••••

760 HEM U(H,C> FLIPPED LEFT/RIGHT

770 REM AND UP/DOWN;

780 HEM T(H,C)-N»(L/R MIRROR IMAGE) +

790 rem ,...., >;; N ;jy££,;i220H image)

797 FOR H • 1 TO N: FOR C - 1 TO N

800 T(R,C) - S(H,C) ♦ N * S(H,N - C ♦ 1) + N»N*S(N-R + 1,C)

810 SS - INT (T(R,C)) + 1

820 ROw(H) - HOW(R) + SS

830 COL(C) - COL(C) + SS

840 REM FORMATTING STATEMENT **•**

§S« T « 5 - LOG (SS + 1) / LOG (1(1)

855 REM :PRINT THE MAGIC SQUARE •••*•

8«H PRINT SPC( T);SS; ^^

865 T(R,C) -

86* SS - ft

870 NEXT C

880 REM PRINT SUMS OF ROWS *•*»•

90!! PRINT ' *•» ";HOW(K)

910 HOW(R) -

920 PRIW

930 NEXT R

1000 REM : PRINr SUMS OF COLUMNS •*•»»

1010 FOR C - 1 TO N

1020 PRINT "*«*«•".

1030 NEXT C

1040 PRINT

1050 FOR C » 1 TO N

1060 T - 5 - LOG (COLIC)) / LOG (10)

1070 PRINT SPC( T);COL(C);

1H80 NEXT C

1390 FOR C » 1 TO N:COL(C) - 0: NEXT C

1100 PRINT : PRINT : prInt

1200 NEXT P

2000 END

22

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130

NEW! TPM* for TRS-80 Model II
NEW! System/6 Package

Computer Design Labs

Z80 Disk software

We have acquired the rights to all TDL software i& hardware). TDL software has long had the reputation of being the best in the
industry. Computer Design Labs will continue to maintain, evolve and add to this superior line ol quality software.

— Carl Galletti and Roger Amidon, owners.

Software with Manual/Manual Alone

AM of the software below is aw-Saala on any of tM
foNowIng media for operation with a zao CPU using
the CP/M* or similar typo disk operating system
(ouch a« our own TPM*).

for TRS-80- CP/M (Model I or II)
tor 8" CP/M (soft sectored single density)
lor 5'V CP/M (soft sectored single density)
for SV." North Star CP/M (single density)
far 5V." North Star CP/M (double density)

BASIC I

A powerful and fast Z80 Basic interpreter with EDIT,
RENUMBER. TRACE. PRINT USING, assembly language
subroutine CALL. LOADGO for chaining", COPY fo
move text, EXCHANGE, KILL. LINE INPUT, error inter-
cept, sequential Me handling In both ASCII and binary
formats, and rnuch. much more. It runs in a little over 1 2
K An excellent choice for games since the precision
was limited to 7 digits in order to make it one of the
fastest around. S49.95/S15.

BASIC II

Basic I but with 1 2 digit precision to make Hs power
available to the business work) with only a slight sacrifice
in speed. Still runs faster than most other Basics (even
those with much less precision). $99.95/$15.

BUSINESS BASIC

The most powerful Basic for business applications It
adds to Basic II with random or sequential disk Ikes in
either fixed or variable record lengths, simultaneous
access to multiple disk Hies. PRIVACY command to
prohibit user access to source code, global editing,
added math functions, and disk file maintenance capa-
bility without leaving Basic (list, rename, or delete).
S179.95/S25.

ZEDIT

A character oriented text editor with 26 commands
and "macro" capability for stringing multiple commands
together. Included are a complete array of character
move, add, delete, and display function. $49.95./$1 5.

lift

Z80 Text Editing Language - Not just a text editor.
Actually a language which allows you to edit text and
also write, save, and recall programs which manipulate
text. Commands include conditional branching, subrou-
tine calls, iteration, block move, expression evaluation.
and much more. Contains 36 value registers and f Otext
registers Be creative 1 Manipulate text with commands
you write using Ztel. $79.95/$25.

TOP

A Z80 Text Output Processor which will do text
formatting tor manuals documents, and other word
processing jobs Works with any text editor Does
justification, page numbering and headings, spacing,
centering, and much morel $79.9S/$25.

MACRO I

A macro assembler which will generate relocateable
or absolute code for the 8080 or Z80 using standard
Intel mnemonics plus TDL/Z80 extensions Functions
include 14 conditionals. 16 listing controls, 54 pseudo-
ops, 1 1 arithmetic/logical operations, local and global
symbols, chaining files, linking capability with optional
linker, and recursive/reiterative macros This assembler
is so powerful you'll think it is doing all the work for you. It
actually makes assembly language programming much
less of an effort and more creative $79 95/S20

MACRO II

Expands upon Macro I's linking capability (which is
useful but somewhat limited) thereby being able to take
full advantage of the optional Linker. Also a time and
date function has been added and the listing capability
improved. S99.95/S25.

LINKER

How many times have you written the same subroutine
in each new program? Top notch professional pro-
grammers compile a library of these subroutines and
use a Linker to tie them together at assembly time.
Development time is thus drastically reduced and
becomes comparable to writing in a high level language
but with all the speed of assembly language. So, get the
new CDL Linker and start writing programs in a fraction
of the time it took before. Linker is compatible with
Macro I a II as well as TDL/Xitan assemblers version 2.0
or later. $79 95/S20

DEBUOI

Many programmers give up on writing in assembly
language even though they know their programs would
be faster and more powerful. To them assembly language
seems difficult to understand and follow, as well as
being a nightmare to debug. Well, not with proper tools
like Debug I. With Debug I you can easily follow the flow
of any Z80 or 8080 program. Trace the program one
step at a time or 1 steps or whatever you like. At each
step you will be able to see the instruction executed and
what it did. If desired, modifications can then be made
before continuing. If s all under your control. You can
even skip displaying s subroutine call and up to seven
breakpoints can be set during execution. Use of Debug I
can payfor itself many timesover by saving you valuable
debugging time. S79.9S/S20.

DEBUG II

This is an expanded debugger which has all of the
features of Debug I plus many more. You can "trap" (i.e.
trace a program until a set of register, flag, and/or
memory conditions occur). Also, instructions may bo
entered and executed immediately. This makes it easy
to learn new instructions by examining registers/memory
before and after. And a RADIX function allows changing
between ASCII, binary, decimal, hex, octal, signed
decimal, or split octal. All these features and more add
up to give you a very powerful development tool. Both
Debug I and II must run on a Z80 but will debug both Z80
and 8080 code. $99 95/S20

ZAPPLE

A Z80 executive and debug monitor. Capable of
search, ASCII put and display, read and write to I/O
ports hex math, breakpoint, execute, move. fill, display.
read and write in Intel or binary format tape, and more!
on disk

APPLE

8080 version of Zapple

NEW! TPM nowavailableforTRS-SO Modal

SYSTEM/S

TPM with utilities, Basic I Interpreter. Basic E compiler.
Macro I assembler, Debug I debugger, and ZEDIT text
editor. avl 1

Above purchased saperatety costs $339.75
Special introductory offer Only $1 79.75 with coupon!!

.*><"

I
I

II!

TPM*

A NEW Z80 disk operation system' This is not CP/M*.
It's betterl You can still run any program which runs with
CP/M* but unlike CP/M* this operating system was
written specif ically for the Z80* and takes full advantage
of its extrs powerful instruction set. In other words its
not warmed over 8080 code! Available for TRS-80*
(Model I or II). Tarbell. Xitan DDDC. SD Sales 'VERSA-
FLOPPY". North Star (SD&DD). and Digital (Micro)
Systems S79.95/S25.

SYSTEM MONITOR BOARD (SMBII)

A complete I/O board f or S- 1 00 systems 2 serial ports,
2 parallel ports, 1 200/2400 baud cassette tape inter-
face, sockets for 2K of RAM, 3-2708/27 1 6 EPROM's or
ROM, jump on reset circuitry Bsre board $49 95/$20

ROM FOR SMB II

2KX8 masked ROM of Zapple monitor. Includes source
listing S34.95/S1 5.

PAYROLL (source code only)

The Osborne package. Requires C Basic 2.
5" disks $1 24.95 (manual not included)
8" disks $ 99.95 (manual not included)
Manual $20.00

ACCOUNTS PAYABLE/RECEIVABLE
(source code only)

By Osborne, Requires C Basic 2
5" disks SI 24.95 (manual not included)
8" S99.95 (manual not included)
Manual $20.00

GENERAL LEDGER (source) cods only)

By Osborne. Requires C Basic 2
5" disks $99.95 (manual not included)
8" disks $99 95 (manual not included)
Manual $20.00

C BASICS

Required for Osborne software $99 95/$20

OROERINO INFORMATION

Visa. Master Charge and COD. O.K. To order call or
write with the following information, gjoaswa ^-^_.
1 Name of Product (e.g. Macro I) r J flB

2. Media (eg. 8" CP/M) BsMMR .— a-«WI

3. Price and method of payment (e.g. COD.) include
credit card into, if applicable.

4. Name. Address and Phone number.

5. For TPM orders only: Indicate if for TRS 80. Tarbell.
Xitan DDDC. SD Sales (5V." or 81.ICOM (5%" or
8"), North Stsr (single or double density) or Digital
(Micro) Systems

6. N.J. residents add 5% sales tax.

Manual cost applicable against price of subsequent
software purchase in any item except for the Osborne
software

For information and tech queries call

609-599-2146

For phono orders ONLY call toll free

1-800-327-9191
Ext. 676

(bxcept Florida)

OEMS

Many CDL products are available tor licensing to
OEMs Write to Cad Galletti with your requirements

* Z80 is a trademark of Zilog

■ TRS-80 is a trademark lor Radio Shack

* TPM is a trademark of Computer Design Labs It is not
CP/M*

* CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research

Prices and specifications subject to change without
notice.

DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED.

COMPUTER

DESIGN
LABS

34)2 Columbus Avenue
Trenton, N.J. 08629

CIRCLE 127 ON READER SERVICE CARD

MAY 1980

131

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132

Let us Take you Elsewhen

lor use on I I— I

TREK-X

Welcome to the most sophisticated Trek we're
seen yet. Wall beam you aboard to command
this mission at the halm of the Federation Star
ship Enterprise Your briefing follows:

I. The Romulans and the Kllngons, normally an-
tagonistic to one another, have decided to form
an alliance. This alliance has but one and - to an-
nihilate the United Federation of Planets

II. You have a dual mission: first, to explore the
more distant realms of space; and second, to
locate and destroy aa many Romulan/Klingon
warships as possible. Another ally of the
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prise -you will receive further instructions.

III. After you make fifty confirmed "kills," your
mission will be accomplished, and you can head
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In Trek-X the vastness of space Is depicted by ,.
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enemy spacecraft. Note also that quadrant
boundaries are transparent to you. lust as they
would be In real life. You'll have both warp power
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ent alert condition (e.g., Green, Yellow, Red, or
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power and the number of hits you've received
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To add even more realism, optional sound ef-
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X more than just a game. For the 8K PET. Order
No . 0032P .7.95.
• A trademark of

We can take you to the 15th century, to the states of Italy to rule the
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TRS-80*

16K
LEVEL II

Ask for Instant Software at a com-
puter store near you or call Toll-
Free 1-800-258-5473.

Nam* __^ _ _^__^

City

SKI*.

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Signed.

OrrJar your Instant Software today!

Quantity

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in USA only Total Order

Instant Software Inc. Oapt ccoeo

Peterborough. NX 03*88 USA

EVERY

FLIGHT

IS A SPECIAL

DELIVERY

I

OK, Ace, you survived everything that von Rtchthofen and the Flying Circus threw
at you. Well, that was four king years ago -and yesterday's medals dont pay the
rent. But just a minute, Ttere's an ad:

"Airmail Pilot wanted . . ."

AIRMAIL PILOT

You can almost small the gasoline as the ground crew fuels your J-4 Jenny biplane to her
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man reports severe Icing above 8,000 feet, so you know you have to keep the plane low. It will
be a dangerous flight, but you knew that when you took the |ob The mail must go through. So,
in the tradition of Lindbergh and a hundred unsung heroes, you bravely turn your plane Into the
wind. The engine roars. Suddenly you're aloft on the first leg of your journey. Dayton's socked
in by fog. You change your course for Lucasvllle. Lightning zigzags the sky. A massive, fast-
moving thunderstorm forces you to land In a cornfield. As the weather clears, your plane leaps
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MAIL PILOT from INSTANT SOFTWARE. Unlike any other computer simulation you've ever ex-
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so realistic, you can almost feel the wind. Requires a Level II 16K. Order No. 0106R $7.96.

If I'll 4,!l

SANTA PARAVIA AND FIUMACCIO

The year Is AD. 1400. and you are the ruler of a
tiny Italian city-state. You are ambitious by
nature and intend to build your little city-state in-
to a powerful kingdom.

So begins Santa Paravia and Fiumaccio,
where you and your fellow players compete as
rulers of neighboring cities. You control the grain
harvest, feed your people, set tax rates, exercise
justice, invest in public works and, of course, try
to stay on the good side of the church.

Life was short back then, and you'll have only a
limited amount of time in which to build your
kingdom. The lives of your serfs will depend on
your decisions. It you act wisely, then your city-
state will grow and you will acquire loftier titles.
If your rule is incompetent, your people will
starve, and your city-state may be invaded by
your neighbors.

You can play the game yourself or set up the
tournament version, which allows up to six
players at a time to compete. Either way, you're
sure to find your route to the throne a challenging
and rocky one.

How will you rule your kingdom? Will you be a
benevolent ruler -an Iron list In a velvet
glove -or will you become unscrupulous and
follow the example set by Niccolo Machlsvelli In
his book on government, The Prlncet Only you
can answer that question -with Santa Paravia
and Fiumaccio Order No. 0043R S7J6.
' A tt seamark el Tandy Corpor ati on

l>1a*JU

Softvvnrerlnc.

Peterborough, N.H. 03458
603-924-7296

MAY 1980

CIRCLE 150 ON READER SERVICE CARD
133

Do some of the keys on your TRS-80
keyboard put more than one character
on the screen when you press them?
Annoying, isn't it? But the problem
can be easily fixed: Just clean or ad-
just the key contacts.

This can be done without opening
the sealed case. Lift the key caps and
the key contacts are exposed. The key
caps are easily lifted with a paperclip
bent into the shape shown in Photo 1.
A firm, steady upward pressure with a
little rocking motion and the caps pop
right off.

The keys sometimes give multiple
entries because they do not make
good contact. The problem may be
dirt or improperly adjusted contacts.
Contact cleaner (for TV tuner con-
tacts) may be used to clean them.
Even rubbing between the contacts
with the lead of a pencil is effective.
Sometimes the contacts are SDaced
too widely. To adjust the contacts, use
a small screwdriver to press the single
broad contact (on the left) sideways
•toward the multiple contact fingers of
the other contact. In any of this clean-
ing or adjustment, be careful that you
do not damage the key contacts.

Now just replace the key caps and
you are ready to enjoy your TRS-80
again. □

Delmer Hinrichs, 2116 SE 377th Ave.,
Washougal. WA 98671.

Debouncing Your TRS-80

Delmer Hinrichs

TRS-80 keyboard, with paperclip key lifter
and one key cap removed.

TRS-80

■yOQ SYSTEM

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32E.MainStreet«MilanMichigan48160«(313)439-1400 134

CIRCLE 119 ON READER SERVICE CARD

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CREATIVE COMPUTING

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CIRCLE 137 ON READER SERVICE CARD

MAY 1980

135

^Sensational
^Software

Sorcerer Software
Graphics Game* (CS-5001) Six Exciting
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protons and neutrons in Nuclear Reaction.
Calculate the trajectory on your Pie Lob In
this comical game: LEM is a real time
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Smart Alec (CS-5002) Are you a genius?
Test your expertise in 7 catagories: Sci-
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&pple 11

^^^^ J J Sports Gan

Five Sorcerer Adventures
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on Adventure for six popular systems.

Apple II Software
Space Games (CS-4001) Three challeng-
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Sports Games- 1 (CS-4002) Take the field
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Brain Games-1 (CS-4004) Bombard an
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Haunted House (CS-4005) A nightmare
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CAI Programs (CS-4201) Spelling helps
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Know Yourself (CS-4301) Compare your life
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Super Invader (CS-4006) Features high re-
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136

CREATIVE COMPUTING

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Board Games (CS-1 007) The classics:
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Trek-3 is a Star Trek spectacular (8K)
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Creative Computing Software
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Sensational Software should be available at your
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Morristown NJ 07960. Thenk you for your time and cooperation.

MAY 1980

137

Responses to TRS-80
Software Challenge #1-
Square Within a Square

Stephen B. Gray

Way back in the September 1979
Creative (page 190), the first TRS-80
software challenge was put to you
readers. Here's a reprint of most of that
challenge:

Software Challenge #1
—Square Within a Square

Think you're a pretty good BASIC
programmer? Hot on TRS-80 graph-
ics? Here's a challenge. It's not a con-
test ; there are no prizes, other than
the satisfaction of writing a program
that leads the TRS-80 through a com-
plex task. Like virtue (or vice), the
program is its own reward.

Put a square on the screen, then
start running a line from any corner to
the opposite corner. But stop halfway
across, and then aim at the next
corner, clockwise. Again, stop half-
way there, and aim at the third
corner, clockwise.

That is, start at A, go halfway
toward C, then halfway toward D,
then halfway toward A, then halfway
toward B, etc.

B

Although the first few lines seem
to have no relationship to each other,
quite soon the lines begin to trace a
square, and from then on will just
retrace the square over and over. In
theory, that is. But will the lines result
in an eternal square In fact?

Writing a program to draw the
square ABCD is easy. But can you
carry on from there, and draw the
"halfway lines?" As an added touch,
can you clean up the display by
making the early halfway-lines dis-
appear, or even better, fade away?
This would eventually result in a dis-
play of just the smaller square inside
the larger ABCD square.

And for you geometers, can you
determine the relationship between
the length of a side of the smaller
square, and side AB of the larger
square? Do it with a pencil and paper
first, then check your findings be
measuring the lines on the screen.

If you can write this program, and
would like to see it printed In this
column, please send me a printout of
the program, dark enough to be
printed on these pages, heavy with
REMs or with accompanying docu-
mentation, and a short cassette of the
program.

Although a couple of readers kept
within the bounds of the challenge,
most of the small but highly ingenious
group that sent in programs, went
quite some distance beyond those
bounds, and in one case developed a
general program for starting with an
n-sided polygon instead of a square.

Let's look at five responses to the
challenge, ranging from not-so-good
to good to excellent.

Truncated Pyramid

The first, from California, was sent
by a reader who doesn't have a printer,
and who enclosed a handwritten copy
of the program, saying "I have not
included a cassette copy as the
program is rather short if the REMs are
deleted."

Perhaps the program on his cas-
sette worked, but the handwritten copy

didn't. The outer square is drawn
correctly, but the inner polygon isn't a
square at all; it's a truncated pyramid.
Close, but not close enough.

The program has a nice touch: the
inner polygon is traced, and after
awhile, after the traces begin to run
along the same paths each time, the
display is cleared, and reappears
showing only the outer square and the
four-line inner polygon.

Disintegrating Square

The second, from John Craig of
Anaconda, Montana, is better. The first
display shows

WHAT SHAPE RECTANGLE?

< VERTICAL t HORIZONTAL) ...

MAXIMUM - 48.128
FAIRLY SQUARE = 48.112

Note the 3:7 ratio in the "fairly square"
values.

The program draws the outer
square, then draws the "halfway lines"
inside it. As the eighth line starts, the
first line begins to disappear, block by
block, until only a four-line square is
left within the larger square. Can you
figure out what's wrong?

However, a slight glitch some-
where in the program causes blocks to
drop out here and there, starting
around the time the fourth line crosses
the first. Can you figure out what's
wrong?

Outside of that glitch, the program
is fine, and is accompanied by a
printout and a detailed and easily
understood explanation of the pro-
gram lines, both shown here. Craig
gets maximum points for effort, pro-
gramming and presentation. (No, this
isn't the same John Craig who was
editor of Creative.)

One small thing: the maximum
horizontal value in Craig's first display
should be 127, not 128. Although line 8
of his program does subtract one from

138

CREATIVE COMPUTING

Complete your TRS-80*
with these routines not
found in either Level I or DOS.

SYSTEM
SAVERS

by

Tom Stibolt

If you ever use the SYSTEM command, you can
use this two program package. These programs
allow you to save any system format program on
tape or disk, plus offer several features for ma-
chine language programmers.

With FLEXL, which is one of the two programs,
you can make back-up copies of any system for-
mat tape Most often a cassette that you make will
load easier than an original. Plus you can find the
filename on any system tape because it is dis-
played on the screen

Disk drive owners can use TDISK to save any
system format tape on disk. "Air Raid", "Editor/
Assembler" and other programs cannot normally
be loaded to disk. Now TDISK allows you to save
these programs onto disk. After DOS READY you
will be able to simply type the filename and be up
and running. It even loads non-contiguos tapes.
TDISK will greatly increase the benefit of owning a
disk drive.

Acorn produces several other utility programs
for the TRS-80. These include "Aterm" and "Num-
bering" by Tom Stibolt; and "Disassembler",
"Tape Utility" and "Disk Utility" by Roy Soltoff. All
are available for less than $20.00. Ask for these
and other quality Acorn programs at your local
computer store.

• TRS 80 is a trademark ol Tandy Corp

□

DEALER INQUIRES INVITED.

Acorn

Software Products, Inc.

634 North Carolina Avenue. S.E . Washington. DC 20003
-CIRCLE 104 ON READER SERVICE CARD

PHYSICIANS TRS-80'
BOBWHITE MEDICAL SOFTWARE (C) Is offering a number of
programs designed to get your TRS-80'started being useful in
your office right now.

You do not have to spend the many hours initializing patient
accounts to disc, or even finding the space to do this on discs.
You can start right out doing highly useful and important tasks
on your computer, in your office, with a minimum of prepara-
tion and start up time.

Programs range from a "Business System" which handles all
of your daily financial figures each day and keeps track of all
totals, gives you up to the minute accounts receivables, dis-
plays trends, allows you to provide yourself with daily printed
financial totals, and a month end report, to an insurance form
writing capability which actually makes filling out Insurance
forms "Fun".

The operation of the program(s) offers no difficulty to the
novice computer operator, provides full error trapping, allows
you to review and/or change entries even after the fact. And for
utter ease of correcting what has just been entered there is a
display of what it was on the screen. For visual delight the pro-
gram gives you a histographic (computerese for a graph) repre-
sentation of your dally financial totals. All programs have been
debugged by virtue of many months of actual dally use in an
active office practice.

Programs will run with either NEWDOS or TRSDOS but you
must specify which DOS you are using or prefer to have the
program run with (the NEWDOS — open "E" — makes the
programming more versatile).

Requires 48K RAM and two disc drives

At $350 for the whole package you can't afford to be without H.

WRITE OR CALL FOR A FREE CATALOG

For further information write:

BOBWHITE MEDICAL SOFTWARE

P.O. Box 742, La Canada Flintrldge, CA 91011 • (213) 790-0383

•TRS-80 Is a registered trademark of the Tandy Corp.

CIRCLE 1 13 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Square, cont'd...

the input value of H, line 35 adds back
the one in a SET line, and you can't
SET a horizontal value of 128. The
stated vertical maximum of 48 is OK,
because line 8 subtracts one from it,
and the one is not added back in later.

In his accompanying letter, Craig
says, in part:

"You'll notice several "tricks" in
my program that can be quite useful
under certain circumstances. So I'll try
to explain the operation carefully.

"In several instances you'll notice
the use of what I call a "logical
variable." The logical comparisons are
not limited to IF statements, a fact
often misunderstood or overlooked.
For instance, in line 120 the value for
our step has the quantity (XN<X) in it. If
this is evaluated as "true" its value will
be -1; if false it returns a value of 0.

"By thinking the equation through,
you'll see that the step computes to
either +1 or -1, depending on the
direction the line will be drawn. Similar
use of logical quantities can be found
in line 270.

"My first idea when considering
how to "remember" previous points in
the constructed lines was to use an
integer array. However, here I used a
technique that oftentimes may be used
to save memory space. Each variable in
an integer array would require 10
bytes, according to the TRS-80
manual. For remembering 255 X and Y
coordinates, we would use over 5K of
memory. But by converting the co-
ordinates into characters, we may
store all 255 points in two strings,
requiring only about '/ 10 the memory!"

Straightforward Square

The third, from Robert D. Miller of
Hazelwood, Missouri, is the most
straightforward of the successful
programs. The outer square is drawn,
the corners are labeled, the inner

traces are made at medium-slow
speed, and after the ninth line is
started, the first begins to disappear,
block by block.

Miller notes that if a user wants to
change the square size, he can do so
by changing the boundary values in
one of the program lines.

The drawing speed can be
changed by lowering the value of IN
within another line, "as the loop which

sets the points will execute IN times.'

Show All Lines?

Program number four, from Mark
T. Miller of W. Des Moines, Iowa, offers
a choice in his first display:

WHICH ONE OF THE
FOLLOWING PLEASE:

1 - SHOW ALL LINES THAT
ARE PRODUCED .
LETTING THEM REMAIN
ON THE SCREEN

on the screen, along with the later
lines.

The program is slightly fudged, to
facilitate erasing all lines until a
particular one. Several tests could be
made to find out what line begins to
delineate the final square, such as
perhaps testing for a right angle.
However, in Miller's program, this
wouldn't work, because the final
polygon isn't really a square, because
the outer rectangle is not a square, but
is more like 5% by 6y 4 inches in size.

So the author has simplified it all
by first finding out that the twelfth line
is the one, and then writing line 320 to
take care of what might otherwise
involve many more program lines.

Miller also enclosed a drawing,
saying. "By using the Pythagorean
theorem, you can see that the length of
the small-square side times 5 is equal
to the side of the large square."

2 - ERASE ALL LINES UNTIL
SQUARE IS DONE

3 - END

WHICH ONEt PLEASE?

The program contains explanatory
remarks, as shown.

In the second choice, "erase all
lines," only a line at a time is drawn,
and is immediately wiped out, block by
block, until the twelfth line, which stays

<2x) 2 + x 2 = a 2

4x 2 + x 2 = a 2

5x' = a 2

x* = a 2 /5

|«— yT]

t
The fact that the "halfway lines"
could just as easily have been "third-
of-the-way" or "quarter-of-the-way"
lines is something nobody picked
up on, perhaps because it's rather
obscure. If a "third-of-the-way"

LISTlng Of
John Craig 1 ■
program

3 CLEAR 3333: CLS

S PRINT "WHAT SHAPE RECTANGLE ? (VERTICAL .HORIZONTAL) ...*

7 PRINT -MAXIMUM - 48,128 FAIRLY SQUARE • 48,112"! INPUT V,H

8 V-W-li H«H-1
10 CLS ■ K-255

20 FOR X-0 TO H: 8ET(X,0>i SET<X,V)i NEXT X

30 FOR Y-0 TO V: SET<0,Y>: SET(H,Y)

35 SETd.Y): SET(H*1,Y): NEXT Y

40 X»=STRING«(K,0) : Y«-X«

50 X(l)-0i Y<l)-0

60 X<2>-H: Y(2>-0

70 X<3)-H: Y<3)-v

80 X<4)-0: Y(4)-W

90 C-2i X-Oi Y-V

100 XN-(X<C)*X)/2! YN-(Y<C)*Y)/2

110 M*<YN-Y)/(XN-X>

120 FOR XS- X TO XN STEP 1+2»<XN<X>

130 YS-M»(XS-XN)+YN

140 SET(XS > YS)

150 xr-a8c<right*(x«,1>>

160 yr-a8c(right«(y»,1>)

170 if xr*yr>0 then re8et(xr,yr>

180 x*-chr«(xs)+left«(x«,k-1>

190 y»-chr*(ys>+left«<y«,k-1>

200 rs-k+1-rnd(rnd(rnd(k>)>

210 xr-asc<mid»<x»,rs>>

220 yr>a8c<mid«(y«,r8>>

230 if xr*yr>0 then reset(xr,yr>

240 x»-left»<x«,rs-i>-m:hr«<o>+right«<x«,k-rs>

250 y»-left»<y»,rs-1)+chr»(0>+right»<y«,k-r8)

260 NEXT XS

270 X-XNi Y-YNt OC- ( C< 4 > +3XCC-4 )

280 GOTO 1(0

140

CREATIVE COMPUTING

we don't say our programs are good . . .

SPACE battles — High-speed graphics (machine language subroutines). You are the commander of
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final APPROACH — Land a multi-engine jet. Runway and instruments are displayed on
the screen Take control and try to land her yourself. Special $7.50
LEVEL IV graphics — A machine language program that allows you to turn your
keyboard Into a Graphics Keyboard, no hardware modifications required to
run this program. Cassette no compatible with Disk basic cass. /$14.95 .^ k > ~M

Disk NEWDOS (not supplied) $19.95
touch typinc I and II — a two cassette package. Touch Typing i
helps you learn the keyboard, reinforcing the correct finger-
key positions. Touch Typing n randomly choses words to
help you improve your typing skills. These drills can be ^^

SO 4 for

timed or untimed. cats./ $22.50 *
SUPER ADO — (ages S to adult) improves and teaches
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with a total of 36 learning modules. A game
can be added as a positive reinforce
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SUPER mult — (ages 8 to adult)
Contains 25 learning modules
to learn and improve mul-
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or untimed. ^
cass./
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catalog I

LEVEL IV CRAPHICS —

"if you write programs
using graphics, this tape is a
must . . . Excellent program —
80 Software Critique, issue #2 •
super utility program . . excellent
value — a real contribution 80-Micro-
computlng, February 1980.
TOUCH typinc I A H — "Our recommendation is to
buy both programs if you are serious about Im-
proving your performance keying computer programs."
— 80 Software Critique, issue 12.

— "Very comprehensive multiplication program
suitable for use by students just learning the multiplication
tables and for adults that need some brushing up.' — 80 Software
Critique, issue 12.
final APPROACH — "One of the more Interesting games before long
you'll develop a strategy . . and end up with nicely done -you CREASED rr ON!"
— Creative Computing, January 1980.
SPACE BATTLE — "The unique value of Space Battle lies in the extra dimensions of the
mr~ game What is tough is staying alive ... in short, this is a challenging game with a lot of fac-
tors to create interest ... One of the best space war games available. - 80-US, Mar/Apr 1980

Add $1.50 for shipping.

. . . others say It for us!

CIRCLE 1 54 ON READER SERVICE CARD

EVEN COMPUTERS GET THE BLUES

Has your TRS-aO been sluggish lately? Slow to respond? Hod
excessive keyboard bounce?

The problem might be tow voltage, or a BASIC misunderstanding or
IRON POOR SOT TWARE!

Do you serve your TRS-»0's meals on paper sheets? Do you
(shudder) write it yourself? Recent studies indicate that keyboard-
feeding causes MALIGNANT BUGS!

CLOAD Magazine is published monthly on a magnetic IRON OXIDE
tape, wound up inside a C-30 cassette. Now you may ask "Why
bother?", but I can assure you that our computer cassettes ore
DIRECTLY readable. I repeat DIRECTLY readable by your computer
We have Thris. Variety, and Absurdity. We have every program your
computer has ever wanted to run after a hard day at the job We
even include our infamous "yellow sheets" with every issue, tied with
lies about the TRS-80 computing scene.
12 Monthly cassette issues S36.00 *

(over 60 programs)
Single issues • • J 3 50 '

Best of CLOAD SIOOO'

(9 programs w/ listings)
• CA residents please add 6% to non-subscriptton orders

Please write for overseas rates
Master Chorge / Visa Welcome. Also Cash & Gold.

CLOAD

IS/l AG A Z I N E . i nC . • P.O. Box 1267 • Goleta CA 93017 • (805) 964-2761

o

©

MAY 1980

CIRCLE 117 ON READER SERVICE CARD
141

Square, cont'd...

scheme had been used, then the
number under the square-root sign, as
the length of the side of the smaller
square, would be 13, and if a "quarter-
of-the-way" scheme, then the number
would be the square root of 25, or 5.

Want Your Own Polygon?

The winning program is from
Thomas Bartkus of Rutherford, New
Jersey, who sent in the most complex
one. It opens with

ENTER X IF YOU WANT
YOUR OWN POLYGON.
JUST HIT ENTER IF
YOU WANT THE SQUARE

and then asks

DO YOU WANT OLD
LINES TO FADE?

If you just want the square, hit
ENTER, and if you don't want the old
lines to fade, you get a standard
display that within 11 lines converges
to a set pattern, the square within a
square.

If you want the square but decide
to let the old lines fade, the first line
begins to fade as the fourth one starts.
But the fading starts too soon, so that
eventually what seems to be a "moving
black gap" is in the inner square, with
an old line fading away about an inch
ahead of the newest line. The effect is
of a black worm crawling around the
square.

You can choose where you want
the square-within-a-square to start,
because the display comes up with

ENTER COORDINATES OF
STARTINC POINT. IF
DESIRED ENTER <7.*7>.
THIS 18 POINT (A)
OF THE SQUARE.

If you don't select the starting
point, by default the program selects
point B, at the top left. The first line,
which starts half an inch to the left of B,
surprisingly heads for C, not D. Yet all
ends well, within very few traces,
finishing up with the required inner
square, which is really square because
the outer polygon is a real square, 6'/ 4
by 6% inches.

If you want your own polygon, the
display asks

HON MANY SIDES
IN YOUR POLYGON?

10 '■ SOFTWARE CHALLENGE «1. THOMAS BARTKUS 9/4/7?

20 DEFINT C.D.F.I.X.Y l'« SPEEDS COMPUTATION WHERE ALLOWABLE

30 C4*130 !'* LENGTH BETWEEN POINT SET ANO RESET

40 DIM X( 130) .Y( 130 ) !'■ STORES LINE POINTS FOR FAOE ROUTINE

SO CL8

60 PRINT "ENTER X IF YOU WANT YOUR OWN POLYGON."

70 INPUT "JUST HIT ENTER IF YOU WANT THE SQUARE "»A»

80 PRINT SPRINT "ENTER COORDINATES OF STARTING POINT."

90 PRINT "IF DESIRED ENTER (7. 47)."

93 PRINT "THIS IS POINT (A) OF THE SQUARE."

100 INPUT X(O).YCO)

110 INPUT "DO YOU WANT OLD LINES TO FADE'iB*

120 IF A»-"X" THEN GOSUB 600 ELSE COSUB 500 !'■ INPUT VERTICES

130 COSUB 800 I'l DRAW POLYCON

133 IF B»-"YES" THEN Fl»l I'l FLAGS FADE ROUTINE

140 COSUB 900 :•■ THE CHALLENCE

193 END

199 '

200 'ROUTINE TO DRAW SOLID LINE BETWEEN XI. Yl < X2.Y2

210 •

230 DY-Y1-Y2 :DX*X1-X2

240 IF DX"0 THEN 340

230 M-DY/DX fm SLOPE OF LINE

260 IF ABS(M>>1 THEN 340 ! • * IF Y DENSITY >X THEN GOTO Y LOOP

270 I— SGN(DX) :•» INDICATES LINE DIRECTION

280 FOR X»X1 TO X2 STEP I

290 Y=H*<X-Xl)*Yl+.5 S'M EQUATION OF LINE +.5 FOR ROUNOING OFF

GOTO LINE FADE

300 IF F1<1 THEN COSUB 1000

310 SET(X.Y)

320 NEXT

330 RETURN

340 H-DX/OY :•* SLOPE OF LINE

330 I— SGN(DY) :•* INDICATES LINE DIRECTION

360 FOR Y"Y1 TO Y2 STEP I

370 X»MM(Y-Y1)*X1*.S I'l EQUATION OF LINE

380 IF Fl«l THEN GOSUB 1000 :■« GOTO LINE FADE

390 SET(X.Y)

400 NEXT

410 RETURN

420 '

30 ' INPUT VERTICES OF SQUARE

510 '

320 DATA 7.47.7.0.119.0.119.47 ;•« VERTICFS OF SQUARE

330 FOR C=0 TO 3

340 READ XR(C).YR(C)

550 NEXT

560 C-C-l

570 RETURN

580 '

600 ' INPUT USERS POLYCON

610 '

620 PRINT IINPUT "HOW MANY SIDES IN YOUR POLYGON" ;C

630 IF CO THEN PRINT "YOU MUST HAVE AT LEAST 3 SIDES."

635 IF C<3 COTO 620

640 PRINT tPRINT "ENTER" ;C; "VERTICES (X.Y) OF POLYGON"

650 PRINT "IN ORDER OF THE LINES TO BE DRAWN."

660 FOR CS-0 TO C-l

670 PRINT "VERTEX ♦" !C5*1 i • (X, Y> ■ ( tINPUT XR<C3) . YRCC5 )

680 IF XR<C5)<0 OR XR<C5)>127 OR YR<C5)<0 OR YR<C5>>47 PRINT

•POINT MUST BE A VALID TRS-80 SCREEN POINT." : GOTO 670
690 NEXT
700 C=C-1
710 RETURN
720 •
800 ' DRAW THE POLYGON

810 '

820 CLS

830 FOR Cl-0 TO C

840 X1>XR(C1> !Y1-YR<C1>

850 IF Cl-C THEN X2-XR<0> :Y2«YR(0)

860 X2-XR(C1*1) 1Y2"YR(C1+1)

870 COSUB 20 :•* COTO LINE DRAWING ROUTINE

880 NEXT

890 RETURN

895 •

900 • THE SOFTWARE CHALLENGE

910 •

920 xi.x<0) :yi-y<o> :•■ assign starting point

III C «Lii!vB?rSIw2 ™ IRD C0RNER T0 START (C ° F <«CD SQUARE)
III C0;U8 1 2« < "i , DRAW Y LINE ,+YR<C2>)/2 ''* "^^ MI ° P ° INT
otU ii"I2 i Yl " VZ 11" 0L0 ENDPOINT IS NEW STARTPOINT

III GOTO^S I^INFiN^E S£ ""° •'■ P ° INT T ° NEXT C ° RNER

990 '

1000 ■ LINE FADE ROUTINE

1010 '

\lll ?c C ^*^ , I (C3 '" Y •■" ST0RE SET P0INTS ™ ARRAY
1"! C3-C3M "" !F2 " !C0T ° ,05G ''" " TRICG ERS RESET
1050 IF F2-1 THEN RESET (X(C3) ,Y<C3) )
1060 RETURN

2000 iiiiihii...,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
2010 ■» PROCRAM AUTHOR: THOMAS BARTKUS
2020 •* 28 HIGHLAND CROSS
)30 '« RUTHERFORD. NEW JERSEY 07070
'* PHONE! (201)438-1085

:COTO 870

2040
2050

142

CREATIVE COMPUTING

A New Type of Game

Welcome to an astonishing new experiencel ADVENTURE is one of
the most challenging and innovative games available for your personal
computer. This is not the average computer game In which you shoot at,
chase, or get chased by something, master the game within an hour, and
then lose interest. In fact, it may take you more than an hour to score at
all, and will probably take days or weeks of playing to get a good score.
(There is a provision for saving a game in progress).

The original computer version of Adventure was written by Willie
Crowther and Don Woods in Fortran on a PDP-10 at MIT. In this version
the player starts near a small wellhouse. Upon entering the house, he
finds food, water, a set of keys and a lamp. Armed with only these Items,
he must set out to explore the countryside in search of treasure and other
objects of play. He must also confront dwarfs, snakes, trolls, bears,
dragons, birds, and other creatures during his quest. The game accepts
one-or two-word commands such as GET LAMP* SOUTH* or KILL
DWARF. Of course, If you don't have the proper tool to carry out an
action, or if you do something foolish, you may find yourself in big
trouble.

In playing the game you wander thru various 'rooms' (locations),
manipulating the objects there to try to find 'treasures'. You may have to
defeat an exotic wild animal to get one treasure, or figure out how to get
another treasure out of a quicksand bog. You communicate thru two-word
commands such as 'go west', 'climb tree', 'throw axe', 'look around'.

MISSION IMPOSSIBLE ADVENTURE (by Scott Adams) - Good
Morning, Your mission is to... and so it starts. Will you be able to
complete your mission in time? Or is the world's first automated
nuclear reactor doomed? This one's well named, its hard, there is
no magic but plenty of suspense. Good luck

THE COUNT (by Scott Adams) - You wake up in a large brass bed in
a castle somewhere in Transylvania. Who are you, what are you
doing here, and WHY did the postman deliver a bottle of blood?
You'll love this Adventure, in fact, you might say it's LOVE AT
FIRST BITE

ADVENTURELAND (by Scott Adams) - You wander through an en-
chanted world trying to recover the 13 lost treasures. You'll en-
counter WILD ANIMALS, MAGICAL BEINGS, and many other
perils and puzzles. Can you rescue the BLUE OX from the quick-
sand? Or find your way out of the maze of pits? Happy Adven-
turing

VOODOO CAS1LE (by Scott Adams) - Count Cristo has had a
fiendish curse put on him by his enemies. There he lies, with you
his only hope. Will you be able to rescue him or is he forever
doomed? Beware the Voodoo Man

duznture

For Apple. TRS-80. Sorcerer, PET, CP/M

ORIGINAL ADVENTURE (by Crowther, Woods, Manning and
Roichel) - Somewhere nearby is a collosai cave where others have
found fortunes in treasures and gold, but some who have entered
have never been seen again. You start at a small brick building
which is the wellhouse for a large spring. You must try to find your
way into the underground caverns where you'll meet a giant clam,
nasty little dwarves, and much more. This Adventure is Bi-Lingual
—you may play in either English or French— a language learning
tool beyond comparison. Runs in 32K CP/M system (48K required
for SAVE GAME feature). Even includes SAM76 language in which
to run the game. The troll says "Good Luck."

PIRATE ADVENTURE (by Scott Adams) - "Yo Ho Ho and a bottle of
rum..." You'll meet up with the pirate and his daffy bird along with
many strange sights as you attempt to go from your London flat to
Treasure Island. Can you recover LONG JOHN SILVER'S lost trea-
sures? Happy sailing matey

sensational software

TRS-80 Level II (16K) Machine language

cassettes for only $14.95

CS-3007 Adventureland

CS-3008 Pirate Adventure

CS-3009 Mission Impossible Adventure

CS-3010 Voodoo Castle

CS-3011 The Count

TRS-80 Disk (32K) Menu driven machine
language routines for only $24.95
CS-3506 Adventureland and Pirate

Adventure
CS-3507 Mission Impossible Adventure

and Voodoo Castle

Sorcerer (16K) Machine language cassettes
I for only $14.95
I CS-5003 Adventureland
I CS-5004 Pirate Adventure
VcS-5005 Mission Impossible Adventure

CS-5006 Voodoo Castle

CS-5007 The Count

CP/M 8" Disk (48K) Includes special Sam

76 language in which to run the game

$24.95

CS-9004 Original Adventure

Apple II (18K) A night-
mare simulation program $7.95
CS-4005 Haunted House
Apple II and Apple II Plus (32K)
Adventures for your 32K Apple on
cassette, $14.95
CS-401 1 Adventureland
CS-4012 Pirate Adventure
CS-401 3 Mission Impossible Adventure
CS-401 4 Voodoo Castle

(48K) Adventures for your 48K Apple on
disk, $24.95

CS-4509 Adventureland and Pirate

Adventure
CS-4510 Mission Impossible Adventure

and Voodoo Castle

Pet (24K), $14.95 turns your Pet into a land
of enchantment.
CS-1009 Pirate Adventure and
Adventureland

Sensational SavlngslTake advantage
of the one dollar discount certificate on
page 135 redeamable at your local
computer store. Or you can order directly
from Creative Computing Software Dept
401, P.O. Box 789-M, Morristown, NJ
07960. Send payment plus $1 shipping
and handling. For faster service call In
your bank card order to 800/631-8112. In
NJ call 201/540-0445.

MAY 1980

For a FREE Sensational Software Catalog of over 400 programs for eight popular systems circle reader service #300

143

Square, cont'd...

and then asks for details. Let's assume
you want five sides and these vertices:

ENTER S VERTICES <X»Y> OF POLYGON

IN ORDER OF THE LINES TO BE DRAWN.

VERTEX * 1 (XiY)? 50.0

VERTEX • 2 <XtY>? 90tl0

VERTEX • 3 <XtY>? HOi^O

VERTEX » 4 <XtY>? 60i«

VERTEX • 5 <XtY>? 0.20

so the program draws the five-sided
polygon and then draws a smaller and
similar five-sided polygon inside it.

1*

• *•»•

SQUARE PROBLEM

• ••*•

36

• ••»•

BYl HARK T. MILLER

• ••••

4t

51

• **••

V. DES MOINES. IA

.....

If you want the old lines to fade,
they somehow fade faster than they
should, and you're eventually left with
a little white inch-long bug that crawls
around the polygon.

Is the "little white bug" in the
polygon version of this program the
missing part of the square version,
perhaps fitting into the "moving black
gap" of the latter?

Actually, no — this is all a tempest
in a T-BUG. and the problem can be
solved quite simply, by a simple
change in the program, as will be
shown shortly.

Going from B to C is deliberate,
according to Bartkus, who says, "The
first entry will be taken as A, the next as
B and so on. The program will start by
heading toward C, and then the other
vertices in order of entry. This means
you can trace around a figure either
clockwise or counter-clockwise.

"You can start the trace from
anywhere on the screen. It makes no
difference. Start anywhere on the
screen, inside or outside the figure;
you always converge on the same path.

"You can opt to leave the entire
trace on the screen or choose to have
the lines fade. This is a good demon-
stration that you are locked in on a
fixed path. The variable C4, set equal to
130 on line 30, determines how many
set points behind the lines start to
erase. This value is ideal for a large
square, but you may want to reduce or
increase it for other figures. If you
choose more than 130 points behind.
you must increase the DIM statement
on line 40 a like amount.

"The heart of the program is a
subroutine to draw a solid line from
any point to any point. It is a generally
useful routine for all graphics work on
the TRS-80 and is what made this
program easy to write. The whole
problem is reduced to the simple task

66 CLS

76 PR1NT|PRINT|"VHICH ONE OF THE F0LL0VING PLEASEi

86 PRINTl PRINT"

9f PRINT"

III PRINT

lit PRINT" 2

IS* PRINTl PRINT

- SHOW ALL LINES THAT ARE PRODUCED.
LETTING THEM REMAIN ON THE SCREEN"

ERASE ALL LINES UNT1LL THE SQUARE IS DONE

3 - END"

136 PRINT I PRINTUNPUT"VHICH ONE. PLEASE"JA
I4S IF A-3 THEN END
ISt DIM X(4>.Y<*>
16* CLS

ITS PRINT**. "PRESS"! PRINT*64. "ENTER"! PRINT* 126. "WHEN"! PRINT* 192.
IS* X. I6iY-CiXI- I I2iY1-*iG0SUB I*** "THESE LINES

19* X-l6lY-47lXI-l 12lYI-47lG0Sl'B I ••• 'HAKE THE

2*( X- 16|Y-*|XI- I6iYI-47i00SU8 !••• 'SOUARE TO

216 X-l I2iY-6iX|. H2iYl-47iG0SUB IB** 'BE USED
226 X( I). II2iY( l)>* 'STORE THE

23* X<2)-l l2iY<2>-«7 'CO-ORDINATES

246 X(3>- 16iY<3>-47 'OF THE SOUARE IN

256 X<4>" I6IY<4)"6 'ARRAY X AND Y

266 C-l 'C ■ COUNTER FOR WHICH VERT1CE IS BEING USED
STB X>l6lY*47 'SET BEGINNING POINT
286 FOR I-l TO IS 'NUMBER OF SEGMENTS TO BE MADE
296 XI-(X.XCC)>/2iYI-CY.YCC)>/2 'ENDING PT. ■ MID-PT. OF LINE
366 G0SUB 1666 'CONNECT THE TWO POINTS

316 IF A'l THEN 336 'LINES SHOULD HOT BE ERASED. SKIP NEXT LINE
326 IF KI2 THEN J-UGOSUB I666U-6 'ERASE LINE MADE
336 X'XIiY'Yl 'BEGINNING PT. NOV ESUALS THE LAST ENDING PT.
346 C-C* I 'C IS INCREMENTED FOR THE NEXT VERTICE
3S6 IF C>4 THEN C-C-4 'WHEN THE VERTICE-4 THE NEXT VERTICE- I
366 IF J* I AND 1*7 THEN 386 'FINAL SQUARE SHOULD NOT BE ERASED
376 NEXT I 'NEXT SEGMENT

386 IF INKEY «-■•■• THEN 386 ELSE RUN 'WAIT FOR RESPONSE
396 END

IBB* 'SUBROUTINE FOR CONNECTING TWO POINTS
1*16 ON ERROR GOTO 1116 'IN CASE THE LINE IS VERTICAL
1626 ' X.Y BEGINNING CO-ORDINATES (SUPPLIED BY MAIN PROGRAM)
1*3* ' XI. Yl ENDING CO-ORDINATES (SUPPLIED BY MAIN PROGRAM)
IS** U-Y

IBS* FOR T-X TO XI STEP SGN(Xl-X)
1*6* IF J-S THEN SET(T.U) ELSE REEET(T.U)
1ST* U-U*5GNCYI-Y).ABSC<Yl-Y)/<XI-X>)
1686 'U IS INCREMENTED OR DECREMENTED HERE
1*9* NEXT T
II** RETURN

III* FOR U-Y TO Yl STEP SGN(Yl-Y)
1126 IF J-6 THEN SET(T.U) ELSE RESET(T.U)
1136 NEXT U
1146 RESUME I IBS

of computing the midpoint between
two points.

"The square-within-a-square is
indeed a square, centered about the
same center (as the external square)
but canted 26.6 degrees in a direction
opposite to the trace path. The sides of
the small square are exactly equal to
1/ 5 the side of the larger square."

Bartkus also notes, "This program
contains several features that allow
experimentation with this geometrical
curiosity. A square can be drawn from
memory or the user can opt for any
polygon, regular or irregular, of any
number of sides, by entering the
vertices."

That cant of 26.6 degrees, by the
way, is simply arctan ( 1 / 2 ).

Also, if you raise C4 to 138, you get
the full four lines of the inner square. If
C4 is 1 30, the inner square is short by 8
graphics blocks.

The problem of the crawling black
or white bug isn't solved by just using a
large value for C4, such as 1000. If you
use 1000, you're back to displaying
only one of the four sides of the inner
square. If C4 is 138, or 276, or 414, etc.,
you get all four sides. Any ideas on why
you get the full square only at these
multiples of 138?

When starting with a polygon, the
completeness of the inner polygon
depends on whether C4 is equal to the

number of graphics blocks required to
draw it. Or does it?

In the case of the polygon illus-
trated, a C4 of 119 is required to
complete the inner five-sided polygon.

The program cassette was not
accompanied by a printout or a typed
copy; what appears on these pages
was taken from the screen.

These give tapes, incidentally,
were recorded with a very wide range
of volume-control settings and, when
played back, required optimum set-
tings all the way from 4 to 10.

Listen in to this same station for
responses to the second software
challenge. D

©Ciratiiw Computing

144

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MAY 1980

CIRCLE 1S5 ON READER SERVICE CARD

145

In column 18, we find out how to
draw a circle on a TRS-80 screen in
three different ways, look at two
application programs and two utilities
from The Bottom Shelf, check out a
random-character generator that does
a lot with only four lines, look at two
books, one on Learning Level II, the
other on Some Common Basic Prob-
lems, and check out CSAVE file names.

In between the circles and TBS,
you'll find Software Challenge #2, and
also in this issue are several of the
programs sent in response to the first
challenge.

Drawing a Circle

If you want to put a circle on the
screen of your TRS-80, there are
several ways to do it. You can use a lot
of SET statements to turn on graphics
blocks exactly where you want to put
them.

A much easier way is to use a
formula. You insert radius and step-
size into the formula, and the computer
does all the work of deciding where to
put the graphics blocks that constitute
the circle. You've got a choice of two
basic types of formulas: Cartesian and
polar.

Circle With SET Points

A primitive way to draw a circle on
a TRS-80 screen is to tell the computer,
with SET and FOR/TO/NEXT state-

ments, exactly where to put each
graphics block. This is how it's done in
the Happy Face program, reviewed in
the November 1979 Creative (p 180),
which draws a round smiling face if
you depress the same key as the letter
or number shown on the screen, in a
learning game.

The major limitation in drawing
this kind of circle is that you can't
change its size or location without
writing those many program lines all
over again.

This was no problem for Les
Logan, who wanted only to put the
same face on the screen for every
match between screen and keyboard
alphanumerics. He used something
like 24 FOR/TO/SET/NEXT state-
ments for groups of contiguous
blocks, and 55 SET statements for
single blocks, for a total of 212
graphics blocks that go to make a
circle just about as smooth as you can
get in TRS-80 raster-scan graphics.

Cartesian-Coordinate Circle

If you had algebra in school,
perhaps you remember the equation
for a circle, x 2 + y* = r 2 . This has to be
transformed so you can use it in a
computer program, as in lines 150 and
190:

101 CL8

tit INPUT -ENTER RADIUS <.3 TO 7.3) MR

120 INPUT 'ENTER STEP-SIZE (.01 TO D'lS

130 CLS

HO FOR X— R TO R STEP 8

130 Y-BOR<RIR-XBX>

1*0 SET<7lX»44>3aY*24>

170 NEXT X

ISO FOR X-R TO -R STEP -S

190 V— BOR(RBR-XBX)

200 SCT(7«X*«4f3iY+24>

210 NEXT X

220 GOTO 220

This draws two joined half-circles
in the center of the screen. If there's a
way to do it with a single circle, I
couldn't find it.

Note the 7and 3 multipliers in lines
1 60 and 200. Remove them and you get
an elipse instead of a circle, because
the graphics blocks, instead of being
square, have an aspect ratio of 3:7. You

have to use these numbers as "fudge
factors" to create a circle. Of course,
you could use just one number, 7/3, or
2.333, for the X factor.

Try keying in the program, RUN it,
and enter 6 for radius R (this is not in
inches, just arbitrary), and .4 for step-
size S. You'll get an incomplete circle,
made up of about 60 graphics blocks.
It's incomplete because the step-size
isn't small enough. Try an S of .05 and

you'll get a circle that's almost com-
plete. Try smaller values of S to see
how far you have to go to make a
complete circle.

Try other values of R and S, and
note that as you decrease the value of
S, the contiguous groups of blocks
start to overlap each other. Notice also
that the circle is traced only once
around its circumference by the

J

146

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CIRCLE 181 ON READER SERVICE CARD
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CIRCLE 184 ON READER SERVICE CARD

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CIRCLE 142 ON READER SERVICE CARD

147

Strings, cont'd...

"moving" graphics block.

Polar-Coordinate Circle

Perhaps in a trig course you got
into polar coordinates, and learned
how to make a circle using sine and
cosine, just as this program does:

II* CLS

110 INPUT •ENTER RADIUS (.3 TO 4.3) MR

121 INPUT -ENTER STEP-SIZE (.11 TO 3>'IS

13* CLB

H* FOR »-• TO II* STEP S

131 B-R»?»BIN(»)«40

141 C-R»3«COS(A)*20

171 8ET(B,C)

18t NEXT A

1VI GOTO If*

Another INPUT line could be added to
this program, and to the previous one,
to specify location. As written, the
circles are placed in the center of the
screen.

Note that these two programs
work only because the SET function
includes an INT function (see page 8/1
of the Level- 1 1 manual).

Key in this program, RUN it, enter
a radius of 6 and step-size of 1, and

note how many times the circum-
ference is traced by a "flying graphics
block." Also note how this circle looks
different from the incomplete Car-
tesian-coordinate circle.

However, when you use the same
radius and a step-size of .2, the
complete circle looks very much like

the full Cartesian-coordinate circle.

For some interesting variations,
change line 140 to

14* FOR »-« TO 311 STEP 8

and use a radius of 6 and step-sizes of
1, 2, 3 and 4. Then raise the maximum
value of A to 1000 in line 140 and try it
again. Try a radius of .5 and step-size
of .1 . Then a radius of .00005 and step-
size of 1 .

Software Challenge #2
— Star Within a Circle

Quite a variety of responses to the
first software challenge (September
1979, p 190) was received, and five are
described in this issue.

Now it's time for a second chal-
lenge: write a program that puts a
circle with a diameter of 2 to 5 inches
anywhere on the TRS-80 screen, and
then puts a five-pointed star within that
circle, just touching it.

first name, and you decide ten letters
should take care of all the first names,
then you enter FIRST NAME and 10,
and the display comes p with

Just as several astute readers
came up with some clever variations on
the first challenge, others will see
possibilities in the second challenge
that lie beyond the single sentence.

The Bottom Shelf

A fascinating line of application
programs and systems utilities is
available from The Bottom Shelf,
already well known for its "Library 100"
offering of 100 programs on five
cassettes, reviewed here in April 1979
(p 24). Let's look at two TBS products
in each category. All four are for
TRS-80 Levei-ll, 16K and up.

Info System, at $24.50, is a very
flexible data-cataloguer that keeps
track of almost anything you've got a
lot of data on. Such as mailing lists,
personnel records, inventory, tele-
phone numbers, books, magazines,
etc.

Four versions of Info Systems are
on each side of the cassette, and each
is announced by voice, making index-
ing easy: 16K and 32K for cassette, 32K
and 48K for disk.

After asking if you're using the
BS-232-C option, the program dis-
plays a menu of the ten functions
available: Add, Edit, Sort, Search,
Video Display, Print, Read Data File,
Write Data File, Initialize Data File and
End.

To set up the file, enter 9, for
Initialize Data File. The display asks
you to Enter The Description Of Field
#1, then its length. If you're creating a
telephone list, using the first field for

FIRST NAME

which has 10 dots for the field length.

At the bottom of the display are
codes for changing the field, deleting
it, inputting field 2, or ending the
initialization.

After you enter all the fields you
need, up to a maximum of 10. the
computer tells you how many records
can be retained (which, of course,
depends on the total length of all your
fields), and then asks you to prepare
the cassette recorder for recording.

The computer records your in-
itialization data, then you rewind the
tape, and input code 7, for Read Data
File. After it's read in, you're ready for
code 1, Add.

All the field names and lengths are
displayed, for you to now enter your
records, one by one. When you've
entered them all, you can Write Data
File, which puts the records on the
cassette, or Add, if you want to add
more records, or Sort, if you want to
sort on any particular field, or Search,
or Print, etc.

Field lengths can be up to 40
characters long, with a maximum of
120 characters per record. Printout is
programmable in the disk versions.

Checkbook II, for $18.50, keeps
your checkbook balanced. If I'd used it
a week earlier, it would have saved me
an hour's work looking for the error in
my checkbook. It's a very compre-
hensive program, and comes in two
versions on each side of the cassette,
one for 16K, the other for 32K and up.

The first display is a menu, for
Keyboard Input, List And Edit, Print
With Balance, Search And Total,
Reconcile, Sort, Input From Tape,
Output To Tape, Check File Length
and Clear.

You start with Keyboard Input,
which brings up a five-column display
in which you input Check Number,
Data, To Whom, Amount and Code.
The Code is whatever you choose for
identifying the check's purpose, such
as RENT, PHON, SUBS, etc.

When you've entered all checks
and deposits, you enter 99999 as the
check number, to bring back the menu.
Now you can List And Edit if anything
needs to be corrected. If you want a
running balance, code 3 provides Print
With Balance, after you've entered
your "balance brought forward."

Search and Total lets you examine
the data for a check, or group of
checks, that have a certain field in
common. It then lists those checks and
gives a total. Reconcile is the last

148

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Features: is a structured language, all functions (Programs)
recursive; more powerful expression operators than any
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Speed: On 2 MHz 8080, the statement
for (i = 1 ; i < 30000; i ++ ) x = 5;
takes about 4 seconds to execute.

Package contains: compiler, linker, library manager; standard
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Book— The C Programming Language by Dennis Ritchie
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149

Strings, cont'd...

operation, in which you enter the
balance shown on your bank state-
ment, and the computer tells you if
there's an error, and how much, or if
your checkbook balances. If it does,
the computer deletes all checks except
the outstanding ones.

Check File Length tells you how
many more checks you can enter. The
maximum number of checks for 16K is
75; for32K, 350, for 32K with DOS, 150.
The program handles either disk or
cassette files.

Basic Toolkit, at $19.80, is a utility
for serious programmers who need the
advanced features provided. You load
it in memory, via SYSTEM, along with
any Basic program you're working on.

You can now search the program
and display on the screen an alpha-
betized listing of all the variables used
in the program and the line numbers in
which they appear. Or list all the GOTO
and GOSUB statements and their line
numbers. Or restore the program if you
accidentally lose it by typing NEW. Or
merge two or more programs. Or
search memory for the occurrence of
any two-byte pair, and list the locations
where it occurs; this is mainly of
interest to assembly-language pro-
grammers, and those who want to
examine the Level-ll ROM and
TRSDOS.

The utility will also test all the RAM
memory for single-bit errors.

You can get into the Basic Toolkit
at any time while you're programming,
by hitting SHIFT and BREAK. This is a
valuable tool if you do any real amount
of programming in Basic.

System Doctor, at $28.50, makes a
diagnostic check of your whole com-
puter system, and is recommended to
anybody who uses a TRS-80 system
regularly and often. Two versions are
provided, for 16K and for 32K and up.

This utility includes 15 tests, and
checks the ROM and RAM to make
sure all memory locations are func-
tional, checks the reliability of the disk
drives in several ways, checks video
memory and video display, checks
your cassette recorder(s) for speed,
distortion and volume control, and
does a 12-hour unattended check of
the entire system, with results output
to printer, cassette, disk and/or screen.

As an example, my CTR-41 tested
as:

CASSETTE SPEED IS OFF BY -,4«X
ALLOWABLE VARIANCE IS +/-1.0X

The last item on the menu is Disk
Head Cleaner, for 32K and 48K
systems, and requires a "card insert
that cleans the head," which you can
get free by sending in the card

provided.

Each of these four TBS programs
comes with two cassette boxes. Only
System Doctor has a cassette in the
second box (the relay/input/speed test
tape). The second box contains three
cards: warranty, warranty registration
and a certificate that "will provide you
with a copy of this program on disk for
$10.00."

When you buy any of these pro-
grams or utilities in a computer store or
Associate Radio Shack store, or get it
directly from The Bottom Shelf Inc.
(Box 49104-C, Atlanta. GA 30359), it
comes wrapped snugly in plastic.
Once you open it, you've got a card-
board wraparound, with two cassette
boxes and a manual inside, which is
not all that convenient to store. Unless
you throw away the wraparound and
the empty cassette box, that is.

Short Program #9

F. Sutter Fox of McKinleyville,
California, sent this for Level-ll
machines:

"Here's a short program to PEEK
into the TRS-80 and print out the
character or execute the command
therein. Every once in a while some
recognizable words pass by — if you
load a program and then insert and run
this one, even more will come your
way!

10 CLS

20 FOR A»l TO 2147?

30 PRINT CHR*(PEEK(A)>>

*0 NEXT A

For 16K computers, line 20 is FOR A=1
TO 32767."

This program prints short random
groupings of letters, numbers and
graphics characters, at random loca-
tions. They move up the screen rather
fast, so you may have to stop the
motion with SHIFT @, if and when you
see something interesting.

The program also prints error
messages now and then, sometimes
switches to double-width characters
and back, and may even halt with a
READY.

As the author seems to suggest,
this may be just the thing to slip into a
friend's TRS-80 program. Or to put into
one of your own, just to watch the
effect on others, who will no doubt
think your TRS-80 has gone crazy, and
who will have a few "recognizable
words" to say about that.

Learning Level II

This is the title of the latest book by
David H. Lien, who wrote the Level I
User's Manual supplied with every
TRS-80. The Level II manual supplied
with the TRS-80, as users know, is a
reference manual written in-house by

Radio Shack. Dr. Lien's new book fills
in most of the details missing from that
book, and can be recommended for
either the beginner, or for anybody
who wants to know more about areas
such as strings, editing, PEEK and
POKE, etc.

The 352-page manual is $15.95
from CompuSoft Publishing, Box
19669, San Diego, CA 92119. The first
printing of over 10,000 copies sold out
in two months.

Some Common Basic Programs?

The 76 programs listed in the
Osborne/McGraw-Hill book, "Some
Common Basic Programs," by Lon
Poole and Mary Borchers, are available
on a TRS-80 Level-ll cassette.

Although you do get 76 programs
for your $15, how often, if ever, will you
use them?

The first 20 are financial, including
future value of an investment, earned
interest table, and term of a loan. The
next 26 are mathematical, from the
simple (area of a polygon, plot of polar
equation) to the complex (linear
programming, matrix inversion). Next,
17 statistical programs, including
Poisson distribution and chi-square
test. The last 11 are a mixture, in-
cluding tax depreciation schedule,
check writer, survey check, day of the
week, anglo to metric and alphabetize.

The programs are not without
flaws. The day-of-the-week program,
when queried as to when New Year's
Day occurred this year, gave the day as
Monday, when actually it was Tuesday.

Also, some programs require
using the book (which is now $12.50,
up from $9.50 as of 1-1-80). If you RUN
the anglo-to-metric program, you're
asked

WHICH CONVFRSION 00 YOU NESV

which means you have to look in the
book to find out whether you want
conversion 17, which is Fahrenheit to
Celsius, or conversion 5, which is miles
to kilometers. Why not just add a menu
to the program, so the user can pick a
conversion from the screen? There's
plenty of room on the tape. Half the
second side is unused, as is over a third
of the first side. Yet each program is
recorded only once.

Unless you're a statistician, a
mathematician or a banker, only half a
dozen of these programs might be of
interest. And how often in a lifetime do
you need to know the number of days
between two dates, or what day of the
week January 1, 1984, falls on?

CSAVE File Names

According to page 2/3 of the
Level-ll Basic Reference Manual, the

150

CREATIVE COMPUTING

Strings, cont'd...

"file-name may be any alphanumeric
character other than double-quotes."
So first you use the letters of the
alphabet, and then the digits through
9.

Although the manual hints at it,
you may not have realized that, if you
ever need more than 36 file names, you
can use the rest of the 64 ASCII
characters, except the double-quotes
and three others. The first side of the
"Some Common Basic Problems" tape
contains 44 programs, using file names
from # to N, in the sequence shown on
page C/2 of the Level-ll manual: # $ & '
()*-,-./ 1 2 etc.

Although the manual doesn't say
so, in a pinch you can also use three of
the arrows: up, down and right. But not
the left-arrow, which erases the first
double-quote if you try to use it as a file
name. Nor can you use the space or
cursor characters.

So you have 60 different file names
at your disposal. □

It is easier to fight for one 'i principles than to
live up to them.

Experience is one thing you can't get for
nothing.

TRS-80

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CIRCLE 186 ON READER SERVICE CARD
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SEE REVIEW BY STEPHEN GRAY IN TRS-80 STRINGS
MARCH ISSUE OF CREATIVE COMPUTING

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CIRCLE 162 ON READER SERVICE CARD

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TRS-80 SOFTWARE

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statamanta. unnaoaaaary words and spaoaa. 3 PACK
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logic 4. RENUM — ranumbars program Unas in-
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Electronic

Transactions

by Gregory Yob

I am happy to hear from you. and encourage
your correspondence I will try to acknowledge all
correspondence, and a SASE makes things easier
lor both of us Please send your letters to
"Personal Electronic Transactions" c/o PO Box
354. Palo Alto. CA 94301

A Cry For Help

PET user groups get started in the
most unusual places. Ron Schuemann
reports that some PETs were left over
from an aborted training program in a
prison, and some of the electronics
shop inmates started playing with
them — and now have a small library of
programs and several dedicated PET
hackers. This fledgling group is
desperately in need of information and
programs for the PET (Remember that
two years ago there was no informa-
tion on PET . . .).

If you are one of those who believe
that the personal computer can have
some application to the increase of
human dignity, please send old maga-
zines or programs that you have tired
of to:

Ron Schuemann

c/o Mr. Ed Wood, Supervisor

Computer Programming

Fremont Correctional Facility

Box 999

Canon City, CO 81212

If you sell PET software, this might
be considered tax-deductible and
could handle some of that "slow"
inventory you may have.

Uncle Sam Time Again

As you well know, April is the time
for all us fools to take on our govern-
ment in the attempt to properly
compute what's due and to whom.
John S. Burtt sent me a 9K program
designed to help you compute your
taxes if you have a fairly simple "Form
1040" situation. His program asks for
23 items, including exemptions, inter-
est, medical deductions and so on.
When all of the items are entered, they
are displayed and the computed tax is
shown. If income averaging applies,
the alternate tax value is also shown.
The program will handle single or joint

returns, and contains the 1978 and
1979 tax tables.

Once the display is on the screen,
the program asks you if you want to
change any of the 23 items. This lets
you try various "what-if" values to see
their effect on your taxes.

If you have an 8K PET, don't
despair. Mr. Burtt tells me that one of
the tables (78 or 79) may be removed
from the program to make it fit in 8K. I
looked at the listing, and it is clear that
the program can be "scrunched" con-
siderably. (If you have a friend with a
16K PET, that is!) If you want this
program, write (don't phone):

John S. Burtt, CPA

2026 Welch Court

Ann Arbor, Ml 48103

The DATA Pointers

As you know, the RESTORE state-
ment makes the PET's DATA state-
ments all "new" again — that is, the
READ pointer is moved to the start of
the Basic program. Sometimes it is
nice to be able to re-read some DATA
without starting all over. In some
Basics, the RESTORE-nnn statement
does this — for example, RESTORE
345 will move the DATA pointer to Line
345. Let's see if this can be done for the
PET.

The first thing is to take a look at
the PET's DATA pointer and see how it
changes as DATA items are read. Enter
this small program and then RUN it:

10 DATA 1,2, J, 1,5.6,7,8. 9

20 DATA 10, II, 12, 13, 1*. 15

30 OATA 16, 17, IS, 19, 20, 21

V> 0EF FNX(X)-PEEK(X)*256*PEEK(X+1)

50 PRINT

60 PRINT"DATA POINTER AT :"FNX ( I U)

70 DEAD Z: PRINT Z

SO GETA$:IFA$-""THEN 80

90 GOTO 50

(If your PET has the "new" ROMs, use
FNX(62) in Line 60. The later POKEs to

144 and 145 should be changed to 62
and 63, respectively.)

OATA POINTER AT: 102*

OATA POINTER AT: 1032

2

DATA POINTER AT: 103*
3

As you press the SPACE key re-
peatedly, the data pointer moves along
in the Basic program. (For a detailed
description of the PET's Basic storage
in memory, see the September 1979
column. You will need to know that
material to understand the information
presented here.)

When the data item moves from 9
to 10 (which will be 10 to 11 on the
screen), note how the pointer jumps a
bit. We have just moved past a line in
Basic, and four bytes are used to hold
the line pointer, the line number, and
three for the end-of-line zero, the
DATA token and the space. Then there
are two bytes for the ",9" part of the
line. Now pressing SPACE will move
the pointer in increments of 3 (.11 then
,12 and so forth).

Now a minor change:

85 POKE 1«,0:P0ttl»S.»

If the program is RUN again, the data
item remains at 1 and the pointer is
"frozen" at 1024.

This is wonderful! To set the DATA
pointer, all we have to do is to POKE
the pointer to the zero at the end of the
preceding line. (Note: A PET Basic line
is composed of: 2 bytes to point to the
next line in low/high format, 2 bytes for
the line number in low/high format, the
program text in tokenized form and the
value zero. Then a new line begins. The
PET's DATA pointer expects to see
either a comma or the zero before a line
— so location 1024 at the start of all

152

CREATIVE COMPUTING

THREE GOOD REASONS YOU SHOULD READ

COMPUTE.

The Journal for Progressive Computing.

ISSUE 1, FALL, 1979

Selecting and Developing Small Business Systems —
Potential Problems & Pitfalls Mike Sawyer, 4
Sorting Sorts: A Programming Notebook.

Rick O Belinda Hulon, 7
Len Lindsay Reviews Three Word Processors—

An Overview . . . . 13

Commodore Business Machines 14

Connecticut MtcruuMUpuier ■ 17

Programma International . . 19

Microcomputers for Nuclear Instrumentation,

/ S Byed. 24
Tokens Aren't Just For Subways:

Mil rosofi Basic Harvey Herman, 29

Universal 6502 Memory Test

PET, Apple. Svin .mil Others Carl Matte, .12
Microcomputers in Education . Pinre Barrette. .13

Flying Wit* PET Pilot: Kids and

Mk rocomputen At Peninsula School.

Katie and David Thornburg. 40
Teachers. Computers, and The Classroom.

(.' / Can and Everett Can, 42
Atari Computers: The Ultimate Teaching

Machine*? ./»*" , '"'<"- 62

The Evolution Of A Maga/mc Ijn Lindsay. 65

Pel In Transition — ROM Upgrade Map.

Jim Bultnfield.
A Commodore Perspective Bob Crowed.

Retrofitting ROMs '•""> '"'"'

PET Screen Print Routine Da, id Maiming.

TRACE for The PI I """ Bullet.

32 K Programs At rh > tat Lmdiay.

Using Direct Access Files With The Commodore
2040 Dual Drive Disk Canal Snort,

Mastering The Ohio Scienniu ChaUenger IP,

Kellh Rut tell & Dave Schutlz.

18

23

ISSUE 2, JANUARY/FEBRUARY, 19SO

The Editor's Notes Robnt Lock, M

The Consumer Computer Len Lindsay, I

Interview with Dr. Chip COMPUTE Staff, 1

Sorting Softs, Part 2 Belinda and Rick Huton, 1 1

Memory Partition of Basil Workspace

Harvey B Herman.

Home Accounting, Plus An Easier Method "I

Saving Data Robert W Bakn.

Word Processing, A User Manual <>l Reviews

p ar i 2 Len Lindsay.

Book Review: 6502 Assembly Language

Programming Jim Bultnfield.

Machine Language Venus Basil Prime Number

Genet m/AIM65 Mantn I. lie. long. 3

Basil Memory Map (Page 0): Aim. Kim. Sym,
PET. Apple I im Butter field,

Ramblin' rlsyO'nVsra,

I he Learning Lab Marlene Pratto.

Micros and the Handicapped

The Delmarta Computer Clui.
The Apple Gazelle
A Punier lor the Apple: The Heath HI4

Don Earnhardt.
The Atari Gazette
Comparison ol Microsoft PET B.isi, with

Atari Basil Jotetla Klepfn.

The Ouch in Atari Basic

Glen hither and Ron Jeffries,
Atari B.im. . Pan 2 John v >««'

The Pet Gazette
( lomputer Programs and Your Kthics

Robert Lock.

Ih

29

36

ISSUE 3, MARCH/ APRIL, 19SO

The Editor's Notes Robnt C Lock,

Computers and Society

. David D Thotnbutg and Betty. I Burr.
Dr Chip
Preview of Commodore's New Disk Bask 4.0

Chuck Stuart,
Enhancing Commodore's Word Pro II

. Ijtrry Isaacs,
File Conversions on the Commodore 2040

I) r jve Hal Wadleigh.

Program listings for COMPUTE
Using the GET Statement on the PET

Alfred,/ Bruey,
Proper Diskette Handling Chuck Stuart.

Mai hine Language Jim Bultnfield.

Review: Synertck Systems KTM-2

Edward I) James,
Ulinsel: Enabling Utililirs Ijsrry Isaacs.

Idem ilv Your Atari Colors len Lindsay.

Manual Alphabet Tutorial on a PET

.Vuian Semancik,
The Learning Lab . Marlene Pratto,

Review: The Preslodigilizer Laura M Benson,

A M ic ro for the Teacher Tkorwald Eiiensen,

Light Pen Selection on PET/CBM Screen

David R Hnse,
The Consumer Computer l-en Lindsay,

The Apple Gazette ""

III

is

IH

ONE GOOD
REASON TO READ

compute II.

The Single-Board COMPUTE.™
ISSUE 1, APRIL/MAY, 19SO

Trie Beater's Notes Robert Lock, 2

The Single-Board 6502 En, Rehnke. i

Nuts* Volts IWnc Zumchak, 9

RS-232 Communications. Pan I MichaelE Day. 16
An Upgrade for KIM Microchcss 1.0

GaroldR Stone, 19

Program Transfers (Pet to Kim)

I A D,lit&H B Herman. 2i
Designing an IEEE 488 Receiver With

The SYM 'aurjr Isaacs. 27

Fun With the 1802 Larry Sandhn. :)4

Improved Pulse Counting Software for

the 6522 VIA . Marvin L Dejong. 36

Printing A Symbol Table for the AIM-65

Assemble, Richard E Ob**, 4(1

Hard Cops ( iraphi) » for the Kim Keith Sprout, 43

24 Hour Clock lorSYM-1 Basic . AM Matkay. 46
S, i, en ( Ileal Routines for ihr OSI

( ; 1 1. Charlri I. Stanford. 49

Machine language Tapes for OSI

Challenger - Daniel Schwartz. 52

Songs in the Key of KIM George XV .Hawkins. 54

COMPUTE.

and
compute II.

Programmer's Comer

Robert Lack and Larry l\aat i.

Lower Case Dcscenlion on the Commodore

2022 Prune, l> */ Bunket.

Saving Memory ,„ Large Programs Mike Richtcr,
1 he Deadly Linefeed bm Bulterfield.

Yes. Nov. i Scotia, There ,s a Foui ROM PET

Robert lAck,

Apparen, Malfunction ol the<Key

Jim Bulterfield.
Ismg Direct Access Files with the Comrnodore
2040 Disk Drive ChmkSiuait.

Null Return Simulation lor PET Users

Muhumolo. W'emthank and Davit.
A less Entry r\»nis, Original/Upgrade ROM

Jim Bulterfield.
Plotting with the CBM 202J Primer

Len l.mdtay.
Inside the 2040 Disk Drive I'm Bulterfield.

PI 1 Programs on Tape Exchange . ..GraraWi,

Resiess B , Up CatlSlwhel.

Review Plexivuc Art Hunkmt.

Resiess Tex, ..Is, for Dlltt,

The SBC Gazette

The Single-Board 6502 Em Rrhnkr.

ASyrn-l Message Snollci AM Mat/Cay,

Adapting Basil Programs front other Machines

lOthcOSI .QavUaL Stanford.

Pioolre.i.l tor sour KIM Ralph Kelley.

Noi.s ,»■ the Pulse-Counting Mode ol

,,„. 6522 Mania I. Dejong. 1 14

Tokens in OSI Basil Bvnl Real. II

The 6502
Resources

80

HI
82
82

82

82

87

90

93

93

94
96

98
99
100

1112
102
108

1 1(1
112

llh

70
72
74
74
74

75

76
76

78
81
81
81
82
88
88

90
92

93
94
95

96
98
99
104
105

110

IS

Naming Apple Cassette files DP Kemp.

On Apple II to Heathkit H 14 Mike Wtpli.h.

New Product Feature:
8(1 Columns and Upper/1-ower Case Letters for

Apple II MichaelS Tomczyk.

Apple Software Note Eric Rehnke,

The Atari Gazette

Notes on Atari Robnt Lock.

Star Raiders Defend the Galaxy Joretta Klepjn ,
Star Raiders: The Wizard Behind the

Gome MuhaelS Tomczyk,

Renew Atari Basketball Cartridge

/>n Lindsay,
Atari Program Saving Len Lindsay,

Review of Atari's 810 Disk System

Ron Jeffries and Glen Fithn.

The PET Gazette

Oops' If M Bunkn.

Null Return Revisited Eatl H Wuchtn,

Cheep Print. PART 1 C.A Mc Carthy.

Direct Screen Input . Len Lindsay,

No CB2 Sound? . Larry Isaacs,

A Versatile Serial Printer Interface for the

PET . . . Harvey B Herman and Charles B Pale.
Rambling Roy OBnen,

Review: MAE. A PET Disk-based Ma,

Assembler Jamet Stratma.

Review: The PET Rabbit Jamet Stratma.

PET Programs on Tape Exchange Gene Beals,

Memo to Machine Language Programmers

fim Bullttjield,
The SBC Gazette

The Single Board 6502 /••"< Rehnke,

More about compute II Robnt Lock,

Nuts and Volts Om Zumchak,

Read PET Tapes with your AIM

Mark Reardon and Eric Rehnke,
Resiess KIMEX-I Harvey Herman, II

Fast Tape Read/Write Programs for your

OSI Edward H Carlton,

Applications Review: Logic Analyzer for KIM

Roy Elacco,
Try Pseudo Code Sri Rehnke,

6 Iss^arTualTs^uDlcripr^lj.S.lP.OOrCATsJADA $12.00 U.S. Important Note. Beginning with
Issue 4 COMPUTE covers Pet, Apple and Atari. The Single Board Computer Gazette moves
to our new magazine, computo I The Single-Board COMPUTE, covering Sym, KIM,
AIM OSI, and 1802 based machines. 6 Issue (annual) subscription. U.S. S^OO, CANADA
S12CO US Subscribe to both through Juno 30, 19SO for $15.00. US. $18.00 U.S. in
CANADA COMPUTE PX>. Box Sll^Oroonsboro. N.C. 27403 (919) 272-4S47 Publications
of Small System Services, Inc. 900-902 Spring Garden Street, Greensboro. N.C 27403.

118
120

MAY 1980

153

CIRCLE 128 ON READER SERVICE CARD

PET, cont'd..

Basic programs must be a zero. If you
are a hacker, zero is the 6502 BRK
instruction, and that's how SYS 1024
starts the Monitor in "new" ROM
versions of the PET.)

A few changes and additions to
our program does the trick:

Lines 10-*0 • raaaln the im

SO PRINT "WHICH LINE ro START DATA AT?"

60 INPUT LD

70 tosua 1000

80 read z: paint z

90 print-press ket to go on"

100 set as:ifas-""then 100

110 GOTO SO

1000 KM GIVEN LO. POKE TNE DATA POINTER
1010 REM TO SIMULATE RESTORE-NNN FOR LINE LD
1020 REM REQUIRES DEF FNX(X)-PE£K(X)»

2S6*PE£K(X*1) PRIOR TO THIS ROUTINE
1030 LP-1025
10*0 LN-FNX(LP*2)
10S0 IF FNX(LP)-0 TNEN PRINT'LINE NUMBER

TOO LARGE": END
1060 IF IN>-LD TNEN 1100
1070 LP-FNX(LP)
1080 GOTO 10*0
1100 LP-LP- 1
1110 PA- 1 NT (LP/2 56)
1120 PB-LP-PA«2S6
1130 PORE 1**.P»: POKE 1*S,PA
11*0 RETURN

If you RUN this program, you will see
that the value for Z will correspond to
the first item of the DATA statement
you specify i n response to the q uestion
in Line 50.

If you just want to use this
program, copy the routine at 1000 as
required and feed it the value LD for the
line you want to RESTORE to.

The explanation of Routine 1000
goes like this: Line 1030 sets the line
pointer LP to the first pointer in the
Basic program, which is at location
1025. Line 1040 computes the line
number. (If you want to watch the
search as Routine 1000 runs, insert:
1045 PRINT LP.LN.)

The last line in a Basic program
will have a pointer pointing to a null
pointer whose value is zero. The next
pointer is given by FNX(LP), so this is
checked for the end of the program.
Line 1050 takes care of this.

Line 1060 checks for the line to
restore to. The routine is forgiving in
that if LD doesn't match the line
number, the next largest line number is
used. You can change this by using =
instead of > = . Line 1070 moves LP to
the next line, and we repeat to look
further.

Line 1100 uses the fact that the
DATA pointer is to be positioned just
before the line of interest — where
there is always a handy zero. (Failure
to do this gives you a 7SYNTAX
ERROR when the READ is attempted.)
Lines 1110 and 1120 compute the
High/Low values, and Line 1130 does
the dirty deed. "New" PETs should use
62 and 63 here.) Now we are done.

If you try the program out, you will
get ?OUT OF DATA ERROR IN . . . for

lines over 30 — a moment's thought
will tell you this is correct, for there
isn't any data after Line 30. If you try
some line like 2000, Routine 1000 will
complain. (You don't really want the
DATA pointer off into Outer Space
anyway.)

Let me know if this program is of
any use . . .

HANGMATH — A Lesson in
Program Modification

Jack Rossum sent me a program,
HANGMATH, and asked for my com-
ments. As with many programs, a lot of
work remained to be done if the
program were to be distributed com-
mercially. Since many of you out there
have a program or two which could be
transformed into commercial software,
here is a step-by-step "case study" of
how this might be done.

For starters, I asked Jack if the
program idea was originally his. The
original version of HANGMATH ap-
peared in the April 1977 issue of
Kilobaud Microcomputing, page 112. 1
feel it is important to know the original
author's name and to include it in any
modified versions. (Some of you may
have played a game called Wumpus —
do you know who originally wrote it?)

The next step was to play the game
and see how I felt about it. A listing of
the original version is shown below:

* REM BY J.R. R0$$UM(NAY 2 1979)

10 PAINT"clr":INPUT"D0 YOU WANT INSTRUCTIONS"

;AS
20 IF LEFTS (AS, 1)-"N'THEN 80
30 PRINT'clr sp tp tp THE DISPLAY REPRESENTS

THE MULTIPLIC-ATION OF A THREE";
tO PRINT "DIGIT NUMBER BY A TWO >p Sp

DIGIT NUMBER. EACH LETTER REPRESENTS A tp";
50 PRINT "sp sp DIGIT. THE OBJECT IS TO
GUESS THE VALUE OF EACH LETTER IN
THE sp";
60 PRINT'IN THE FEWEST sp sp tp sp sp TRIES."
65 PRINT'FOR A LIST OF YOUR GUESS'S TYPE
'L,*'. sp sp sp sp sp sp sp tp
NOW.WAIT FOR OISPLAV"
70 U-»:T-i
80 DIM U(16)
90 DIN N(*),A(*.S).B(*,S).C<*,S),ES<*.5).

V02.10)
92 FOR A-#T0I2:F0AB-*T010:V(A,B)-»:K(B)— 1:

QS (»)-"": NEXT :NEXT
100 W-»:F$-"":R1-RN0(-TI)
110 CS-"ABCDEFGHIJ"
120 R-INT(LEN(C$)*RND(1)*1)
125 N$-MID$(C$,R,1):F*-F$+N$
130 IF R>1 THEN T5-LEFTS(CS,R-I):G0T0 ISO
1*0 TS-""

ISO CS-TStNIDS(C$,A+1)
160 IF LEN(C$)>« THEN 120
162 PRINT:PRINT
170 IF LEN(F$X>10 THEN 100
180 PRINT:PRINT
210 N(f)-I00+INT(900*RND(1))
220 N(I)-10+INT(90*AN0(1))
230 N(2)-N(f)*(N(1)-IO«INT(N(1)/IO))
2*0 N(3)-N(»)«INT(N(|)/10)
250 N(*)-N(»)»N(1)
260 FOR X-f TO *:C-N :F0R Y-l TO 5
270 A(X,Y)-INT(N(X)/INT(10*(5-Y)))
272 B(X,V)-A(X,Y-I)
27* C(X,Y)-A(X,Y)-10«B(X,Y):

ES(X,Y)-MI0$(F$,C(X,Y)f1.1):C-C*C(X.Y)
280 IF C-« THEN ES(X.Y)-""
290 NEXT:L(X)-LEN(STRS(N(X))):NEXT
300 PRINT

*00 FOR X-# TO *: FOR Y-1 TO S
*02 T-20
*0* IF X-3 THEN T-18

*10 PRINT TAB(T-L(X));E$(X,Y) ;"SP";
*20 NEXT: IF X-l OR X-3 THEN PRINT:

PRINT;TA»(13);" E.EEEEE£E_E.E"

(ten SHIFT-E)
*30 PRINT:NEXT:PRINT

500 INPUT I LETTER,NUMBER";Z$,N

502 IFN*K(N)THENPRINT:PRINTTAB(1S)

MI0S(F$,N>1,l);"sp -"N;

",DUHB0":PRINT:G0T050O
50* IF ZS-QS(N) THEN PRINT:PRINT "YOU

GUESSED THAT BEF0RE":PRINT:G0T0500
512 IF 2-76 THEN 53*
51* V(Z-6S,N)-16*Z-HK1
S20 IF Z$-MID$(F$,N+1.1) THEN 600
530 PRINT "NUMBER WRONG IS"W*1:

W-W*I:QS(N)-ZS
532 GOTO 500
S3* GOSUB 800

600 N1-S0:F0R X-# TO *:F0R Y-1 TO S
610 IF ES(X,Y)-ZS THEN E$(X,Y)-"lft"

♦STA$(N):K(N)-N
620 IF ES(X,Y)-"" THEN 680
630 N-ASC(ES(X,Y))
632 IF M-157 THEN M-#
6*0 IF M>N1 THEN N1-M
680 NEXTY: NEXTX
682 IF Nl<60 THEN 700
690 PRINT: GOTO *00
700 PRINT:PRINT TAB(IS)"****»««**"

:PRINT:PRINT TAB(15);"Y0U HAVE IP'
710 PRINT:PRINT TAB (13) ;"NUMBER URONG-'V
720 TI-T1*W:U-U*1 :T2-T2*W*W
730 PRINT:PRINTTAB(IO)"AVERAGE AFTER"U

"GAMES IS"T1/U
7*0 PRINTMF U>1 THEN PRINT "ST0.DEV-"

S0.R((T2-T1«T1/U)/(U-I))
750 PRINT:PRINT:INPUT"sp sp sp sp sp sp .

ANOTHER GAME";B$
760 IF LEFTS (BS,1)-"Y" THEN 92
770 END

800 FOR K-0 TO 9: PR I NT CHRS (65+K) ;

:F0R P-* TO 10
810 XI-INT(V(K,P)/I6):V1-V(K,P)-I6*X1
820 IF Y1-1-P THEN 828
82* PRINT "tp tp tp";
826 GOTO 830
828 PRINT ¥1-1 ;
830 NEXT:PRINT:NEXT:PRINT
8*0 RETURN

(Note: For this column I have typed
numerous programs which I have
written. It was quite a surprise to find
how difficult it is to type a program
written by someone else — whose style
is very different from mine!)

If you really want to "feel" this
program, be sure to enter it and play a
few rounds. Then my comments will
make more sense. Several complaints
immediately appeared:

1) No title page.

2) The program is not "input-
proof." A RETURN will kill the pro-
gram.

3) The instructions are exceed-
ingly terse and hard to read. There is
even a typographical error. The "Press
Key To Continue" convention isn't
followed.

4) The screen scrolls up as you
enter most guesses. Only a correct
guess will restore the display.

5) The entry of a guess is some-
what clumsy.

A close look at the program's code
is yet another revelation. My first
inclination is to entirely redo the
program from scratch — but that isn't
very instructive. If you are a profes-
sional programmer, the situation of
modification of another's code is very
common — and very frustrating.

The code is obviously much- I

154

CREATIVE COMPUTING

Something New for your PET

PET Personal
Computer Guide

by C. Donahue and J. Enger

This book it a step-by-step guide for
the computer novice who wants to
leam how to operate and program the
PET computer. Assuming no prior
knowledge of computers, this PET
Guide contains information on all
areas of interest ranging from how to
push the buttons on the tape cassette
unit to a detailed description of PET
memory contents. #30-6. $15 00
NEW this Spring

PET and the

IEEE 488 Bus (GPIB)

by E. Fisher and C. W. Jensen

This is the only complete guide avail-
able on interfacing PET to GPIB. Leam
how to program the PET interface to
control power supplies, signal
sources, signal analyzers and other
instruments. It's full of practical
information, as one of its authors
assisted in the original design of the
PET GPIB interface. #31-4. $15 00

NEW Now available!

MM

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6502

Assembly Language
Programming

by L. Leventhal

For the advanced programmer:
increase the capabilities and
performance of PET (and other
6502-based computers) by learning
to program in assembly language.

#27-6. $12.60

Some Common
BASIC Programs

By L. Poole and M. Borchers

This book was designed for people who can use a variety
of practical BASIC programs — 76 programs in all that
cover a wide variety of personal finance, math, statistics,
and general interest topics. The documentation in the book
is complete so that you can run the programs even if you
aren't an experienced programmer.

#06-3. $12.60

PET owners can purchase the programs ready-to-run on

cassette or disk, using the book es a manual for program

descriptions, operating instructions and programming

options.

Disk #33-0. $22.50 Cassette #25-X. $15 00

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Book/C***atta/Di*k

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$1260

30-6 PET Parson*! Computer Guid*

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31-4 PET and th. IEEE 488 (GPIB) But

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$12 50

25-X Somo Common BASIC Program PET Caaaatta

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33-0 Somo Common BASIC Program* PET Dajk

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(4161 646-2806 •TWX 910-366-7277

m

CIRCLE 175 ON READER SERVICE CARD

MAY 1980

155

PET, cont'd...

modified as the unusual line numbers
indicate. There are no comments, so
changing the program will be the
solution of a puzzle as well. Several
programmers short-cuts can be ap-
plied, for example. PRINT"dn" to
replace PRINT:PRINT can be used in
10 different places.

First things first — let's clean up
the instructions and provide a title
page for all of the credits. If you look at
Lines 30 to 65, the PRINT statements
are all "stuck together" — if you
change Line 30, Lines 40 and 50 will
also be influenced. My own preference
is one line of display per PRINT state-
ment to make editing simple. Here are
the changes for title and instructions:

Linn * through 65 - delete

10 UN HANGMATH PROGRAM

20 REM SEE TITLE PACE FOR CREDITS

30 GOSUB 1000

*0 C0SUB 2000

SO C0T0 SO

1000
1010
1020
10)0
10*0
10SO

1060
1070

1080

1090
1100
2000
2010
2020
2030
20*0
2050

2060

2070
2080
2090
2100
2110
2120
2130
21*0
2150
2160

2170

2180
2190
2200
2210

2220

2230

22*0

2250

2260
2270
2280

REM TITLE PACE

PRINT'elr HANCMATM

PRINT'dn on ORIGINAL AUTHORS:

PRINT'dn sp ip PHIL FELOMAN

PRINT'sp sp TOM RUCC

PRINT'sp sp (APRIL 1977 KILOtAUD.

PG 112)

PRINT'dn dn MODIFICATIONS BY:

PRINT'dn tp tp J. R. ROSSUM

PRINT'dn dn MORE CHANCES BY:

PRINT'dn <p sp GREGORY Y08

RETURN

REM INSTRUCTIONS

PRINT'dn dn dn INSTRUCTIONS? sp";

GOSUB 3000

IF AS<> "Y" THEN RETURN

PRINT'elr HANGMATH - INSTRUCT IONS -

PRINT'dn dn sp sp HANGMATH WILL

PRESENT YOU WITH A

PRINT'MULTIPLICATION PROBLEM WHICH

HAS THE

PRINT'DICITS REPLACED BY LETTERS.

PRINT'dn dn FOR EXAMPLE:*!*'

* 5 6
X ) 2

9 1 2
3 6 8

CABHD 1*S92

PRINT'dn dn sp IP HERE THE LETTER
'A' IS THE DIGIT *
PRINTTHE LETTER 'H' IS THE DIGIT
9 AND SO
PRINT "ON.
GOSUB 3100

PRINT'elr -MORE INSTRUCTIONS-
PR INT 'dn dn TO ENTER A GUESS, JUST
TYPE THE

PRINT'LETTER AND NUMBER. FOR EXAMPLE,
'A*'

PRINT'AND '*A' WILL BOTH WORK FOR
HATCHING

PRINT'THE LETTER 'A' WITH THE DIGIT
'*'.

PRINT'dn sp sp IF YOU ENTER 'Q' THE
SOLUTION WILL
PR I NT" APPEAR.
GOSUB 3100
RETURN

3000 REM INPUT ONE CHAR

3010 PRINT'rvs V lft";:F0RJ-IT0100:NEXT

3020 PRINT'off sp lft";:F0RJ-lT050:NEXT

3030 GETAS:IFA$-""THEN3010

30*0 RETURN

3100 PRINT'dn dn PRESS ANY KEY TO CONTINUE";
3110 GOSUB 3000: RETURN

Note that lines 2090 to 2150 do not
include the spaces as 'sp.' It is more
important to see how the display

appears on the screen. Assume each
blank in these lines is to be entered.

The character used in 2110 and
2140 is SHIFT-®. The 50 GOTO 50 is
simply a convenience to see how the
display appears. It will be removed
later.

You can see that these instruc-
tions, though much longer, are much
more clear than the original ones. The
proper credits are in place on the title
page, and some examples are present
to tell the user what to expect. We have
also included the utility routines at
3000 and 3100 to remove the INPUT/
RETURN problem. Now a single
keypress will take care of Y/N and
other simple inputs.

A more subtle feature is the
removal of A,1 by A1 or 1A when
entering guesses. Since this isn't done
yet, let's go ahead and do it! (Of course
I had to keep this in mind while
rewriting the instructions.)

500 GOSUB 3200: IF F THEN PRINT "QUIT':END
50 (delete)

70 U-i:T-#:PRINT'clr SETTING UP

*00 PRINT'clr":FOR X-» TO *: FOR Y-l TO 5

3200 REM GUESS ENTRY

3210 REM GET 2 CHARS

321 S PRINT'dn

3220 F-#:Z$-"S":M— 1

3230 PRINTTOUR GUESS: sp";

32*0 FOR K-1 TO 2

3250 GOSUB 30O0:PRINTAS;

3260 IF A$-"Q" THEN F-l : RETURN

3270 REM FORM Z$,N

3280 IF AS V'tJ" THEN 2S-AS: GOTO 3300

3290 N-ASC(A$)-*S

3300 NEXT K

3310 REM CHECK FOR VALID

3320 IF N<l OR N>9 THEN 3350

3330 IF Z$<"A" OR 2S>"J" THEN 3350

33*0 PRINT: RETURN

3350 PR I NT: PRINT'up BAD LETTER OR NUMBER"

3360 FOR J-l TO 500: NEXT

3370 PRINT'up 21 spaces"

3380 PRINT'up"; :G0T0 3220

Line 500 was the original INPUT
statement for Z$ and N. A GOSUB to
the guess entry routine was put here
instead. The test for F is to see if the
"Q" option was used. For the present, a
simple report is inserted, and later a
jump to the solved problem will go
here.

Line 70 is a nicety — HANGMATH
takes some time to set up a problem, so
the screen is cleared and the user told
about it. Rather than scrolling the
problem each time it is written, the
screen is cleared in Line 400.

Routine 3200 fetches the guess
and converts it into the expected Z$
and N. A few tricks are used to insure
that the correct values for Z$ and N are
entered, and to report errors without
more scrolling of the screen. Line 3220
sets Z$ and N to illegal values — after
all, the player might enter AA' instead
of A1. Line 3250 gets the letter in A$,
and Lines 3280 and 3290 try to convert
A$ to Z$ or N.

In 3310, N and Z$ are checked for
0-9 and A-J, the legal values. An illegal
value causes the BAD LETTER OR

NUMBER to be written over the YOUR
GUESS for a short while (Line 3360 to
adjust that, you might use 1000 for
children) and then an entry is
attempted again. By careful use of
Cursor-UP, the lines don't scroll. Note
the "erase" Line 3370 to clear the
error message.

If you now try the new
HANGMATH, a fair improvement is
seen. The screen still scrolls due to
some of the messages, and the L.O will
no longer work — but a nicer appear-
ance is already evident. Now to attack
these details:

70 U-8:T-«

91 PRINT'elr SETTING UP ..."

*00 PRINT'ha HANGMATH sp sp sp sp sp sp sp";

*02 FOR X-# TO *: FOR Y-1 TO S:T-20

502 IF N-K(N) THEN M$-HIDS(F$,N*1 ,1 )♦

"SP -"♦STRS(N)»". sp DUMBO":

GOSUB35OO:G0T0 500
SO* IF ZS-QS(N) THEN MS-"Y0U GUESSED THAT

BEFORE":GOSUB3500:GOTO 500
530 W-W+l :*$-"»«« HISSED «" YOU ARE DOWN

"♦STRS(W) :Q$(N)-Z$:COSUB3500
532 GOTO 500
*20 NEXT:IFX-I OR X-3 THEN PRINT:PRINT

TAD03)" tttitltitt "<•"
710 PRINT:PRINT TAB(13T;"Y0U WENT OOVN'V
730 PRINT:PRINTTAB(7)"AVERAGE AFTER"U

"CAMS IS"T1/U
7*0 (delete this Una)

750 PRINT'dn dn ANOTHER GAMET sp"; :G0SUB3000
760 IF AS-"Y" THEN 91

3500 REM TEMP MESSAGES DISPLAY

3510 REM USING MS

3520 PRINT'dn dn"M$

3530 FOR J-l TO 2000:NEXT

35*0 PRINT "up 39 spaces "

3550 PRINT' up up up up up up up"

3560 RETURN

Most of this is simply "clean-up"
work. Line 91 is inserted to do the
function of the SETTING UP . . . which
was previously in Line 70. This is a
consequence of Line 760 which has
to avoid the DIMs in 80 and 90. Line
400 is arranged to print the program
name and to obliterate the end of the
SETTING UP . . . message which is still
on the screen. We use Home Cursor
here to avoid blinking the display while
it is re-drawn. Lines 502, 504 and 530
use a new routine, 3500. which dis-
plays a message briefly and then
erases it. This keeps the screen neat.
Line 420 cleans up the display of the
problem to match the examples in the
instructions. Lines 710 to 740 change
the end-of-game display a little. I can't
see that the standard deviation will
help a HANGMATH player. Line 750
makes use of the utility routine 3000.

This completes the "cosmetics"
for HANGMATH. There are still some
annoyances:

1) If an all-zero line appears in
the multiplication, it will be printed as
blanks.

2) There's room for the past
guesses report on the screen.

3) If this game is to be called
HANGMATH, the HANGMAN theme
should be used.

4) The Quit option isn't imple-
mented.

156

CREATIVE COMPUTING

PET, cont'd...

I shall leave these final tasks up to you
(send me your tape if you do anything
on these), with a few suggestions on
how to proceed.

First, N(1) is the lower multiplier
(see Line 250). To remove the zeroes
problem, just force N(1) to not be an
even multiple of 10. For example, 255
IF 10*INT(N(1)/10)=N(1) THEN 250
should do the trick.

Subroutine 800 provides a clumsy
"past guesses" report. This could be
printed on the screen below the area
reserved for the messages after entry
of guesses. (That's 4 lines below the
YOUR GUESS: line) Warning! At the
end of the game the game report will
write onto the same space, so some
changes in the 700 area are in order.

Line 530 keeps track of the misses.
A GOSUB 4000 could be used to keep
track of the mistakes and provide a M$
suitable for each miss. For example,
W=1 gives YOU LOST YOUR HAND
W=2 gives YOU LOST YOUR OTHER

HAND
and so on. W=12 to lose the game

One last thing . . . there's still a
bug in HANGMATH. If your first guess
for a letter, such as C. was successful,
further guesses for C will not evoke the
DUMBO message, (i.e., if you got C8

successfully, tried C7 previously, buC
hadn't assigned letters for 4,5 and 6,
HANGMATH will give you a
*** MISSED *" for C4, C5 and C6. The
correct response is the DUMBO
message.)

I hope this helps you with future
programs. It all comes down to two
major points:

A. The screen display must be
neat and clear.

B. The user's input must be fool-
proof, simple and appropriate to the
current level of the game. □

"The guy's mind must work like a

COmpUter. " Crrativr Computus

TRS-80 MODEL II
BUSINESS PROGRAMS

Merchandise Locate any item in stock
Inventory or sold by serial #, st. #
make or customer name.

Accts Pay. Print all inv./all accts

totals/all accts/auto age.
find any acct./any ck. H
automatically moves bills
from open to paid file.

Payroll Sal/hrly/bonus& spc.

ded. full rep. fica, state,
fed. W2, qtly/ reports,
update any tax/empty,
changes/any time

Mail/List Find any listing 8 ways/

by prin/bus/city/state/
str/zip ph/code-sort by
same method

Auto/Ins Single/multi car policys

tax/sur. ch. /deposit req.

Life/Ins Computes cost/cash

value at present age/
year later

FOR COMPLETE INFO. & PRICES WRITE OR CALL

GEO. MEYER HAR. CHAIKLIN

485-1555 (201| 484-9300

ALPHA BUSINESS COMPUTERS. INC.
85 JAY ST. NEWARK N.J. 07103

CIRCLE 106 ON READER SERVICE CARD

PET TWO-WAY RS-232

and PARALLEL
OUTPUT INTERFACE

SADI - The microprocessor based serial and parallel
interface for the Commodore PET. SADI allows you to
connect your PET to parallel and serial printers,
CRT's, modems, acoustic couplers, hard copy termi-
nals and other computers. The serial and parallel
ports are independent allowing the PET to communi-
cate with both peripheral devices simultaneously or
one at a time. In addition, the RS-232 device can com-
municate with the parallel device.

Special Features for the PET interface include:

Conversion to true ASCII both in and out

Cursor controls and function characters

specially printed

Selectable reversal of upper and lower case

PET IEEE connector for daisy chaining

Addressable - works with other devices
Special Features for the serial interface include:

Baud rate selectable from 75 to 9600

Half or full duplex

32 character buffer

X-ON, X-OFF automatically sent

Selectable carriage return delay
Special Features for the parallel interface include:

Data strobe ■ either polarity

Device ready - either polarity

Centronics compatible

Complete with power supply, PET IEEE cable, RS-232
connector, parallel port connector and case. Assembled
and tested.

SADIa(110VAC)$295
SADIe (230VAC) $325

CONNECTICUT microCOMPUTIR, Inc.

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8RO0KFIEL0, CONNECTICUT Of 04

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MAY 1980

157

Apple-Car

Chuck Carpenter

Correspondence Is always welcome and a
response will be made to those accompanied
by a SASE. Send your letters to: Chuck
Carpenter. 2228 Montclalr PI., Carrollton, TX
75000.

Apple II vs Apple II Plus

Confusion over the advantages
and disadvantages of the two basic
models of the Apple II has created
problems for some buyers. The
Apple II plus has been advertised as
an "Improvement" of the Apple II.
Whether or not there has been any
real improvement, is a matter of
opinion. Here's a summary of some
of the features:
Apple II

• Integer Basic - standard

• Mini-assembler, disassembler
•Number range +32767

• Whole number (integers) only

• Fast speed

• Direct assembly language
access

• Sweet 16 interpreter

• Floating point assembly lan-
guage routines

• Limited string functions for text
Apple II plus

• Applesoft Basic - standard

• Autostart ROM

• Floating point (decimal)
numbers

• Number range 19.99999999 E37

• Expanded string functions

• Extended programming com-
mands

The significant difference is that you
can't run Basic programs written for
one on the other. And conversion
from one to the other is not a simple
task either. More on that later.

By adding a $200.00 language
card to either unit, you can include
all the features in one machine.
Considering that most currently
available software is written in
Integer Basic, it appears that the
Apple II with Applesoft in RAM (on

tape or disk) is a better choice. That
is, a better choice if you want to
avoid the cost of a language card and
your computing interest is only a
hobby. For some business and
scientific applications where the
extended capabilities of Applesoft
are needed, the Apple II plus is a
better choice.

If you're interested in becoming
familiar with and using assembly
language, then buy the Apple II. The
Apple II plus with autostart elimi-
nates most of the useful assembly
language capability. Of course, the
use of assembly language is often an
area of confusion for the newcomer.
Assembly language programs are
used frequently in parts of other
programs and as complete operating
systems. As you become more and
more familiar with the capabilities of
the Apple, the mysteries disappear.
Don't limit your possibilities. Re-
member: everything is easy once you
understand it.

One more point. Most computer
retailers are selling both versions for
the same price. There is really no
difference in the hardware you get;
just the language implemented in the
basic machine. Have a serious talk
with the store people (or buy else-
where) if you're charged more for an
Apple II plus.

Integer Basic Card

If you want to have all the
features of both versions of the
Apple, then get the Apple II plus with
the Integer Basic cards. There are
some advantages to doing this
too— the Programmers Aid ROM is
included. In addition to getting all

the assembly language capability,
you have all the useful features of the
programmers aid ROM. For in-
stance :

• Renumber and Append (Integer

Basic)

• Tape verify (Basic)

• Tape verify (binary)

• Relocate (binary)

• RAM test program

• Music routines

• High Res graphics routines
With this combination, you can do
anything an Apple can do. It's easy to
switch from one language system to
the other and you'll never be frus-
trated by not being able to use one of
those really great programs.

Converting Integer to Applesoft

There have been several attempts
to write a program to convert Integer
Basic to Applesoft. For short, un-
complicated programs, this can
sometimes be easily done. The more
sophisticated the program (and the
programmer) the more difficult the
task is. The hard way is to type in the
program, making syntax and com-
mand changes as you go. Provided,
of course, that you're aware of all the
differences. Another way creates a
text file out of the Integer Basic
program and recreates the same
program in Applesoft. A way to do
this was described in Apple's Con-
tact #5. Here's how they did it (note
that @ means Control D):

PRINT" @ OPEN X"

1 POKE 33,33

2 PRINT" @ WRITE X"

3 LIST

4 PRINT" @ CLOSE"

5 END

158

CREATIVE COMPUTING

rur yuur A%ppie n..

MUSIC

£r GRAPHICS

ALF Music Synthesizer

The ALF music synthesizer has three voices on each
board which are easily programmed using the Entry
program provided. The envelope shape of each voice
(or even each note) may be controlled individually thus
allowing the synthesis of practically any instrument
such as a violin, trumpet, piano, harp or bells.
Instrumentation and dynamics may be varied while a
song is playing by changing the attack, sustain, release,
decay, gap and volume of the notes.

Playback of music is accompanied by a spectacular
color display showing a stylized "piano keyboard" for
each part with the colors of the notes varying in
proportion to their loudness and waveform.

Ease of Music Entry

Music is entered directly using the high-resolution
graphics entry program. One paddle is used to select
menu items such as note duration, accidentals, dotted
notes, triplets, tied notes, etc. while the other paddle
moves a note cursor up and down the staff over a
4-octave range. The transpose command extends the
range to eight octaves. This form of music entry is
considerably faster and more accurate than cryptic note
code schemes (like QFS3) found with other synthe-
sizers.

I "ii" 1 ! I M r M ,,l

J J AW. ,n^

gggSURE 3
SAUEV

sub e

*- IMS kl tw -*
9474 FREE

MUSIC ENTRY SCREEN

Advanced Features

The Entry program also permits easy editing of
previously-entered music including insert, delete and
change. New parts may be added (up to nine— 3 parts
per board ). "Subroutines" can be used for repeated
parts, codas, and fugues.

The board plugs into any Apple II or Apple II Plus.
Two or three boards are required for stereo. Requires a
16K Apple system and external amplifier and speakers.

"Phil Tubb's ALF music board sets

high standards in ease of music entry,

stereo output and overall flexibility."

Creative Computing Magazine,

June 1979

VersaWriter

VersaWriter is a drawing tablet for the creation of
full-color, high resolution graphic images on the Apple.
Images may be drawn freehand or traced from existing
images (cartoons, photos, drawings, etc.) using the
simple pivoted two-arm pantograph with magnifying
crosshairs.

After an image is drawn, it may be rotated, shrunk,
or enlarged. It may be moved across the screen and
alternated with other images thus providing high-resolu-
tion animation. The image may be colored with varied

colors

i '

VersaWriter

SELF-
PORTRAIT

Animate other Programs

Graphical images made with VersaWriter and stored
on tape or disk may be called from other programs or
even imbedded in them. With VersaWriter, you don't
have to worry about assembly code, counting pixels or
other cumbersome hi-res graphics entry and retrieval
techniques.

VersaWriter graphics can be used in all types of
programs— games, statistics, engineering, artistic, and
educational. Your only limit is your own imagination.

Two Disks of Software

Disk 1 contains the basic plotting, scaling,
movement, rotation, color, transfer and recall software.
This disk also includes routines which create "shape
tables" from your figures to be used in other programs.
Disk 2 contains applications software. One program
adds five sizes of upper and lower case text to drawings,
another adds standard electronic and digital symbols,
while a third calculates distances and areas.

VersaWriter requires a 32 or 48K disk system,
Applesoft in ROM or an Apple II Plus.

VersaWriter $252.00

ALF Music Synthesizer $268.00
ALF/ Applesoft Software 15.00
Prices postpaid in USA. N) residents add 5% sales tax.

To order VersaWriter or the ALF Synthesizer, send
your name and address along with a check or
chargecard number and expiration date. Visa, Master-
Card and American Express are welcome. Units are in
stock and orders will be shipped as soon as your check
clears or your credit is verified.

Six music disks will
be available in June.

Peripheral s Plus

16 Pine Street, Morristown, NJ 07960 (201) 540-1533

Dealer inquiries invited.

CIRCLE 207 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Apple, cont'd...

This program could have been writ-
ten all on one line, too. Enter the
routine anywhere in your Integer
Basic program. A line is most
convenient. Don't forget, you need a
Disk II system to do this. Once
entered, RUN the new program. A file
named "X" will be OPENed and the
program you're working on will be
listed into that file. After the disk
stops, type FP to change to Apple-
soft and EXEC the file. Your program
is now in Applesoft. Of course, you
had to have both Basics in the Apple
being used to do this (your own or a
friend's). A program could be written
to completely interpret from one
language to the other. But I doubt
that anyone would want to pay the
price for it, and it probably wouldn't
fit in an Apple anyway.

Now that you have gotten the
Integer program in Applesoft, the
real fun (?) begins. You will need to
search for and change all the
command and syntax differences.
Let's look at a comparison list of
these differences.

• Input commands

IB - INPUT"APPLES", A use a

comma

AS-INPUT"APPLES"; A use a

semicolon

• String commands

IB-PRINTA$(I,I)

AS- PRINT MID$(A$, 1,1)
There is only one form of string
command in Integer. Applesoft also
includes the LEFTS, RIGHTS, VAL
and STR$ commands.

• MOD functions

IB - POKE 1 , TRY MOD 256

AS - POKE 1 , TRY - INT(TRY/256)

*256

or

IB-Z = X MOD Y

AS-Z = X-INT(X/Y)*Y

• IF statements

IB - IF X THEN 200 : GOTO 500

AS -IF X THEN 200
GOTO 500
In Integer, if X is false (0) the program
reads the next statement following
the colon. In Applesoft, if X is false
the program drops to the NEXT line
no.

• Inequalities

IB - IF X#Y THEN 500
AS-IFXO Y THEN 500

Integer uses a # sign to mean

does-not-equal.

• Variable names

IB - TRY1 = TRY2 + TRY3
AS - T1 = T2 + T3
Applesoft recognizes only the first 2

characters as the variable.

• Random numbers

IB-X = RND(16)
AS-X = INT(16*RND(1))
Another way to generate random
integers in Applesoft uses the ran-
dom variable format, X%.
AS-X% = 16*RND(1)

• Integers

IB-TRY1 ■ TRY2

AS-T1% = T2%
This is the same result as changing
to random integers in the previous
example. It is not always necessary
to change the variables to integers.
The program will run faster and use
less memory if you do.

• DIM statements

IB-DIM A$(20)
means, 1 string 20 characters long.

AS -DIM A $(20)
means, 20 strings up to 255 charac-
ters long. Remove all DIM state-
ments from the program. You do
need to dimension the quantity of AS
strings if there are more than 10.

• TAB statements

Change all IB TAB statements to
AS HTAB statements.

• Computed GOTO s

IB -GOTO 1000 + X * 100
AS -ON X GOTO 1100,1200,
1300,1400
If 4 program options exist, then
branching will occur as a function of
the selected option number (X = 1 to
4).

• Page

Relocate any machine code used by
IB in page 0. Some of page 3 is
usually available. Or, move LOMEM
up to make room above $800. Change
all CALLs accordingly.
Now you can see why I called it fun
(?). If you are real serious about
converting Integer to Applesoft, it
can be done. But I would opt for the
Integer Basic card if at all possible.

Assembly Language

With the built-in assembly lan-
guage capability of the Apple, it
seems a shame that a beginners
guide is not available. There are a
number of books available that
describe assembly language for the
type of microprocessor in the Apple
II. All of them assume prior knowl-
edge of fundamental principles. For
those of you who would like to begin
at the beginning, let's attempt a
tutorial for the neophyte assembly
language programmer.

Background

The differences between Apple II,
with and without Autostart, and the

Apple II plus relative to using the
Apple II monitor need to be known.
The monitor is a collection of
assembly language programs. In-
cluded in these programs are rou-
tines to handle input from the
keyboard, translation of commands
to computer functions and display of
results on the video screen. In fact,
the ease with which you can do
things with your Apple is the result
of programs in the monitor. Imagine
if you had to enter each key stroke,
one character at a time, with a group
of panel switches. We'll get back to
the monitor later.

Here's how to get the monitor
with each version of the Apple. The
result is to see the asterisk (*)
prompt.

• Apple II - without Applesoft
ROM; Power on and press Reset.
Press Reset any other time too.

• Apple II - with Applesoft ROM;
Press Reset as without ROM except
make sure the switch on the ROM
card is in the Integer Basic position
(Press Control + B to check).

• Apple II - with autostart;
Autostart will automatically put you
in the resident Basic language. You
will need to type CALL-151 + Return
to get to the monitor. Same condi-
tions with the ROM card switch.

• Apple II plus - with Integer card ;
It is also possible to get into the
Apple monitor without the integer
cards. But, you won't be able to write
assembly language programs. There
is no mini-assembler available. A
CALL-151 will put you in the monitor.
From this point you can dump
memory, modify memory and move
memory. But, without the Integer
card, that's it. A future column will
describe the use of an assembler.
The use of a full fledged assembler
will solve the problem in the Apple II
plus without integer Basic capability.

Monitor Commands

A variety of commands is avail-
able for your use when the asterisk
prompt is present.

• List and dump memory

• Modify and move memory

• Examine and verify memory

• Save to, and load from, cassette

• Hexadecimal arithmetic
•Mini-assembler (Integer system

only)

• Many others

The various options and commands
and other features of the Apple II
monitor are found on pages 68
through 75 in the old Apple II
Reference Manual (the red book).
Even more information on the moni-

160

CREATIVE COMPUTING

BXW MONITORS

Designed for industry...
priced for the home.

video lOO

The video 100 computer
monitors are ideal for all your personal and business needs.
These highly reliable 12" black and white monitors feature
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UNDER $150.00

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The solid state circuitry assures a sharp, stable, and
trouble-free picture. The front panel controls include power,
contrast, horizontal hold, vertical hold, and brightness. Ad-
justments for size, video level, and width are located on
the rear pane. UNDER $200.00

VIDEO 100 AND VIDEO 100 80 SPECIFICATIONS

• Convenient front panel
controls

• Input impedence 75 Ohms

• 90% deflection picture tube

• 12" diagonal measure
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• Video band width 12 MHz
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• 80 character by 24 line
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• Video 100-80 provides mounting space for mini floppy
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• Resolution— Over 700 lines at center horizontally-
over 350 lines at center vertically.

LEEDEX CORPORATION

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CIRCLE 151 ON READER SERVICE CARD

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r<5*C

* The Paper Tiger

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With Graphics $1090.00

DISK II

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16K RAMS for
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CIRCLE 132 ON READER SERVICE CARD

zJiPPEE — JACK

« . . the graphics & games people

New!
THE DESIGNER

HIRES
GRAPHICS

$24.95

DISK&
MANUAL

THE DESIGNER Is a user oriented APPLESOFT
program that does the HPLOTing for you. Sometimes
referred to as the 'poor man's graphics tablet', it
places lines and complex circular functions on the
APPLE HIRES screen with the use of game controls
and single key-strokes. 2 page animations, disk save
and recall, and simple cursor-driven executions are
among the features of this crash proof program.

REQUIRES 48K APPLE/APPLESOFT ROM/DISK

AVAILABLE FROM YOUR DEALER OR DIRECT FROM
APPLE — JACK. BOX 51, CHERRY VALLEY, MA 01611
(INQUIRIES INVITED)
CIRCLE 1 15 ON READER SERVICE CARD

MAY 1980

161

Apple, cont'd...

tor can be found on pages 39 through
66 in the new Apple II Reference
Manual. Incidentally, the new manu-
al is great. If you're serious about
learning the inner-workings of your
computer, this is the book to have.
Now, back to assembly language.

Binary and HEX

If you understand the relation-
ships between binary, decimal and
hexadecimal numbers, then the dis-
cussion of assembly language will be
easier. The range of addresses used
to define memory location is $0000 to
SFFFF. The $ is used to indicate a
HEX number. In decimal, the range is
to 65535 or 65536 memory loca-
tions. There is no need to consider
the binary value of the address. Only
the data found at the memory
location are used. The address lets
you find where the data are.

Data in a memory cell is called a
byte. A byte is made up of 8 bits, and
each bit is represented by a '1' or a
'0.' A one means the bit is on; a zero
means the bit is off. Four bits, called
a nybble, represent a hexadecimal
number. It takes two hexadecimal
numbers— nybbles— to represent the
binary data byte in a memory
location. You will want to learn the
relationships between binary, hexa-
decimal and decimal numbers. In
assembly language programming, it
is often necessary to know the binary
pattern in a memory location. You
will become comfortable using bi-
nary and hexadecimal numbers as
you get more skilled with assembly
language programming. Much more
on computer number systems will be
found in the listed references. Also,
study the memory maps found in
your Apple reference manuals and
programming books. These will help
you understand how Apple's memory
is used.

Assembly Language

There are at least 2 ways you can
enter assembly language into your
Apple II. One is to hand write the
program, hand assemble it and use
monitor routines to enter it one byte
at a time. The other uses the Apple II
mini-assembler. Before we try to
write and enter an assembly lan-
guage program, some knowledge of
the parts of a program is needed.
Then, we will look at writing assem-
bly language programs and conven-
ing them to machine language. Some
of the features of the Apple's 6502
microprocessor will be examined,
too.

The Instructions

Microprocessors use a set of codes
for commands and instructions. The
6502 microprocessor has a set of
instructions that has 55 codes. These
codes are called mnemonics (ni-
mon-ick— this means easy to remem-
ber). By themselves, the mnemonic
instruction codes can't tell the 6502
what needs to be done. Additional
information called an operand is
used with most instruction codes.
Mnemonic Operand
LDA #$C1

JSR SFDED

RTS
This example is called an assembly
language program. In order to use
this little routine, it must be convert-
ed to machine language. This is the
job of an assembler program. We will
use the Apple II mini-assembler later
in this article to write a program.

Operation Codes

Each instruction code also has a
corresponding Hex value called an
operation code. These opcodes
(short for operation codes) are recog-
nized by the system monitor and
converted to binary values for the
6502. Actually, the computer only
recognizes binary numbers. If you
were to examine the memory cells
during program execution, you
would only find patterns of 1's and
0's. To make it easier for you to
converse with the computer, binary
has been converted to a coded
machine language. One step above
hexadecimal machine language is
assembly language. Assembly lan-
guage uses mnemonic instructions
called opcodes, and data called
operands to simplify programming.
Pages 100 through 105 in the 'red
book' and pages 118 through 128 in
the new Reference Manual include all
the 6502 instructions (mnemonics),
opcodes and address modes. These
are also included in the reference
material.

Address Modes

Operands used with each instruc-
tion code identify which opcode to
use for the instruction. Operands
also tell the computer which address
mode to use. Address modes in-
struct the computer to do something
specific with the contents of the
operand. There are several possible
address modes that can be used with
many of the instructions. Depending
on the results and type of program,
different address modes are possible
with each instruction code. We will
only use 3 address modes in the
examples used here.

More About the 6502

Microprocessors, like the 6502,
have internal read/write (RAM)
memory called registers. These
registers allow the programmer to
move instructions and data into and
out of the microprocessor. One
register is called the accumulator (or
A register). Two others are the X and
Y registers. The accumulator is the
most important register in the 6502.
Many program steps will put data in
the accumulator then put it into
some memory location. Sometimes
an operation is performed on the
value in the accumulator directly.
Two operations that occur in this
process are called load and store.
Load causes a value to be placed in a
6502 register. Store takes data from a
6502 register and puts it into an
external memory location.

Instructions, Addresses and Op-
code*

Instruction codes used for ac-
cumulator operations are LDA and
STA. The three letter mnemonic is
made up from characters in the
instruction.

LDA (LoaD Accumulator)
STA (STore Accumulator)
The instruction LDA means two
things: 1 - lead the value in the
operand into the accumulator or, 2 -
load the value found at the address in
the operand into the accumulator.
The 6502 knows which to do by the
way you write the operand. Depend-
ing on the form used, the addressing
mode is defined accordingly. Here
are two examples for the LDA
instruction.

1.LDA#$C1 (Immediate address-
ing mode)

2. LDA $0300 (Absolute address-
ing mode)
In example 1, the # sign (using 6502
conventions) indicates that the ac-
cumulator is to be loaded with $C1.
(Remember that a $ in front of a
number means HEX.) Example 2
indicates to the 6502 that it is to get
the value found at memory location
$0300, and load it into the accumu-
lator.

Instruction STA means that the
6502 will take the value presently in
the accumulator and store it in the
address specified by the operand.
For example, STA $0300 means take
the value in the accumulator and
store it in location $0300. Two other
instructions we will use are JSR
(Jump to SubRoutine) and RTS
(ReTurn from Subroutine).

Remember we said that mnemon-
ic instruction codes could be repre-
sented by HEX opcodes. Here is a

162

CREATIVE COMPUTING

SPACE

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You're in command in SPACE WAR' Destroy your
opponent's ship by forcing him to collide with the sun or to
explode upon re-entry from hyperspace or challenge him
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and direction of your ship You control the timing of your
missiles You select the game mode from five options,
including Reverse Gravity, and the battle begins Accel-
erate to place your shots--and escape into hyperspace before
your opponent comes within range But be wary, he (or she 1 )
may circle out of sight and reappear on the opposite side of
the galaxy 1 (This is the classic MIT game redesigned
especially for the Apple )

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As good in every way as the famous Invaders arcade game.

High speed action ! • Sound effects!
Runs on the Apple II and the Apple II Plus

m

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Fifty-five aliens advance and shower you with lethal writhing
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original moon creatures and faster action than any other invasion
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Super Invasion is available for only $19.95 on cassette
(CS-4006) for a 32K Apple II Space War is $14.95 on cassette
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one disk (CS-4508) for a 48K Apple II for only $29 95.

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Apple, cont'd...

list of the codes used so far:

Opcode Instruction Address Mode
$A9 LDA Immediate

SAD LDA Absolute

$80 STA Absolute

$20 JSR Absolute

$60 RTS Implied

As mentioned earlier, there are many
instruction codes, addressing modes
and opcodes in the 6502 instruction
set. Check them out in the reference
material.

Assembling a Program

Let's write a short program using
everything discussed so far. Here's
how to do it. First, select the starting
point in memory. There is space for
short programs at address $0300. So
our program will start there. (Other-
wise, use any space in memory not
used by Apple programs; consult the
memory maps.) Now write the as-
sembly language part of the program
with appropriate operands. Then look
up the opcodes and hand assemble
the machine code. The starting
address of our program, $0300, is the
beginning of page 3 of memory.
(Page starts at $0000 and ends at
$00FF, page 1 is from $0100 to
$01 FF, page 2 from $0200 to $02FF,
page 3 from $0300 to S03FF and so
on. There are a total of 256, 256- byte
pages.)

New conventions introduced in
the sample program will include the
single byte, two byte and three byte
instructions, and also the arrange-
ment of the bytes in the three byte
instruction. Depending on the in-
struction used and the data in the
operand field, the opcode is as-
sembled with the required number of
data bytes. Immediate mode ad-
dressing uses the opcode (always
first) then one byte of data. Absolute
mode uses two bytes of data.
Following the opcode, the least
significant byte of the data in the
operand is entered, then the most
significant byte. Here's an illustra-
tion of the concept.

$C030-«— Hex address (operand)

|~"£ Least significant byte

' Most significant byte

Implied mode (the RTS instruction,
for example) uses only single byte
opcodes. The instruction itself in-
cludes all the information needed for
the desired end result. Instruction
RTS is used when you call one
program from another. The return
from subroutine returns you back to

Inst.

Operand

Comment

LDA

#$C1

; load the accumulator with $C1

JSR

$FDED

; jump to character-out routine

JSR

$FBE4

; jump to bell routine

RTS

; make a definite return

Figure 1

a point where you want to continue in
your program (or subroutine).

Now, back to our program. The
program we will write will :

1- load the accumulator (LDA with
a value

2- jump to a subroutine (JSR) that
prints the contents of the accumula-
tor on the screen

3- jump to another subroutine
(JSR) to beep the bell, and

4- end the program (RTS).

First, write the assembly language
program that will do these things. I'll
provide you with the value for the
accumulator and the subroutine ad-
dresses for the operands to get
things going (see Figure 1).
Our program will start at address
$0300 and will use consecutive
memory locations starting with the
opcode for LDA immediate. The next
memory location will contain the
data in the operand. An opcode
always has to be the first byte of data
in your program. Otherwise, the
computer won't be able to recognize
legitimate instructions. Often, some
form of LDA will be the first
instruction. Let's begin.

0300- A9

0301- C1

Look up the opcodes for each of the
other mnemonic instruction codes
and write them down, (we did this
earlier). Now, write the opcode for
JSR in the next consecutive memory
location, followed by the data in the
operand. Remember the sequence of
the bytes of data in the operand.

0302- 20

0303- ED

0304- FD

Now do the same thing with the next
JSR and operand.

Figure

0305- 20

0306- E4

0307- FB

And, complete the program with the
single byte instruction, JSR.

0308- 60

Of course, the complete program
won't look like this in the Apple
mini-assembler format. The follow-
ing example represents how it will
look.
*300L

Machine Code Assembly Code
0300- A9 C1 LDA #$C1

0302- 20 ED FD JSR $FDED
0305- 20 E4 FB JSR $FBE4

0308- 60 RTS

Note that the opcode follows each
address and is followed by the data
as defined by the operand.

Apple II mini-assembler

Now let's try the mini-assembler
to write a program. In the following
sequence, you will be typing in the
underlined characters. Computer re-
sponse is not underlined. Also, it is
not necessary to use the $ character
or leading zeros. The mini-assembler
takes care of these things. The
characterX(slash b) means to type a
blank with the space bar. Remember,
too, to type Return when you want
your entries to be accepted (see
Figure 2).

You have just assembled a program
starting at location $0300. Notice
that it is not necessary to leave
spaces in your entries either. The
assembler can tell what is what.

Now run the program using the
following sequence.

S300G ; run program from
assembler

A ; see an A, hear a beep

2

Step Action

1. F666G

2. !□

3. 300: LDA #C1

4. 0300- A9 C1 LDA #$C1

5. /JSR FDED

6. 0302- 20 ED FD JSR SFDED

7. /JSR FBE4

8. 0305- 20 E4 FB JSR $FBE4

9. /RTS

10. 0308- 60 RTS

Comments

enter mini-assem. at F666
see prompt and cursor
first line to assemble
see assembled output
next line to assemble
see assembled output
next line to assemble
see assembled output
last line to assemble
see assembled output

164

CREATIVE COMPUTING

Apple, cont'd...

What we just did was to run the
program from inside the mini-assem-
bler. This is what happened in the
assembly process.

First, the start location in memo-
ry was selected. Address $0300 was
the choice. Apple's mini-assembler
assumes all addresses and data are
in HEX. The only place the $ is used,
in the disassembled listing, is in the
operand. Next, the value $C1 was
loaded into the accumulator. An
immediate mode instruction did this.
The HEX value $C1 represents the
character A.

In steps 5 and 6, a JSR instruc-
tion was assembled. The operands
used represent two subroutines in
the Apple II monitor. A character
output routine is at SFDED. This
routine puts the value currently in the
accumulator on the screen. Recall
that our first instruction loaded the
HEX value for A in the accumulator.
A routine at address $FDE4 is called
BELL2. This routine generates the
beep heard in the speaker. The
program we assembled ends with the
RTS instruction. Note that any
program you run from the monitor
should end with the RTS instruction.
The monitor command, such as
300G, is a jump (JRS) to the specified
address. To get back to the monitor
where you started, you must include
the RTS. Otherwise CRASH!

When inside the mini-assembler,
the $ is used to indicate a monitor
command. Typing 300G and Return
ran the program as though you were
in the monitor, and that's what
happened when you pressed Return.
The computer went to address $0300
and followed the instructions found
there. Each event occurred in the
order it was written. Remember: The
first instruction where you enter the
program has to be an opcode. The
program would abort or run wild if it
did not use a legitimate sequence of
instructions.

To exit from the mini-assembler
press Reset, or if you have the
autostart ROM type SFF69G and
Return. Now type 300L and press
Return. A listing of 20 disassembled
lines will appear on the screen. Only
the first 5 lines include our character
output and bell ringing routine. You
should be able to recognize them
from previous examples. There may
be other data listed there too, but it's
not valid for this program.

Try One Yourself

You can run this program as often
as you want by typing 300G and
Return. Try experimenting with dif-
ferent values in the accumulator.
Numbers to 9 are values $B0 to
$B9. Letters A to Z are values $C1 to
$DA. A space is $A0 and a carriage
return is $8D. Write a program to
print out your name or the current
date. Hint: Use LDA immediate for
each character you want to print
along with a JSR to the character
output routine. End a line with a
carriage return, and end the program
with RTS. Explore these and experi-
ment. You can't do anything more
than mess-up your own programs.

Reference Material

Here's a short list of sources
where you can find additional infor-
mation on 6502 assembly language
programming

1 . 6502 Assembly Language Pro-
gramming, Leventhal, Osborne -1979

2. 6500 Programming Manual,
Rockwell, Synertech, Commodore

3. Programming the 6502, Zaks,
Sybex -1978

4. 6502 Applications Book, Zaks,
Sybex -1979

We'll talk about indexing, assem-
blers and other assembly language
fundamentals in future columns.

Empirical Music

Here's a useful routine for creat-
ing tones or musical notes contri-
buted by Richard Ferri. He uses it to
determine just the right sound need-
ed for his programs. The program
comes in two parts. The machine
language tone generating routine and
a Basic program to provide interac-
tive input of values for the pitch
(frequency) and duration. The values
of A and B in the Basic program must
be less than 255.

First, using monitor commands,
enter the machine language.

030S- FF FF W 30 CO M DO OS
0310- CE 09 03 Fo OS CA DO F9
O310- AE OS 03 4C Oft 03 BO

Second, type in this Applesoft
program and run it.

100 KEH MACHINE LANGUAGE SUSAOUTINC

110 HONE I MINT I PAINT : PAINT

1ZO INPUT -WHAT IB THE VALUE OF 'A' CFACSMJCACVI7 "lA

130 PAINT I PAINT

140 INPUT -WHAT IB THE VALUE OP 'B ' t OUAAVT I ON > ? "IS

ISO POKE 77S.A: POKE 777. Bl CALL 77S

ISO VTAB 14: HTAB 131 PAINT "A* "IS

170 vtas is: ntas is: PAINT "B- "IS

ISO GET K»: GOTO 100

And there you have it— empirical
music. Anyone else with something
to share? D

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MAY I960

165

Correspondence is welcome.
Letters with Interesting quest-
Ions and Ideas will be used In the
column along with a response.
No personal replies can be
made. Send to: David Levy, 104
Hamilton Terrace, London NW8
9UP, England

In last month's article we intro-
duced the extremely powerful Alpha-
Beta algorithm for searching two-
person game trees, and we saw how
dramatic the effects of alpha-beta
pruning can be when the branches of
the tree are searched in their optimal
order. Although optimal ordering is
impossible to achieve (if we knew
what the best move was, there would
be no need to search the game tree to
find it), there are a number of
techniques which help to improve the
speed of the search process, and it is
these techniques which form the
subject of this month's article.

Ordering by Short Look-ahead

Consider a program which
searches a game tree to a depth of
10-ply. If the average branching
factor is 36, as in chess, the tree will
be enormous and any saving that can
be achieved by optimizing the order
of the search will be well worthwhile.
One way in which this might be done
is to carry out a much shorter
look-ahead search, to a depth of
3-ply for example, and then order the
moves on the basis of this shallower
search. Once this has been done, the
search routine moves down the tree
and performs its full search of the
tree, the first 3-ply of which have
already been put into an approximate
order. As a result of the approximate
ordering, the full look-ahead search
is conducted in a more efficient
manner, with considerable savings in
time. The following example should
help the reader convince himself of
the value of conducting a preliminary
search.

Let us suppose that in a chess

position there are 36 moves. On the
basis of a shallow search it appears
that move m, wins the opponent's
queen, move m 2 wins only a pawn,
and no other moves force the win of
any material. At the other end of the
scale, move m 35 appears to lose a
pawn while m^ looks as though it
loses a bishop. The program now
orders these 36 moves on the basis
of its preliminary look-ahead, and it
first carries out a full 10-ply search
on the move that appears to win the
queen, m 1 . Unless there is some
deep reason why this move does not
win the queen, the programs alpha-
beta search will return a score to the
root of the tree that indicates its
opinion that move m, wins a queen.
It then looks at move m 2 , but finds
fairly early in the search that m 2 does
not win a queen, and so the number
of branches which are pruned off
during the search process will be
high. The same thing happens when
the full search process examines m 3 ,
m 4 , ...m 35 , m 36 . The reason why we
need to order all 36 moves is that our
ordering will not be absolutely
correct, but the effect of an error in
one or more value judgements will be
minimized if we make the preliminary
ordering as accurate as possible. For
example, if move m 36 actually
turned out to win a bishop instead of
losing a bishop, the move would still
be inferior to m, (winning a queen)
so we would still wish to examine
m 36 after examining m^.

Some interesting results on pre-
liminary ordering were discovered by
Richard Russell who wrote a Kalah
program in 1964. Kalah (or Owari) is
one of a family of games that go
under the generic name Mancala.
These games are played in Asia and
Africa, and the rules vary slightly
from one region to another. The
game presents an ideal programming
exercise because the rules are sim-
ple, the branching factor is typically
no more than 6, and it is relatively
simple to devise a satisfactory
evaluation function.

Each player controls a number of
pits or bowls (often pits in the sand)
and one large pit or bowl called his
Kalah. In the above diagram the pits
labelled a and the Kalah labelled A all
belong to one player, pits b and

©0©©0©
'©©©0©©

The set-up for a game of Kalah

Kalah B belong to his opponent. At
the start of the game each pit
contains an equal number of stones,
say 5, and each Kalah is empty.

The players move alternately. To
make a move a player picks up all the
stones in one of his pits and, moving
his hand in an anti-clockwise direc-
tion, drops one stone into each pit
and into his own Kalah, but not into
his opponent's Kalah. When his hand
holds no more stones the player has
had his turn, and it is then his op-
ponent's turn to play, but if the last
stone lands in a player's Kalah he has
another turn, so it is advantageous to
plan the game so that you will have
two or more turns in succession. The
other important rule is that if a
player's last stone lands in an empty
pit on his own side, he captures all of
the stones in the opposite pit and
places them, together with the stone
making the capture, in his own
Kalah.

At the end of the game the player
with the most stones in his Kalah is
the winner.

Russell experimented with pre-
liminary searches of various depths.
With a full look-ahead of 10-ply he
discovered that the program con-
sumed the minimum CPU time when
90% of its total search time was
spent in the short look-ahead of
5-ply. He then found a method for
improving the search speed still
further. Rather than begin a new
5-ply search at each ply, he used the
fact that the short look-ahead search-
es overlap— the 5-ply search conduct-

166

CREATIVE COMPUTING

MORE DASIC

COMPUTER

GAMES

Contents

Artillery-3

Baccarat

Bible Quiz

Big 6

Binary

Blackbox

Bobstones

Bocce

Bogall

Bumbrun

Bridge-It

Camel

Chase

Chuck- A-Luck

Close Encounters

Column

Concentration

Condot

Convoy

Corral

Countdown

Cup

Dealer's Choice

Deepspace

Defuse

Dodgem

Doors

Drag

Dr.Z

Eliza

Father

Flip

Four In A Row

Geowar

Grand Prix

Guess-It

ICBM

Inkblot

Joust

Jumping Balls

Keno

LGame

Life Expectancy

Lissajous

Magic Square

Man-Eating Rabbit

Maneuvers

Mastermind

Masterbagels

Matpuzzle

Maze

Millionaire

Minotaur

Motorcycle Jump

Nomad

Not One

Obstacle

Octrix

Pasart

Pasart 2

Pinball

Rabbit Chase

Road race

Rotate

Safe

Scales

Schmoo

Seabattle

Seawar

Shoot

Smash

Strike 9

Tennis

Tickertape

TV Plot

Twonky

Two-to-Ten

UFO

Under & Over

Van Gam

Warfish

Word Search Puzzle

Wumpus 1

Wumpus2

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MAY 1980

167

Games, cont'd...

ed at one position in the tree could
be used as a 4-ply search of a
position at the next level down in the
tree. This means that a short
look-ahead of 5-ply would have its
own short look-ahead ordered: to a
depth of 4-ply the first move, 3-ply on
the next move, 2-ply on the third
move and 1-ply on the fourth. So
when the program is executing the
short look-ahead routine it can take
advantage of this partial ordering
within the short look-ahead, and the
short look-ahead itself is speeded
up. In the case of Russell's Kalah

bubble memory. But with even the
smallest memory configuration you
can utilize this method to some
extent, simply by restricting your
short look-ahead to a 1-ply search!
Let us see how this might work in
practice, using noughts and crosses
(tic-tac-toe) as our example.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

1

2

3

4

6

7

8

9

X

2

4

6

7

8

9

X

2

3

4

6

7

8

9

program this technique produced a
reduction in total search time of
approximately 65%.

One of the problems of imple-
menting this short look-ahead meth-
od on a personal computer is the
need to store the whole of the short
look-ahead tree. For most games this
will be impossible without a floppy
disk system, and even then there will
be games for which there is insuffi-
cient memory to cope with anything
more than a 1-ply or 3-ply short
look-ahead search. Nevertheless, the
idea is worth remembering, either for
games with relatively small branch-
ing factors, or for the day when you
upgrade your micro by adding a

The program generates the three,
essentially different first moves: the
central move (location 5), a corner
move (location 1) and a move in the
middle of an edge (location 2). Those
of you who have followed my earlier
articles will know that the moves may
actually be generated in that order by
the application of an elementary
understanding of the game.

The program evaluates the result-
ing position, i.e., the positions it has
found from a 1-ply search, and sorts
them so that the best move is
examined first. We shall assume that
our evaluation function retains the
order in which the moves were
generated, in which case the pro-
gram next generates the moves from
position P, , the position arising after
making the central move (location 5).
In reply to this move there are two
essentially different moves, a corner
(location 1) and the middle of an edge
(location 2). We generate these
moves in exactly that order, and then
we evaluate the resulting positions
(P u and P 12 ) using our evaluation
function. Let us assume that the
scores for P n and P 12 indicate that
P n is a better position than P 12 from

our opponent's point of view. Then
on the basis of the 1-ply search
conducted from position P, we can
say that the next set of moves to be
generated should be the successors
of position Pn . Here there are four,
essentially different moves: a corner
on the same edge as the Z (location
3), the opposite corner (location 9),
the middle of an edge adjacent to the
X (location 2), and the middle of an
empty edge (location 6). The program
then evaluates all four of these
positions, and on the basis of the
1-ply search conducted from P- l1 it
orders them in such a way that the
move most favorable from its own
point of view is the one which will be
expanded first.

Thus the process continues. As
each bunch of successor moves is
generated, the resulting positions
are evaluated and then sorted. Ad-
mittedly the sorting will be nowhere
near 100% accurate, but it should
certainly be sufficiently accurate to
result in effective pruning when the
program reaches the bottom of the
tree and begins its alpha-beta
search.

I touched briefly on this method
in my previous article, but I felt it
worthwhile re-iterating my point by
means of this example, because the
notion of an ordered search is so very
fundamental to efficient tree-search-
ing, and this method is relatively
painless to program.

The Killer Heuristic

Imagine that you are playing a
game, thinking about which move
you should make next. You come up
with the idea of making move M , , but
then you notice that if you do play
this move your opponent has the very
strong reply ZAP at his disposal,
completely wrecking your position.
You therefore stop thinking about M,
and start to think about another
move, M 2 , but now you have been
forewarned because you have already
spent some of your thinking time on
the discovery of the refutation move
ZAP. You therefore look to see
whether M 2 can be met by ZAP, and
if so, with what result.

The logic behind this approach is
not difficult to understand. If ZAP
kills your prospects of victory after
you make the move M^ , it is quite
possible, even likely, that ZAP will
ruin you after you make the move M 2 .
In chess and many other games there
is the concept of the threat, and ZAP
moves often fall into this category. If
your queen is threatened and you
play a random move, the chances are
that your opponent will be able to

168

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Games, cont'd...

capture your queen on his next turn.
Each time you think of a move you
should first look to see if it loses
your queen in the same way, and if it
does so then you will have pruned
off large chunks of the game tree
simply by finding the refutation move
(sometimes called the "killer" move)
early in the search.

The implementation of the killer
heuristic is not difficult, but it does
require the use of extra RAM. At each
level in the tree, keep a note of which
move produced the last cutoff (this is
the killer move) and try that move
first when examining the next group
of positions at the same level. This
method becomes clearer from an
examination of the following ex-
ample.

is this new killer which is looked for
first when examining the successors
toM 4 .

There are various ways in which
this heuristic may be refined and
expanded, but each of them requires
still more RAM. Instead of storing
just one killer move at each level, the
program could store (say) the first
five killer moves that it encountered
at each level and keep a note of how
often each killer was used as a
refutation move at that level. Each
time the count for one of the killers
was updated, all five killers could be
ordered so that the next time the
program reached this level of look-
ahead it examined the most frequent-
ly used killer first, then the second
most frequently used, and so on.

Another idea is to store killer
moves linked to the moves that they

ETC.

-♦-COMPARE WITH M,

I

The program has already looked
at the first move from the root of the
tree, and returned a score to the root
position. It now examines move M 2 ,
leading to position P 2 , and soon
discovers that in reply to M 2 if its
opponent chooses M 21 then the
opponent will have improved on his
score which is currently at the root of
the tree. In other words, move M 21
refutes move M 2 , and the program
need not look at M 22 , M 23 , ...etc.

Next the program examines move
M 3 . It knows that M 21 refuted M 2 so
it first looks at its list of legal moves
from position P 3 to see if the same
move as M 21 can be found in this
list— if so it examines that move
first, in the hope of finding that
here, too, the same move provides a
refutation, thereby terminating the
search from M 3 after examining the
minimum number of branches. If it
turns out that M 3 is refuted by a
different move, then this new killer
move replaces the original one and it

refute, and then use this information
at different depths of search. For
example, if it was discovered that in
a chess position the move e2-e4 by
White was refuted by the reply c7-c5,
then wherever the move e2-e4 was
found in the tree, whether it be at
3-ply, 5-ply, 7-ply or deeper, the first
move to be examined for Black would
be c7-c5. Again the logic behind this
use of the heuristic is easy to
understand— a decision which is bad
today will probably be bad in a
similar situation tomorrow.

The Principal Continuation

When a program has finished its
search of the game tree, and has
decided on its move, it will have in its
memory the path through the tree
which it considers to represent the
best play by both sides. Its own best
move will be at the top of the tree,
then the move which it expects its
opponent to make in reply, then the
move which it thinks is the most

likely reply to its opponent's expec-
ted move, and so on. It seems a pity
to waste this information when so
much effort has been put into its
acquisition, and no more memory is
required to take advantage of the
information than one needs for the
killer heuristic. Simply use the 3rd
ply move from the current search as
the first move to be examined when
the program next begins to compute
a move. The 4th ply move in the
current search can serve as the first
"killer" at ply-2 in the next search;
the 5th ply move now can be the first
killer at ply-3 next time, and so on.
Very little computation time will be
taken up with this method, and it is
as well to start your search looking at
vaguely sensible moves.

The Alpha-Beta Window

This is another trick, inexpensive
in terms of code, which will often
speed up the search process. Under
certain circumstances it may actually
slow down the speed of search but if
the parameters are carefully chosen
the overall effect will be beneficial.

In most games it is true to say
that in general it will not be possible
to force a substantial gain within the
next ply, nor will it be likely that the
player whose turn it is to move must
concede a substantial loss. In view of
this it seems unreasonable to set the
values of alpha and beta to - / and
+ oo , respectively, at the start of the
search. Let us take chess as our
example. We can start our search by
assuming that White (whose turn it is
to move) cannot force the win of
more than two pawns, and that White
is not faced with the inevitable loss
of more than two pawns. We can
therefore set the "window" to be four
pawns wide, by assigning to alpha
and beta the values of minus two
pawns and plus two pawns respec-
tively. This means that when search-
ing for a move for White the program
will only examine moves which, at
worst, lose two pawns for White, and
when looking for Black moves the
program will ignore all moves which
permit White to win more than two
pawns. This process will speed up
the tree search provided that the
true value of the root position does
lie within the window. Occasionally
though, it will be possible for White
to win more than two pawns or
impossible for White to avoid con-
ceding more than two pawns. Under
these circumstances the search will
terminate without the values of alpha
and beta undergoing any change,
and the program must then think
again, widening its window.

170

CREATIVE COMPUTING

(•

Games, cont'd...

The Flowchart

The flowchart that follows illus-
trates how the alpha-beta algorithm
works when backing-up in the tree
search. This diagram is an abbrevia-
ted form of Figure 4 from Whaland's
excellent article (see bibliography).

i is the ply number currently
under investigation.

L(i) is a pointer to the list of
moves possible at level i (all sharing
the same parent move at level 1-1).

M(i) is the move, at level i,
currently being processed.

E(i) is the evaluation of this move.

The left hand part of the tree
assigns values to the nodes as the
search proceeds. A value of + oo is
assigned as initial values to nodes at
odd depths, and - oo as initial values
to nodes at even depths. These are
the values which are to be bettered if
a candidate node is to be acceptable.

I

j:=i

E(j): = + oo or

- 00

as appropriate

E(i):=E(|)

E(j): = +oo or

• oo
as appropriate

YES

Best Move: =
M(0)

The program compares the value of
E(i) with E(i-1) and replaces E(i-1)
with E(i) if E(i-1) is "worse than" E(i).
To be worse than E(i), it is necessary
for either: E(i-1) to be greater than
E(i) and i to be even; or E(i-1) to be
less than E(i) and i to be odd.

When there are no more moves to
consider from a particular node, the
value of E(i-1) is compared with
E(i-2), and so on, back up through
the tree, until E(1) replaces E(0)
whereupon the move leading to the
evaluation E(1) is the best move
found so far from the root of the tree.
Once all moves from the root have
been examined (or search time is
exhausted), this move is played.

The right hand side of the flow
chart performs the pruning made
possible by the alpha-beta algorithm.
When a new value of E(i) is found, the
alpha-beta routine compares it with
the evaluation at ply i-1. If a cutoff is
found the pointer L(i) is set to zero to
terminate the search of nodes at level

i. a

NO

i : = J-2

YES

■0

NO

YES

Mi): =0

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171

CIRCLE 180 ON READER SERVICE CARD

puzzles &
problems

Hot Desert Sands

A truck when fully loaded can carry enough fuel to take it
half-way across a barren desert. If the truck can return to
the starting point as often as is necessary, what is the
minimum amount of fuel required to take it all the way
across? Assume that any amount of fuel can be taken from
the truck at any point in the desert and this amount will
remain undiminished until subsequently collected.

No Problem!

A teacher assigned 5 problems: A.B.C.D, and E. He
noticed that the percentage of students turning in problem
A was 46%;B, 40;C, 43; D, 38; E, 41; A,B, 25; B.C, 26; C,D,
26; D,E, 22; A,E, 30; A.B.E, 19; A.B.C. 13; B.C.D, 12; C.D.E,
14; A.D.E, 16; A.B.C.D, 7; B.C.D.E, 6; A.C.D.E, 11; A.B.D.E,
9; A.B.C.E. 8; and A.B.C.D.E. 4%. What percent of the
students did not turn in any problems?

Sum Problem!

000 = 00

Put five different digits in the circles above to make a
correct multiplication. The five digits you choose must
total 27.

Jogging Practice

A man is on a bridge from A to B, 3/8 of the way across
from A. He hears a train approaching A at the rate of 60
mph. If he runs toward A he will meet the train at A; if he
runs toward B the train will overtake him at B. How fast can
he run?

The Greatest!

Write a program to determine the greatest integer that can
be stored and retrieved for the machine you have
available. What is the result when you add one to this
number? Conjecture on the reasons for the above. Find
out the same information for the smallest integer!!

Hank Kepher

True Love

Some emotional problems are incurable./ All emotional
problems are deviations from the norm./ If some
deviations from the norm are incurable, then to be spurned
is not a deviation from the norm./ To have a true love and
yet be spurned is an emotional problem./ Is it possible to
have a true love and yet be spurned?

Thinkers' Corner

© Layman E. Allen

WORD PUZZLES

How many of the problems (a) through (f) below can
you solve by forming a network of words that have
exactly as many letters as the number listed as the
GOAL? (Suppose that each symbol below is imprinted on
a disc.)

To qualify as a network

(1 ) all sequences of discs across and down must be
words.

(2) the words must have two or more letters and not
be proper names,

(3) all of the discs in the REQUIRED column must be
used.

(4) as many of the discs in PERMITTED as you wish
may be used, and

(5) at most one of the discs in RESOURCES may be
used.

Example: The number of letters in the words of the
network
CAT is 7: CAT=3. T0=2, 0N=2

ON 3 + 2+2 = 7

The number in the network CAT is 3.

PflOB. GOAL

REQUIRED

PERMITTED

RESOURCES

[•] 5

I

CQN

BG MNQRU

[b] 6

H Y

EMS

ACFMOT Y

[c] 6

AG

DOT

ABDFRSZ

[dl 6

M V

EFIR

CEFMTYZ

le) 8

NO

AO Y

6EDMNOY

[f| 12

AES

EHST

CGMORUY

W)l8f
IVM joqiy uuy peo« pjopHj AA 006 I »3u8Si||8lU| ueuitiH (O luaujaDueu,
-ug am jo) uouepunoj am ujojj isanbaj uodn aiqepeAe si saujeft ieuou
onjisui jau.iopuesiu.1 moqe uoiibujjo|ui aajj sajruoruig pJO/v\ jo auieg
3 M1 SQdOM NO BuiAeid a>|i| Aeiu noA S|zznd jo pui* siqi AOlua noA j|

1
A S V 3

3 H

S It)

o o

V
8 01

O N
N O |sl

a n o h M

U 3

IP)

8 1*1

(sjaqio aie ajaqi A/iuanbaj/l sj»MSuy paisa66n$ awog

172

CREATIVE COMPUTING

puzzles & problems

Plotting With A Pond

A farmer, as a present, gave his son all the land the son
could separate in a rectangular plot with 600 yards of
fence. The son , however, used part of a pond as one side of
his plot. Find the maximum area the son could have
received.

Reversed

There are two numbers formed of the same two digits in
reverse order. The sum of the numbers is 33 times the
difference between the two digits, and the difference
between the squares of the two numbers is 4752. Find the
numbers.

The Remainders

What number, if divided by 10, leaves a remainder of 9;
divided by 9 leaves a remainder of 8; divided by 8 leaves a

remainder of 7 divided by 2 leaves a remainder of 1.

One answer is 14,622,042,959. Find a smaller solution.

Ugly Basic

Find the hidden word without
using a computer. (There are no

P rizes >" Conn wen.

The Downs School

Dartford. Kent, England

10 GOTO 210

20 FOR A=1 TO 3

30 IF A>1 THEN 50

40 GOTO 140

50 FOR B=1 TO 2

60 IF A<3 THEN 90

70 PRINT"E";

80 GOTO 130

90 IF A=2 THEN 120

100 PRINT"«";

110 GOTO 130

120 PRINT"T";

130 NEXT B

135 GOTO 160

140 PRINT"0";

150 GOTO 50

160 IF A<2 THEN 180

170 GOTO 190

180 PRINT'T';

190 NEXT A

200 GOTO 230

210 PRINT"C";

220 G0T020

230 END

Problems of Dates

David H. Ahl

maRch • 1980

8

m r

w r f

3

1

2

3 4

567

8

9

10 11

12 13 14

15

16

17 18

19 20 21

22

23

24 25

26 ^^ 28

29

30

31

March 27, 1980 expressed in
numeric "date shorthand" is some-
times written 3/27/1980. This is
unusual in that it has seven different
digits— the first four (0,1, 2,3) and the
last three (7,8,9). Write computer
programs to solve the following
problems.

1. How many dates in the 1980
decade also have sequences of the
first four and last three integers and
what are they?

2. In the same decade how many
dates have sequences of :

A. The first two and last five
integers

B. The first three and last four
integers

C. The first five and last two
integers

D. The first three and last
three integers

173

3. Between the year 1000 and
4000 how many dates in each century
exhibit the first property above? (That
is, have sequences of the first four
and last three integers). Before
running the program make a predic-
tion of the pattern these 30 numbers
will exhibit. Do the numbers conform
to your prediction? What is the
pattern?

P.S.— Heard this one?

There are two integers each between
1 and 100. P knows their product; S
knows their sum. Obviously, if they told
each other the sum and product, they
could figure out what the integers
were. Instead, they have the following
conversation:

I don't know what the numbers are.
I knew you didn't. Neither do I.
Oh! Now I know.
Oh! So do I.

What are the two integers?

Clarification: The two integers are
between 1 and 100 exclusive. This,
according to anonymous reports,
allows a unique solution.

Questions:

• Can anyone solve this without a
computer? (Or to rephrase the
question, can anyone solve this
WITH a computer?)

• How significant is the 100?

• What solutions are possible if the
restriction is 1-200?

Institute lor Advanced Computation Newsletter

The comments and opinions of the
author are given for educational
purposes only and are not meant to
be legal advice. Specific legal
questions should be referred to
your personal attorney.

Harold L. Novick

The battlelines over the patent-
ability of software have been drawn for
more than a decade. Each side has
hardened its respective position and
staked out its respective territory. The
dialog on this controversy will be
continued this month and from time to
time in the future so that the problems,
disadvantages and advantages of the
patent system in general and of
software patentability in particular can
be appreciated.

First, however, in the interest of
fairness, the reader should know that
this writer is clearly biased in favor of
patents for software. Thus, the reader
should not expect a purely objective
presentation of both sides, although an
honest attempt will be made to give
one.

During a recent conversation with
Professor George Davida of the Uni-
versity of Wisconsin, he asked the
typical questions most people raise
when questioning the patentability of
software. How can software be patent-
able when there is usually nothing
new in most computer programs? In
any case, with most computer pro-
grams being kept secret and because
of the huge number of computer pro-
grams, how could the Patent & Trade-
mark Office possibly search a software
invention to determine its novelty?
Finally, what value would there be to
software patents if one could never tell
when someone else was improperly
making, using or selling the patented
software?

The simple reply to all of these
questions is that their answers are
immaterial to a conceptual inquiry
about whether computer programs are

Harold L. Novick. Patent Attorney, LARSON,
TAYLOR & HINDS. Arlington. VA 22202.

proper patentable subject matter.
Consider the chemical industry which
selects from less than 100 different
building blocks (i.e., atoms) to make
every one of its millions upon millions
of chemical substances. Sometimes
the chemical substance is novel, and
sometimes only the method of making
it is novel. It is doubted if anyone would
seriously argue that a novel chemical
substance was unpatentable subject
matter because none of its component
atoms were new. Similarly, it is
doubted if anyone would argue that a
new method of making a known
chemical substance was improper
patentable subject matter simply
because it would be difficult, if not
impossible, to detect infringement of
the process. Obviously, novel chem-
ical substances are patentable subject
matter in spite of the impossible task of
searching through every chemical
substance produced by man. These
concerns should not determine
whether software is patentable or
unpatentable subject matter.

The United States Department of
Justice and the Patent & Trademark
Office have jointly argued against the
patentability of software on many
occasions. In a recent legal brief filed
in the U.S. Supreme Court, they asked
the Court to decide whether "a com-
puter program that regulates the
internal operation of a computer is
patentable subject matter . . ."
Diamond, Commissioner of Patents
and Trademarks v. Bradley, Case. No.
79-855. The invention in this case
involves an improved method of using
firmware for changing the data in
scratchpad registers of some high
performance computers.

The patent examiner refused to
grant a patent for the Bradley invention

on the basis that "the only novel aspect
of the invention resided in an algorithm
designed to control the multiprogram-
ming computer to solve the particular
problem indicated," and a program
implemented algorithm is not patent-
able according to another Supreme
Court decision (Gottschalk v. Benson,
409 US 63 (1972). When the Court of
Customs and Patent Appeals (CCPA)
reversed the Patent and Trademark
Office's refusal to grant a patent, the
government filed their brief before the
Supreme Court requesting a reinstate-
ment of the refusal to grant the patent.

The government's arguments pre-
sent the case against the patentability
of software. The CCPA was criticized
for not following the government's
interpretation of two prior Supreme
Court cases, the Benson case men-
tioned above and the more recent case
of Parker v. Flook, 437 U.S. 584 (1978).
The CCPA, says the government,
should first look at the claimed
invention (the written single sentence
description in the patent application)
to "determine whether the claim
contains a principle, formula, idea or
concept which, as one of the basic
tools of scientific and technological
work,' is itself unpatentable and must
be separated from the rest of the
claim." Secondly, the CCPA should
have analyzed what remains of the
claim to determine whether it is old in
the art.

In the Bradley case, what re-
mained in the claims, said the patent
examiner, was a main memory, a
central processing unit, and scratch-
pad registers, all of which were well
known and admittedly old. Thus, the
government argued that the CCPA
should not have reversed the Patent
and Trademark Office.

174

CREATIVE COMPUTING

Forum, cont'd...

This is the government's argument
(with the references being omitted):
The Court [i.e., the CCPA]
compounded these errors [not
applying the above two step test]
by assuming that, so long as the
algorithm was not mathematical,
its patentability under Section 101
[of the Patent Act] posed no
problems. Undoubtedly, a claim
whose only novel element is a
computer program expressing a
mathematical algorithm is not
patentable subject matter. Benson
and Flook make that clear. But
although the algorithms in Flook
and Benson were mathematical,
the Court's holdings did not rest
on any distinction between mathe-
matical and non-mathematical
algorithms. The Court broadly
stated in Benson that "[phenom-
ena of nature, though just dis-
covered, mental processes, and
abstract intellectual concepts are
not patentable, as they are the
basic tools of scientific and tech-
nological work." The Court in
Flook had the same broad focus

when it stated that "[difficult
questions of policy concerning the
kinds of programs that may be
appropriate for patent protection
and the form and duration of such
protection can be answered by
Congress on the basis of current
empirical data not equally avail-
able to this tribunal."

Phenomena of nature, mental
processes and abstract intellec-
tual concepts may be mathemati-
cal, but they need not be. Indeed,
most ideas and concepts are not
mathematical, yet the absence of
mathematical expression does not
make them any more the subject of
the patent laws. The phenomena
that water runs downhill and that
the sun rises in the east are not
more patentable than mathemati-
cal equations.

So it is with computer pro-
grams. The proper inquiry is
whether the program, be it mathe-
matical or non-mathematical, ex-
presses a phenomenon of nature,
mental process, or an abstract
intellectual concept. Bradley's
program, when measured against
this standard, is no more patent-
able than the algorithms involved

in Benson and Flook. Like pro-
grams generally, Bradley's pro-
gram is a set of directions to the
computer. It commands the
switching of data, of whatever
type, untied to any particular end
use. Although the directions are
for the movement of information in
the computer system base, they
as much reflect abstract intellec-
tual concepts as directions for the
translation of texts from Russian
to English (In re Toma, 575 F.2d
872 (CCPA 1978)) or for a hitherto
unknown and faster route between
Washington and New York. The
computer programmer simply
uses the computer to implement
the idea embodied in the program.
What is wrong with the govern-
ment's position and where are its
arguments fallacious? Think about it
for a month. Reread its arguments a
few times. Look at the application of
those arguments to mechanical inven-
tions which are usually always em-
ploying a plurality of known com-
ponents, but in different ways. Ask how
can anything be patentable if these
arguments are carried to their logical
extension. And, most importantly, read
next month's column. D

computer I
products,

inc.

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2708's

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TRS-80 DISK DRIVE

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CAPACITORS

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CIRCLE 110 ON READER SERVICE CARD

MAY 1980

175

Corripleat

Comfouter
Catalog

Computers

SELF-CONTAINED
MICROCOMPUTER

Zeda Computers International has
introduced the Zeda 580, a completely
self-contained microcomputer with cen-
tral processing unit, CRT display and
dual minifloppy disk drives housed in
one desktop-sized metal cabinet.

The heart of the CPU with its 65K of
dynamic RAM is a 4 Mhz, Z-80A
microprocessor. The system supports
two RS-232 serial ports, two parallel
ports plus a parallel printer port, one
hard disk port, and one floppy disk drive
connector capable of supporting two
external floppy disk drives— either mini
or eight-inch. All interfaces are fully
programmable and expandable.

The CP/M compatible ZDOS disk
operating system handles all interrupts,
data transmissions, keyboard definition,
error detection, and disk storage and
retrieval. $6837.

Zeda Computers International, 1662
West 820, North. Provo, UT 84601. (801)
377-9948

CIRCLE 240 ON READER SERVICE CARD

SHARED RESOURCE WORD
PROCESSING

Shared Resource word processing
systems from CPT Corporation provide
growth while protecting users' invest-
ments. The systems, including Wordpak
I and Wordpak II large-capacity infor-
mation storage peripherals, range from
single CPT 8000 system configurations
to multi-user information networks.

Wordpak I allows up to four users to
store and retrieve documents on a fixed
disk storage device with 25 million
character capacity.

Wordpak II systems give as many as
eight users access to 50 million char-
acters of fixed disk storage. Each CPT
8000 word processing system also in-
cludes an additional 600,000 characters
of flexible diskette storage as well as
64,000 characters of main memory at
every operator position.

Major components of Wordpak Sys-
tems can include two 25 million char-
acter Winchester-type fixed disk drives
and two new disk interfaces.

CPT Corporation, 1001 Second St..
South, Hopkins, MN 55343, (612) 935
0381.

CIRCLE 241 ON READER SERVICE CARD

ALTOS ANNOUNCES HARD
DISK SYSTEM

Up to four simultaneous users can
take advantage of as much as 58
Megabytes of hard-disk, on-line storage
intheAltosComputerSystemsACS8000-6
computer system. Using a double-sized

printed circuit board, the system incor-
porates all the logic needed to control up
to four 14.5-Megabyte Shugart disks
using Winchester-type technology.

Prices for the ASC8000-6 series of
Altos computers range from $9,450 for a
single-user device with two floppy disk
drives and one 14.5-Megabyte hard disk
platter to $14,260 for the four-user,
29-Megabyte device with two dual-sided
floppy disk units.

Altos Computer Systems, 2338A
Walsh Ave., Santa Clara. CA 95050.

CIRCLE 242 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Miscellaneous

COMPUTER EDUCATION
PROGRAM

"Little Computers . . . See How
They Run," a series of eight video-
cassette computer education pro-
frams, has just been released by
volution 1 , a division of Electronic
Data Systems Corporation.

The videocassettes, and accom-
panying student learning materials,
present a range of information that
takes the participant from the funda-
mentals of microcomputers through
the technical intricacies of how the
computer receives, processes, stores
and transmits information.

Each lesson is illustrated with
dozens of graphics filled with colorful
visual examples, and is based on a
carefully structured presentation of
gradually increasing difficulty, with
the participant advancing one step at
a time.

Electronic Data Systems Corpor-
ation, EDS Center, 7171 Forest Lane,
Dallas, TX 75230. (800) 527-0278.

CIRCLE 243 ON READER SERVICE CARO

176

CREATIVE COMPUTING

Plugs into EH

bus plus S 100 bus expansion (With Super

providing Super Erf 44 and 50 pin

NEW PRODUCTS!

Super Color S-100 Video Kit $99.95 Ell II Adapter Kit $24.50

Expandable to 256 x 192 high resolution color
graphics 6847 with all display modes computer
controlled Memory mapped IK RAM expand*
bletofSK S-100 bus 1802. 8080. 8085. Z80 etc

Gremlin Color Video Kit $59.95

32 x 16 alpha, numerics and graphics, up to 8
colors with 6847 chip IK RAM at E000 Plugs
into Super Elt 44 pin bus Not expandable to high
resolution Graphics

pansion) High and low address displays, state
and mode LEO s optional SUM

1802 16K Dynamic RAM Kit $149.00

1802S 100 expandable to 32 K Hidden refresh
w clocks up to 4 MH; w/no wait states Add 16K
RAM $79.00

Quest Super Basic

Quest, the leader in inexpensive 1802 systems
announces another first Quest is the first com
pany worldwide to ship a hill sue 8a He lor 1802
systems A complete function Saper task by
Ron Center including floating pant capability
with scientific notation (number range - 171/").
32 bit integer ■ 2 billion. MuKi dim arrays String
arrays. Stnng manipulation. Cassette I/O. Save
and load. Basic. Data and machine language pro-
grams, and over 75 Statements. Functions and
Operators

Easily adaptable on most 1802 systems Re-
quires 12K RAM minimum tor Basic and user

programs Cassette version in stock now HUM
versions coming soon with exchange privilege
allowing some credit lor cassette version
Super Basic on Cassette S40.00

Tom Plttman s 1M2 Tiny Basic Source listing
now available Find out how Tom Plttman wrote
Tiny Basic and how to get the most Ml of It
Never offered Define. $19 00

S 100 4-Slol Expansion S 9 95

Super Monitor VI I Source Listing $15 00
Coming Soon Assembler Editor. Disassem-
bler. DA AD Super Sound Music. EPROM
programmer. Stnngy Floppy Disc System

RCA Cosmac Super Elf Computer $106.95

Compare features before you decide to buy any A 24 key Ha keyboard includes 16 HEX keys
other computer There is no other computer on plus I "
the market today that has ail the desirable bene-
fits of the Sapor EH lor so kttle money The Super
Elt is a small single board computer that does
many Me. things It is an excellent computer tor
training and tor learning programming with its
machine language and yet it is easily expanded
with additional memory. Full Basic. ASCII
Keyboards video character generation, etc.
Before you buy another small computer, see if it
includes the following features ROM monitor.
State and Mode displays. Single step. Optional
address displays Power Supply Audio Amplifier
and Speaker. Fully socketed for ail IC s. Real cost
of in warranty repairs. Ful documentation
The Super EN includes a ROM monitor tor pro-
gram loading, editing and execution with SINGLE
STEP for program deeooglng which is not in-
cluded in others at the same price With SINGLE
STEP you can see the microprocessor chip opera-
ting with the aniaaii Quest address and data bus
displays before, during and attar executing in-
structions Also CPU mode and instruction cycle
are decoded and displayed on 8 LED indicators
An RCA 1861 video graphics chip allows you to
connect to your own TV with an inexpensive video
modulator to do graphics and games There Is a
speaker system included tot writing your own
music or using many music programs already
written The speaker amplifier may also be used
to drive relays for control purposes

tact, monitor select and sinajfe step Large, on
board displays provide output and optional high
and low address There is a 44 pin standard
connector slot lor PC cards and a 50 pin connec-
tor slot tor the Quest Super Expansion Board
Power supply and sockets tor all IC s are m
eluded in the pncepfusadetailed 1?7pg instruc
Hon manual which now includes over 40 pgs of
software info including a series of lessons to
help get you started and a music program and
graphics target game Many schools and

universities are using the Super Eft as a course
01 study OEM s use it for training and R&D
Remember, other computers only offer Super Elf
features at additional cost or not at all Compare
before you buy Super Ell Kit $106 95. High
address option $8 95 Low address option
$9 95 Custom Cabinet with drilled and labelled
plexiglass Iron! panel $24 95 Expansion Cabinet
with room lor 4 S-100 boards $41 00 NiCad
Battery Memory Saver Kit $6 95. All kits and
options also completely assembled and tested
Qaestdata a 12 page monthly software pub
lication for 1802 computer users is available by
subscription lor $12 00 per year Issues 1-12
bound S16 50

Tiny Basic Cassette S10 00. on ROM S3* 00.
original Elt kit board S14.9S 1102 software;
Moews Video Graphics S3. 50. Games and Music

$3 00 Chip 8 Interpreter $5.50.

Super Expansion Board with Cassette Interlace $89.95

Th s is truly an astounding value 1 This board has subroutines allowing users to take advantage of

been designed to allow you to decide how you
want it optioned The Super Expansion Board
comes with 4K of low power MM lulty address-
able anywhere in 64K with built-in memory pro-
tect and a cassette Interface Provisions have
been made for ail other options on the same
board and it Ins neatly into the hardwood cabinet
alongside the Super Elf The board includes slots
tor up to 6K of EPROM (2708. 2758. 2716 or Tl
2716) and is hilly socketed EPROM can be used
lor the monitor and Tiny Basic or other purposes
A M Saper ROM Monitor $19 98 is available as
an on board option in 2708 EPROM which has
been preprogrammed with a program loader/
editor and error checking mufti file cassette
read write software, IreiocatiWe cassette hie)
another exclusive trom Quest It includes register
save and readout, block move capability and
video graphics driver with blinking cursor Break
points can be used with the register save feature
to isolate program bugs quickly then follow with
t single step The Super Monitor is written with

monitor functions simply by calling them up
Improvements and revisions are easily done with
the monitor If you have the Saper Expansion
Board and Super Monitor the monitor is up and
running at the push of a button

Other on board options include Parallel Input
and Output Pern with lull handshake They
allow easy connection ot an ASCI I keyboard to the
input port RS 232 and 20 ma Current Loop lor
teletype or other device are on board and if you
need more memory there are two S-100 slots for
static RAM or video boards Also a 1K Super
Monitor version 2 with video driver for full capa-
bility display with Tiny Basic and a video interface
board Parallel I/O Ports $9 85. RS 232 $4 50.
TTY 20 ma l/F $1 95. S 100 $4 SO A 50 pin
connector set with ribbon cable is available at
SI 5 25 tor easy connection between the Super
Eft and the Saper Expansion Board.
Power Supply Kit lor the complete system (see
Mutti volt Power Supply below)

TERMS $5 00 mm order US Funds Calif residents add 6°,
BankAmencard and Master Charge accepted
Shipping charges will be added on charge cards

Same day shipment. First line parts only
Factory tested Guaranteed money back
Quakty IC s and other components at fac-
tory prices

INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

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ROCKWELL AIM 65 Computer

6502 based single board with full ASCII keyboard
and 20 column thermal pnnter 20 char alphanu-
meric display. ROM monitor, fulty expandable
S375 00 4K version S450 00 4K Assembler
$65 00 8K Basic Interpreter S100 00

Special small power supply lor AIM65 a ssem in
frame $41.00. Complete AIM65 in thin briefcase
with power supply S41S.00. Molded plastic
enclosure to tit AIM65 plus power supply $47 50
Special Package Price 4K AIM 8K Base, power
supply cabinet $599 00

AIM65 KIM VIM Super Elf 44 pin expansion
board. 3 female and 1 male bus Board plus 3
connectors $22 95

AIM65KIM VIM I Expansion Kit. 4 parallel and
2 serial ports plus 2 internal timers $34.00. PROM
programmer for 2716 $150.00.

Multi-volt Computer Power Supply

8v 5 amp. • 18v 5 amp. 5v 1 5 amp. 5v
Samp. 12v 5 amp. 12 option • 5v ■ 12v
are regulated KitS29 95 Kit with punched frame
$37 45. S4 00 shipping Kitof hardware$14 00
Woodgrain case $10 00. $1 50 shipping

PROM Eraser Will erase 25 PROMs in
15 minutes Ultraviolet, assembled S37.S4
Safety switch Timer version $69.50

60 Hz Crystal Time Base Kit $4.40

Converts digital clocks from AC line frequency
to crystal lime base Outstanding accuracy

NiCad Battery Fixer/Charger Kit

Opens shorted cells that won t hold a charge
and then charges them up. all in one kit w full
parts and instructions $7.25

LRC 7000 • Printer $389.00

4064 column dot matnx impact, std paper

Interface all personal computers

Televideo Terminal $145.00

102 key. upper, lowercase 10 Baud rates 24 x 80

char microprocessor com edit cap

Interfuse II Terminal $874.00

Super Brain

Floppy Disk Terminal $2895 00

79 IC Update Master Manual $29.95

Complete IC data selector 2500 pg master refer
ence guide Over 50.000 cross references Free
update service through 1979 Domestic postage
$3 50 No foreign orders

S-100 Computer Boards

8K Static RAM Kit $135 00

16K Static RAM Kit 265 00

24K Static RAM Kit 423 00

32K Static RAM Kit 475 00

16K Dynamic RAM Kit 199 00

32K Dynamic RAM Kit 310 00

64K Dynamic RAM Kit 470 00

Video Interface Kit $129.00

Video Modulator Kit $8.95

Convert TV set into a high quakty monitor w o
affecting usage Comp kit w full instruc

Digital Temp. Meter Kit $34.00
Indoor and outdoor Switches back and forth
Beautiful 50 LED readouts Nothing like it
available Needs no additional parts for com-
plete, full operation Will measure 100 to
• 200 F tenths ot a degree, air or liquid
Beautiful woodgrain case w bezel $11.79

FREE Send for your copy of our NEW 1980
QUEST CATALOG Include 28c stamp

CIRCLE 1 84 ON READER SERVICE CARD

177

MICROCOMPUTER
LITERACY COURSE

Educational Activities, Inc. an-
nounces sound-color filmstrip series
that is a step-by-step course in basic
microcomputer literacy. The pro-
gram, Computer Programming:
Basic for Microcomputers, was
created to fulfill what Andrew R.
Molnar of the National Science
Foundation terms "a national need to
foster computer literacy."

This series, which also includes a
comprehensive Teacher's Handbook,
was designed especially for the
beginner. The teacher needs no prior
computer knowledge to present the
filmstrip series to students. $84.

Educational Activities, Inc., P.O.
Box 392, Freeport, NY 11520.

CIRCLE 244 ON READER SERVICE CARO

Disk & Tape
Systems

WINCHESTER BACKUP

A new backup for its Winchester
disk has been announced by Corvus
Systems. Called the Corvus Mirror, it
employs a standard video cassette
with a total capacity of 100 million
bytes.

The Mirror interfaces the data
signals on the Corvus disk to a
separate customer supplied video
cassette recorder of the VHS, Beta, or
U-Matic format. If a larger data
capacity is required, a reel-to-reel
video-tape recorder can be used.

The Mirror uses the same Z-80
microprocessor and Corvus interface
bus as the Corvus disk.

It will interface to a wide variety
of host computers including the
Apple, TRS-80 Model I and Model II,
S-100, and LSI-11, plus all new
computers interfaced to Corvus disks
in the future. $790.

Corvus Systems, 900 S. Win-
chester Blvd., San Jose, CA 95128.
(408) 246-0461.

CIRCLE 24S ON READER SERVICE CARD

QUICK-ACCESS
DISK DRIVE

The Mikro-Disk 211 is a low-cost,
quick-access disk drive based upon a
Modified Winchester technology. It

features an 8-inch diameter hard disk
and a proprietary low-mass multiple
head assembly that provides fast
access to data (average access of 18
milliseconds).

The Mikro-Disc 211 has data
access characteristics that suit it for
systems that require high speed
cache and mass store capability.

New World Computer Corpora-
tion, 3176 Pullman St., Suite 120/122,
Costa Mesa, CA 92626. (714)556-9320.

CIRCLE 246 ON READER SERVICE CARD

HARDTAPE SUBSYSTEM

Konan's DAT- 100 single board
controller will accommodate the DEI
15'/2 Megabyte (formatted) cartridge
tape drive as well as the Marksman
Winchester disk drive from Century
Data.

The Hard Tape subsystem is
available either as a complete tape
and disk mass storage system or an
inexpensive tape or disk subsystem.
It supports FAMOS, CP/M version
2.0 and MP/M.

Konan Corporation, 1448 N 27th
Ave., Phoenix, AZ 85009. (800) 528-
4563.

CIRCLE 247 ON REAPER SERVICE CARD

CARTRIDGE DISK FOR
TRS-80 MODEL II

Cameo Data Systems announces
a TRS-80 Model II Adapter for the
Cameo DC-500 Cartridge Disk Con-
troller.

Used with a Cameo controller,
the Adapter allows attachment of up
to four 2V-2-20 megabyte cartridge
drives, giving the Radio Shack
machine a large database capability.

Removable cartridges facilitate
multi-generation backup, needed to
recover from program or operating
errors, and can be used for archival
storage as well. $1500.

Cameo Data Systems, Inc., 1626
Clementine St., Anaheim, CA 92802.
(714) 535-1682.

CIRCLE 248 ON READER SERVICE CARD

(C bcbmbers

Terminals & 1/0

PARALLEL TO SERIAL INTER-
FACE FOR SORCERER

The Sorcerer Parallel to Serial Inter-
face is a totally self-contained unit which
makes any RS-232 or 20mA printer look
to the Sorcerer like a Centronics parallel
line printer. With this unit you can
throw away your delay loops and I/O
drivers because you can use the line
printer I/O drives that are already in
your Sorcerer.

It has X-on,X-off and Data Terminal
Ready handshaking, and will run at any
of sixteen standard baud rates. $119.95.

Mark Longley, 2403 De La Cruz
Blvd., Santa Clara, CA 95050.

CIRCLE 249 ON READER SERVICE CARD

ASCII KEYBOARDS

RCA has announced two "profession-
al quality keyboards suitable for de-
manding environments." The VP-601 has
a 58-key typewriter format and the
VP-611 has the typewriter format plus a
16-key numberic keypad.

Both boards utilize flexible-mem-
brane key switches which require only a
light, but positive, pressure for activa-
tion, and feature fully encoded, 128-
character ASCII alphanumerics.

They have a finger-positioning over-
lay and an on-board tone generator to
give aural keypress feedback. The
VP-601 is $65, and the VP-611 is $80.

RCA Cosmac VIP Marketing, New
Holland Ave., Lancaster, PA 17604.

CIRCLE 250 ON READER SERVICE CARD

S-100 VIDEO TERMINAL BOARD

Electronic Systems announces an
S-100 compatible Video Terminal Board
in kit form. It includes upper and lower
case, 5x7 dot matrix, serial RS-2132 in
and out with TTL parallel keyboard
input, and control characters.

The addition of a keyboard video
monitor or TV set with TV interface and
power supply, claims the manufacturer,
will make this a complete stand-alone
terminal. $199.95.

Electronic Systems, PO Box 21638.
San Jose, CA 95151. (408)448-0800.

CIRCLE 251 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Fxchisivhy

178

CREATIVE COMPUTING

CUSTOMIZED INTER-
CONNECT OF RS 232
INTERFACES

The Remark Model 54 Stunt Box
allows the user to customize inter-
connections between different RS-232
based devices. The Model 54 consists
of a PC card containing two RS-232
connectors, one male and one female.

Frame ground, pin 1, is perma-
nently connectly between connectors.
Each of the remaining 24 connector
pins from each connector is wired to a
.025 in. square pin and a plated thru
hole. This arrangement allows the
use of wire-wrap or jumper pins on the
posts to interconnect the signal paths
while components can be inserted in
the signal path between connector
pins by soldering in place in the
plated PC holes. $52.

Remark International, 4 Syca-
more Dr., Woodbury, NY 11797. (516)
367-3807.

CIRCLE 2S2 ON READER SERVICE CARD

NUMERIC KEYPAD
FOR TRS-80

Microcomputer Technology has
announced a 16-key numerical key
pad kit for the TRS-80.

Keys include thru 9, (-), (/), (.),
backspace and enter key.

The unit is completely wired and
requires no soldering. It comes with
complete instructions, key pad, cable,
and a new plastic overlay for the
TRS-80. $68.

Microcomputer Technology Inc.,
2080 South Grand, Santa Ana, CA
92705. (714) 979-9923.

CIRCLE 2S3 ON READER SERVICE CARD

EIGHT SERIAL PORT
BOARD BUS SOFTWARE

Trace announces its complete
ESP+ System (Eight Serial Port
board plus software). The ESP
board is designed to provide large
computer features for the S-100 bus.
Included in the system is theTOPZ-80
operating system capable of support-
ing multiple tasks. The software is for
use with the Z-80 microprocessor.

The ESP+ System includes an
eight serial port board, up to eight
20K user areas, up to eight 24K
system program areas, options to
accommodate eight modems, two 32K
memory boards, twelve digit ex-
tended multiuser Basic and CP/M
compatible DOS. $2995.

Trace Electronics, Inc., 570 West
DeKalb Pike, King of Prussia, PA
19406. (215) 265-9220.

CIRCLE 254 ON READER SERVICE CARD

NUMERIC KEYPAD
FOR APPLE

California Micro Products an-
nounces a new product for the Apple
II, the Multi-Function Numeric
Keypad, Model KBAII.

The unit combines ten numeric
keys and eight function keys: right/
left cursor, minus, escape, slash,
space, return, and period. No modifi-
cations to the Apple II are required.

Housed in a sloped-front en-
closure with Apple II compatible
color and texture, the keypad has a
five-foot cable which allows posi-
tioning for operator convenience.
$199.

California Micro Products, 795
W. Imperial Hwy., Brea, CA 92621.
(714) 990-4014.

CIRCLE 255 ON READER SERVICE CARD

■

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y

At last...

the typewriter interface!

Turn your electric typewriter into a low cost, high
quality hard copy printer. 1 Year Warranty

The patented* RDI— I/O Pak is fast becoming the industry standard
for typewriter output. Why? Because:

1. It takes 2 minutes to initially install and 5 seconds to remove or
replace.

2. You do not have to modify your typewriter. All factory warranties
and maintenance agreements on your typewriter will be honored.

3. You can use it with all powered carriage return typewriters that
have U.S. keyboard. Our Model I works with all non Selectrics and
our Model II works with Selectrics. Conversion between models
takes 2 minutes and the kit (26 plungers) is available for a nominal
charge.

4. You don't have to lug around a bulky printer when you travel. If
there is a typewriter at your destination, you can install the light
(3 lbs.) I/O Pak in just 2 minutes.

5. Same interface for TRS-80, Apple and GPIB. Centronics and Pet
compatible interfaces are available in third quarter 1980. Electric
pencil available.

6. Delivery: stock to 2 weeks: Price: $639.50, FOB Rochester, Do-
mestic.

See your local distributor or call Bob Giese, 716 385-4336. In Europe,
contact Capital Computer Systems, London 01-637 5551. We have
the only "clean" approach to the typewriter/ printer market.

•Potent Pending

3100 Monroe Avenue, Rochester, New York 14618 incorporated

CIRCLE 100 ON READER SERVICE CARD

MAY 1980

179

gp

■1

•3 1

iL

fe _r]

COLOR DISPLAY SYSTEM
FOR TRS-80

Percom Data Company has an-
nounced the Electric Crayon, a
computer-operated color graphics
generator/controller.

Designed to generate color dis-
plays on either a TV set or monitor,
the Electric Crayon includes its own
ROM operating system, EGOS,
which accepts single-character com-
mands directly from a parallel ASCII
keyboard or program-generated com-
mands from a computer.

As shipped, the Electric Crayon
interfaces with a TRS-80 computer,
but it may be adapted for any
computer. $249.95.

Percom Data Company, 211 N.
Kirby, Garland, TX 75042. (800) 527-
1592.

CIRCLE 2S6 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Peripherals

JOYSTICKS FOR OSI

Aurora Software Associates an-
nounces eight-directional joysticks
for use with OSI home computers,
including the new C4 and C8
models.

The joysticks feature a large fire
button and may be plugged directly

into most OSI computers. $24.95.

Aurora Software Associates, 353
S. 100 E. #6, Springville, UT 84663.
CIRCLE 2S7 ON READER SERVICE CARD

JOYSTICK INTERFACE FOR
TRS-80

Creative Software has introduced a
joystick interface for the TRS-80 compu-
ter. The joystick interface plugs directly
into the expansion interface of the
TRS-80 with no modifications.

Three sockets allow the use of one
Fairchild or two Atari joysticks for
single or two person interactive games
and input. Both types of joysticks can
sense eight compass directions.

The Atari includes one pushbutton
and the Fairchild features push-pull and
twisting actions. $65.

Creative Software, PO Box 4030,
Mountain View, CA 94040.

CIRCLE 256 ON READER SERVICE CARD

CLOCK MODIFICATION FOR
TRS-80

Mumford Microsystems has announc-
ed a clock modification for the TRS-80.
The SK-2 3-Speed Mod is a small circuit
board with five integrated circuits which
may be mounted inside the keyboard
unit or externally.

It interrupts the main clock line to
the Z-80 and allows switching between
normal speed, and a 50% decrease in
CPU speed. $24.95.

Mumford Micro Systems, Box 435-A,
Summerland, CA 93067.

CIRCLE 259 ON READER SERVICE CARD

UNION CYCLES

- ANTI-VIBRATORY

MULTIPLEXER ALLOWS
FOUR TERMINALS TO
SHARE ONE PRINTER,
MODEM OR CPU

A versatile self-powered Termi-
nal Multiplexer that allows from one
to four RS232 terminals to share one
printer, modem or CPU without
unplugging cables is now available
from Western Telematic.

Designated Model TM-41, the
unit provides the following DIP
switch selectable operating modes:
an equal priority lockout mode so the
user can activate just one port at a
time; a local mode that allows an
"OR" condition of all four input ports;
and a multiple mode that activates
any of the ports at the same time. In
addition, a speed select mode allows
each port to Be programmed to auto-
matically switch speeds on a 212
Modem. $295.

Western Telematic Inc., 2435 S.
Anne St., Santa Ana, CA 92704. (714)
979-0363

CIRCLE 260 ON READER SERVICE CARD

-J\

COMPOSER*

Designed t)y Hal Chamberlin

'and MicroTechnology Unlimited

tor the folk* at M.M.I, and You!

Great Fun! The Micro Composer comes com-
plete with an instruction manual, software disk
or cassette — in either Integer or Applesoft
ROM BASIC, and the MICRO MUSIC DAC
music card. Just plug the MICRO MUSIC DAC
into the APPLE extension slot and connect the
audio cable to a speaker m «»nifk« ieeki

• PUT IP TO 4 SIMULTANEOUS VOICES!
•EITEI MUSIC MOTES IT A FAST SI M f LE.

WELL- TESTED COOKS SYSTEM

• PAOCAAM TOE PITCH. ANYTHM. Ml TIMIKE IF THE
MUSIC TEMPO II TAXIED IT THE APPLE PAODLE

• COMPOSE. EIIT. DISPLAY AND PUT MUSIC TH AOUCH
II IITEIACTITE. COMMAND-OAKEN lANSUASE

• SATE Till MUSIC II IIIK II CASSETE

EACH NICE SOUND CAR IE CHANGED TO IEEI.
IAASS mill II OISAN!

COMPUTER CORNER «¥&'»,
SXXL .,•'«•«»«• (201)835-7080

CIRCLE 12S ON READER SERVICE CARD

$220.

DOES YOUR COMPUTER

SOMETIMES COUGH, SNEEZE OR

HAVE A SEIZURE?

It may be suffering from Transiet Glitchitis.

acureable digestive disorder. The Blitz Bug

can bring fast relief from these symptoms in

less than 50 nano seconds. Available

without prescription. Use only as directed.

* No Computer Should Be

Without One*

Blitz Bug protects your entire circuit,

and plugs into any outlet.

$19.95, Two for $35.00

N.J. Residents add 5% sales tax

Add $1 .50 shipping&handllng delivery from stock

Omni Communications Co., Inc.
Jackson, New Jersey 08527

CIRCLE 174 ON READER SERVICE CARD

180

HEWLETT PACKARD'S HP-41C.
A CALCULATOR- A SYSTEM.
A WHOLE NEW STANDARD.

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Wh.tr Pi».n* Mill. 200 H»(t
Whrt« Nam?. Mt. 10801
(«14>wmO*TA

CIRCLE 126 ON READER SERVICE CARD

A self-contained light pen which
plugs directly into the Apple has been
announced by the 3-G Company.

The 3-G Light Pen makes it

Eossible to bypass the Apple's key-
oard and interact directly with the
information displayed on the CRT
screen.

A "menu" can be displayed on
the screen and the user can make a
selection from that menu by using the
light pen.

The Light Pen is completely
assembled and ready to plug into the
Apple game paddle port. A demon-
stration game cassette, sample pro-
gram and complete programming
instructions are included with the
pen. $32.95.

3G Company, Incorporated, Rt. 3,
Box 28A, Gaston, OR 971 19. (503) 662-
4492.

CIRCLE 261 ON READER SERVICE CARD

DIRECT CONNECT MODEM

Modtech, Inc. announces the
M103, a FCC approved direct connect
modem.

The M103 is an originate only
modem compatible with the Bell
103/113 data sets which plugs
directly into the telephone network
using the conventional RJllC modu-
lar phone jack or DAA.

It connects to any terminal with
an RS232 or 20ma interface and
operates at a maximum data rate of
450 bps over ordinary telephone lines.
$185.

Modtech, Inc., 1958 Helsinki
Way, Livermore, CA 94550. (415) 447-
9349.

CIRCLE 262 ON READER SERVICE CARD

5-10 times faster...
and more!

Meet (\is( ,il / " the t, ist flexible compiler with
highei speed, greater eftn ien< v and improved debiif>f>int>

■ True Z-80 native code Pascal compiler . IPX
than ( ompeting P < ode implementation:
requii

m The only multi-tasking Pascal produi ps K( >Mable

■ Optimized tor fastest exe< ution - re< ognizes and
exploits spec lal < ases

■ Easily transportable —all hooks to your system ma<
through support library

■ Includes standard floating point pa< kage single
cop\ on ( P/M-compatible disk includes compiler

( ompanion mac ro-assembler & sour< e of the library S $95
( )( M Ik enses available Write or < all tor more informatioi

ram

Road PO

Itlwd S> 148 r >li - U4»>

CIRCLE 1S3 ON READER SERVIC

ASCII keyboards: parallel or
serial output, as low as $69 *

RCA VP-600 series ASCII keyboards are available in two tormats.
You can choose either a 58-key typewriter format Or a 74-key version
which includes an additional 1 6-key calculator-type keypad. Both can
be ordered with parallel or serial output

These keyboards feature modern flexible membrane key
switches with contact life rated at greater than 5 million operations Plus
two key rollover circuitry. A finger positioning overlay combined with light
positive activation key pressure gives good operator "feel." and an on-
board tone generator gives aural key press feedback

The unitized keyboard surface is spillproof and dustproof This plus
high noise immunity CMOS circuitry makes these boards particularly
suited for use in hostile environments

Parallel output keyboards have 7-bit buffered. TTL compatible
output. Serial output keyboards have RS 232C compatible. 20 mA
current loop and TTL compatible asynchronous outputs with 6
selectable baud rates All operate from 5 V DC. excluding
implementation of RS 232C

For more information contact RCA Customer __ ^-^ __
Service. New Holland Avenue, Lancaster, PA 17604 I ■■ * M
Or call our toll-free number 800-233-0094. ■ mMWm ■

"Optional use* price (of VP 601 Dealer andOEMpucmgavailaola

CIRCLE IBS OH READER SERVICE CARD

MAY 1980

181

The

creative computing

Computer Store of the Month

Hundreds of computer stores sell Creative Computing Magazine,
Press books and software nationwide. We believe that the contributions
made by these stores to their communities should be recognized and
applauded. In this and future issues of Creative Computing Magazine,
we'll spotlight some stores which deserve attention for their
salesmanship, creativity and community service.

John and Marilyn Clark opened
Data Domain in Schaumburg, Illi-
nois, a suburb of Chicago, in 1977.
Their original stock was limited to a
few computers and "miscellaneous
parts." Today John and Marilyn sell
and support the Apple, Alpha-Micro
and Hewlett-Packard lines as well as
a selection of over 800 book titles -
perhaps the largest in the country.

Store policy is committed to full
support to all lines in terms of
service, software and "good old-fa-
shioned help." John Clark feels that
a large measure of the store's
success has to do with its attitude
toward customers. "There are no
dumb questions a customer can ask.
Our customers range from novice to
professional. We take the time to try
and help them all."

Data Domain sells Creative Com-
puting Magazine, Press books and
software. If you're in the Chicago
area, you might want to stop in.
They're located at 1612 E. Algonquin
Road, Schaumburg and you'll find
them open on Tuesday through
Friday from 12 to 9 and on Saturdays
from 11 to 5. Or call them at
312/397-8700.

Pick it up at your local computer store!

Computer Coin Games

Games Magazine said, in a recent issue: "A collection of games,
puzzles, and experiments with simple rules and full size playing boards
make this little book an entertaining and educational guide to the nature
of binary numbers and computer circuits. Whether or not you have any
experience with computer technology, you'll be both amazed and
delighted by the simplicity of the format and the complexity of the
play. ..all you'll need is some common cents."

Joe Weisbecker's Computer Coin Games is on sale at Data Domain
and many other computer stores. If it's not in your area yet, send $3.95
plus $1.00 shipping and handling to Creative Computing Press, Dept.
CCD, P.O. Box 789-M, Morristown, NJ 07960. For faster service, call our
toll-free hotline 800-631-81 12 (in NJ call 201 / 540-0445).

Mora TYmn 30%

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A B Computers «

CIRCLE 103 ON REAOER SERVICE CARD

PET

TRS80

Moat BASIC Computer*

SORTS

Designed for the small computer owner
Matched to the type of data to be sorted

VERY FAST - EASY TO USE - VERY SHORT

Compare: Sorting 100 items into 31 categories
< Bubble sort uses over 180 seconds )

Our SCN Sort takes only 6 seconds.'

Generate Sorted List or Index List
Ascending or Descending Order

Original Liat

014(11 = "B"
OL»(2) = "A"
OLIO) « "C"

Sorted List

Index List

SLSO) - "A" IL(1) a 2

SL$(2) • "B" IL(2) • 1

SL*(3) = "C" IL(3) « 3

Add to your program in less than S minutes

SCN -Fastest for Numeric characters S3. 95

SCA -Fastest for Alphanumerics S3. 95

SCMC-For multiple character sorts $4.95

Order any 2 packages for $5. 95

All 3 for $7.95

G E Enterprises
1417 11th St. . Manhattan Beach, CA 90266

CIRCLE 144 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Computer

'■—• — llfe|Soltw»r»

IALIFORNIA

The Computer Store— 820 Broadway,
anta Monica 90401; (213)451-0713.
|I0 am-8 pm Tue-Fri, 10-6 Sat. The
Original One! Apple/Vector Craphic.

).E.S. Data Equipment Supply —8315

Firestone Blvd, Downey 90241; (213)
K3-936.1. 8AM-9PM 7 days. Complete
pomputer facility— Commodore Pet
ealer— "Solid Cold Software^ special-
Computers— 10166 San Pablo Ave,
fl Cerrito 94530; (415) 527-6657. 9-5:30
>n-Sat. Commodore Pet, Compucolor
knd Atari.

lONNECTICUT

He Computer Store— 63 S. Main St,
indsor Locks 06096, (203) 627-0188
|IO-6 MTWF, 10-8 Thu, 10-4 Sat.

Zomputerworks— 1439 Post Rd East,
/estport 06880; (203)255-90%. 12-6
1on-Sat, 12-9 Thu.

LORIDA

IF Electronics- 11 158 N. 30th St,
lampa 33612; (813)971-4072. 106
Ion-Sat. Apple Computer Sales &

ervice; TRS-80, Apple Software &
'eripherals; S-100 boards, computer

arts & books.

GEORGIA

Mlanta Computer Mart— 5091 Buford
|Hwy, Atlanta 30340; (404)455-0647.
1 106 Mon-Sat

To include your store in Creative Computing's
Retail Roster, call the Advertising Department at
{201)540-9168

ILLINOIS

ComputerLand/ Downers Grove— 136

Ogden Ave, Downers Plaza 60515; (312)
964-7762. 106 Mon-Sat, 10-8 Tue, Thu

Data Domain of Schaumburg— 1612 E.
Algonquin Rd, Schaumburg 60195;
(312) 397-8700. 12-9 Tue-Fri, 11-5 Sat.
Largest book & magazine selection.

Farnsworth Computer Center— 1891 N.
Farnsworth Ave, Aurora 60505; (312)
851-3888. 10-8 Mon-Fri, 10-5 Sat. Apple,
Hewlett-Packard, Cromemco, HP cal-
culators, IDS-440C printers.

KENTUCKY

ComputerLand of Louisville— 10414
Shelbyville Rd, Louisville 40223; (502)
245-8288 10-5:30

MASSACHUSETTS

NEECO-679 Highland Ave, Needham
02194; (617) 449-1760. 9-5:30 Mon-Fri.
Commodore, Apple, Superbrain, TI99/4.

Science Fantasy Bookstore— 18 Eliot St,
Harvard Sq, Cambridge 02138;(617)547-
5917. 11-5 Mon-Sat, 11-8 Thu. Apple
Games. Shuttle-Adventure Invader.

MICHIGAN

Computer Mart— 560 West 14 Mile,
Clawson 48017; (313)288-0040. The
Midwest's largest computer store! (We
will not be undersold!!)

NEW HAMPSHIRE

Computer Mart of New Hampshire—

170 Main St, Nashua 03060; (603)
883-2386. 10-5. Dental-medical com-
puter specialists, Data General & Apple
systems.

NEW JERSEY

Computemook - Rt. 46, Pine Brook
Plaza, Pine Brook 07058; (201)575-9468
106:30 MTWS, 10-8 Thurs., Fri. Apple/
Commodore Authorized dealer.

NEW YORK

The Computer Corner Inc— 200 Hamil-
ton Ave, White Plains 10601; (914JWHY
DATA 106 Mon-Sat, 10-9 Thu.

OHIO

The Basic Computer Shop— 2671 W.
Market St, Akron 44313; (216) 867-0808.
106 Mon-Sat.

Micro Mini Computer World, Inc. -

74 Robinwood Ave., Columbus 43213;
(614) 235-6058, 5138. 11-7 Tue.-Sat.
Authorized commodore dealer - Sales/
Software/Service/Support.

PENNSYLVANIA

Personal Computer Corp.— 24-26 W.
Lancaster Ave, Paoli 19301, (215)
647-8643. 10-6 Mon-Fri, 106 Wed, 10-5
Sat.

VIRGINIA

ComputerLand/ Tysons Corner— 8411

Old Courthouse Rd, Vienna 22180;
(703) 893-0424. 106 MTWF, 10-9 Thu,
10-5 Sat.

Computers Plus, Inc— 6120 Franconia
Rd, Alexandria 22301; (703) 971-19%.
10-9 Mon-Fri, 106 Sat. Micro special-
ists, books, classes, software, main-
tenance. "The PLUS makes the dif-
ference."

MAY 1980

183

P&T CP/M® 2 unleashes the POWER
of your TRS-80 MODEL II

Pickles & Trout has adapted CP/M 2, one of the world's most
popular operating systems, to the TRS-80 Model II and the
result is spectacular:

• 596K bytes usable storage at double density

• Runs both single and double density disks
with automatic density select

• Single drive backup

• Multi-drive software can run on a 1 drive
system

• Operates with 1, 2, 3, or 4 drives

• Full function CRT control
•Type-ahead buffer for keyboard input

• Full access to both serial ports and parallel
printer port

• Fully software programmable serial ports

• Loads an 1 8K Basic in 2.5 seconds

• Full compatibility with existing CP/M software
and application packages

•Full set of 7 CP/M manuals plus our own for
the TRS-80 Model II

Introductory price: $1 75

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TRS-80 it a trademark of Tandy Corp

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Traffic *»
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TRAFFIC
CONTROLLER " ■

This fast-moving, real time pro-
gram puts you in the chair of an air traffic
controller. You control 27 prop planes and jets
as they land, take off and fly over your air space.
You give orders to change altitude, turn, maintain a
holding pattern, approach and land at two airports.
Written by an air traffic controller, this realistic machine
language simulation includes navigational beacons and
requires planes to take off and land into the wind. With its
continuously variable skill level, you won't easily tire of this
absorbing and instructive simulation. . » .

CS-3006 16K TRS-80 Level II $7 95 St.KSttr.IOKclI

CS-8001 16KSOL-20 $7 95 SOrfctt'cil'CS

Send payment plus $1 .00 shipping
to Creative Computing. PO. Box
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creative

| coarpatlag |

software

Steve North, et al

Intelligent Computer Products, by Tom Manuel anc
James H. Gibbons. Magnacon Corporation, SanU;
Clara, CA. 250 pages, paperback. $575 (extra copies!
$50.00). 1979. (Distributed by Electronic Trend Pubs.
10080 N. Wolfe Rd., Cupertino, CA 95014).

What can you do with $575? If you have a ver
urgent need to know you could buv a copy of this repor
on microprocessor technology ana its future. The repor
begins with a discussion of hardware at the chip level]
including 16-bit and single-chip microprocessors and]
support components. Other sections cover market
trends and expectations, software engineering anc
requirements for product success. The scope of the
report is very wide but there is a little confusion as tc
whom the report is addressing. The section or
technological trends and expectations seems to
talking to a very technically sophisticated reader, ir
discussing processor architectures and instruction sets]
while at other times the report is clearly targeted at a*
marketing or planning expert whose concern with the|
particulars of microprocessor-based hardware is purely
secondary.

In comparison with most books on microprocessor
technology, this report gives the reader a much bettei
idea of where the industry is going, how the different
microprocessors stack up against each other, and howj
they might be used in successful products, without
getting bogged down in unimportant details. It would br
difficult to find all this information presented with thL
clear perspective anywhere else. Whether or not it
worth $575 to you is your decision. — S

Calculus and the Computer by Timothy Fossum and
Ronald Gatterdam. Scott, Foresman and Company,
Glenville, IL. 220 pages, paperback. 1980.

This student textbook very successfully integrate
the use of a Basic-speaking computer with the teaching
of calculus. The text is written to be used much like a
laboratory manual, as a supplement to a regular
classroom text. In each of the 21 lessons the book
presents an annotated Basic program, with a discus
sion of the theory behind its operation and student]
exercises (involving running the program with different]
data, modifying the original program and writing nev
programs). The lessons emphasize an understanding ol
concepts and seem designed to avoid blind use of
canned software, but the text does not attempt to teach
programming (and rightfully so since the focus here is
on mathematics.) Some of the lessons include root
finding, numerical integration, arc length and power
series. Flowcharts are given to ease implementation ol
the algorithms in other languages. The level of the text]
is first-year college calculus with a few more advance
supplementary sections. This is an excellent resourc
for teaching calculus with the computer as an active
participant. — SI*"

184

CREATIVE COMPUTING

Just Bought A Personal What? by Thomas
)wyer and Margot Critchfield. Byte Books, Peter-
trough, NH.

Dwyer and Critchfield have done it again.
Last time, it was Basic And The Personal
Computer, a $12 softbound that seemed expensive
nly until its contents revealed that it was worth a
igging bookcase of Basic texts. It seemed unlikely, in
ict, that anybody would produce a work of quality
iequate to share shelf space with it.

Nobody did 'til now. You Just Bought A
'ersonal What? lives up to the standard. Though
iiiite a different book, it recalls all the style and joie
''comput' of the earlier work. In fact, it's hard to put it
iown in the same sense that you might say that of good
fiction. And while generally within mind's reach of the
.•oung reader, it doesn't pander. It provides both a point
- r entrance and an entertaining pace for all comers —
>rri.puting waif and old-timer alike.

The authors have sub-titled the book "A Struc-
lred Approach to Creative Programming." Both key
mrds are on target. The book's greatest favor to those it
ill bootstrap into programming is that from the first fi-
le program through the superproject at the end (a
lallenging wordprocessor program), it gently cham-
ions the discipline of a top-down structured approach.
"iat opens the door to the creative dimension by
lowing that creativity in Basic programming is
luineiy easy once you've been charmed away from
le shackles of confusion that weigh upon the
irogrammer who spends more time typing his
rograms than thinking them through.

For the grizzled veteran of three or four years of
ersonally reinventing the art of programming, there's
itch-up. Seduced by the style, these culturally deprived
auls will find themselves chewing a tasty dessert of
lew vocabulary, new conceptual understanding and
imputing history.

In 4+ chapters (bVi, actually), this book moves from
the rudiments of getting started through a process of
learning from games and then applying that knowledge
*o more "serious" purposes and, finally, to what's
leeded to "upgrade. ' Chapter five, really an appen-
iium, consists of program listings that leave no doubt
about Dwyer and Critchfield having actually worked
jugh their own examples. And as they observe,
grams can be used as is, or (hopefully) as the
let-girding of reader inventions.
Personal What? is oriented to the TRS-80 and
licrosoft Basic. Other authors have made the mistake
af trying to be machine-independent and Basic dialect-
Independent to the point of being vague — and leaving
far too much to the reader to puzzle through when a
clarifying example in any dialect would help a lot.
Critchfield and Dwyer wisely recognize that a book
argeted to the Microsoft Basic user and the TRS-80
3wner is made more useful to all readers, even those who
lay never touch the keyboard of a Radio Shack
lachine but can read, understand and appreciate clear
ind complete programs.

Like its forerunner, You Just Bought A Personal
fhat? is now a must for the beginning micro-
amputerist, and a definite plus for the old hand.

— Dick Lutz

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CIRCLE 102 ON REAOER SERVICE CARD

The ATARI* Tutorial

The IRIDIS #1 tutorial for the ATARI is available now! You get a
C-30 cassette or a high-quality diskette with four excellent
programs for your ATARI, ready to "Load" and "Run". You also
receive the 32 page IRIDIS GUIDE which provides clear instruc-
tions for the programs The GUIDE includes Novice Notes for
the beginner, and Hackers Delight tor experienced program-
mers.

Our programs are written to be studied as well as used. The
GUIDE will have complete source listings of selected IRIDIS
programs. Not just listings, but an explanation of what's going
on. If you are new to programming. IRIDIS is one of the easiest
ways you can learn advanced techniques. If you're an old hand
you'll still find IRIDIS to be a rich source of ideas and ATARI
techniques.

ATARI is a trademark ot ATARI. Inc.

Please send me IRIDIS at tor my ATARI immediately
O $995 Cassette (needs 16K) Q $1295 Disk (needs 24K)

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Name

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805-967-0905

H AY 1980

185

Programs for your ATARI*
CIRCLE 149 ON READER SERVICE CARD

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$99-

.9^

Keyed Random Access Method

KRAM is the FASTEST and MOST POWERFUL keyed access method
available for the Appple Computer Written entirely in 6502 machine code,
KRAM is extremely fast, comprehensive in scope, very compact, and easy
to use KRAM function calls are invoked via a single instruction.

Using the sophisticated capabilities of KRAM the Apple Computer can
now fully meet the requirements of information management
applications, such as: Accounts Receivable/Payable. Inventory Control.
General Ledger, Payroll, and Database Management. ^U

KRAM Release 2.0 Functions: (U^ \3^

• Create/Open a dataset • Put record by Key »#0 W _/»G»

• Add & delete records by key \l»

• Get any record by Full/Partial key
in 4/10ths of a second (2/10ths with Corvus Disk)

• Read next or previous record

• Dynamic space allocation

• Dynamic space reclamation

• Dynamic index compression

An 80 page manual fully documents KRAM 2 detailing KRAM functions
and illustrating with programming samples KRAM architecture is fully
explained and a sample mailing list application program is included

KRAM is designed to work with both Apples Disk II, or Corvus Systems 10
Megabyte Winchester Disk KRAM 2.0 requires an integer Apple or
Apple Plus with integer card and at least one disk drive. Will not work
with language system.

PET/CBM OWNERS — KRAM 2.0 for 40/80 column
1 6K/32K PETS and 2040/3040/8050 disk units is
available for $99.95

3-D Animated
Graphics

APPLE

}fl 0RLD ByPaulLutus

The Program made famous on National TV!

APPLE WORLD turns your Apple into a sophisticated graphics system
capable of creating animated three-dimensional color images, projecting
them in true perspective on the screen, rotate them, move them closer,
further away, and many other things

A powerful screen-oriented text editor is included to facilitate image
formation This program was recently featuredon Tom Snyder's Prime
Time Saturday TV Show and is now available for sale

APPLE WORLD'S powerful editor is so easy to use that children will love it
You can now "sketch" your dream house, boat. car. or fantasy empire
Then view it as it would be seen from 10.000 feet, or you can ZOOM in
until the screen is filled with a doorknob . You could then go inside and
move from room to room examining furniture placement as your screen
rotates within the room Images or specific parts of images can easily be
saved to disk or printer.
Does all this sound like science fiction? You won't think so after you have

v,s,ed *«•«• " oM Introductory Price $59.95

36 page manual included
Look for USA's Red-White-Blue Software Rack at your local
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United Software of America

7503rdAve, NewYork, NY 10017
(212)682-0347 Dealer Inquires Invited J

USA

186

The Datasearch Guide to Low Capital, Startup
Computer Businesses. Author not stated. Published I
by Datasearch Inc., Memphis, TN (1977). 156 pages, I
paperback $20.00, money-back guarantee. I

This "guide" is intended to provide the would-be I
computer entrepreneur with ideas for possible business I
ventures. Most of these businesses can be started with I
little money, and most can be carried out on a part-time I
basis or moonlighting basis. I

The book starts with a 4 page pep talk on Your
Own Company." and follows this with a 3-page I
dissertation on the myriad virtues of moonlighting and
about 100 pages concerned with "25 low capital I
opportunities" (though I counted only 24). Chapters on I
letter writing, selling to the computer industry, how to I
decide if you really want to "go solo, and financing I
your business round off the volume.

The various types of ventures suggested include I
consulting, freelance writing, seminars, headhunting, 1
used computer sales, professional service brokering, I
publishing one's ownbooks.finder's fees, scrap supplies I
and components, computer time brokerage, software I
packages, contract programming, tape and disk I
cleaning, computer output microfilm services, lease I
brokerage, computer portraits and promotional I
newsletters. "Computers in the house' and micro- I
processors in general are dealt with next, followed by
five areas of "vendor dependent" businesses. The latter
include third party field service, independent sales I
representatives, computer supplies, hardware distribu- I
torships and systems houses.

The author of the Guide would probably agree that
none of the ideas suggested is novel; many businesses of
each kind already exist. But the book was not designed
as an inventory of inventions; it is intended for the
reader seeking information about the pros and cons of
possible business ventures. On the whole, this
information is provided fairly and objectively, though
sometimes a little too briefly. In particular, though
warnings about potential difficulties are provided in
many places, the book is generally very optimistic in
tone concerning the likelihood of success. Having set up
businesses for myself and for clients, and worked with
numerous one and two person ventures, I am aware that
most such businesses are a lot more demanding and a
lot less financially rewarding than a straight 9-to-5 job
might be. The Guide does mention this, but not often
enough nor strongly enough. Readers could be led
astray by the apparent ease and rich rewards of some of
the business suggestions proposed. Yes, it is true that a
lot of people are making a lot of money in the computer
field — but if this were as easy as the Guide sometimes
makes it seem then businesses of this sort would be
"coming out of the woodwork." And there would not be
the steady stream of bankruptcy actions and "reor-
ganizations" suffered even by businesses a lot larger
than those the book is concerned with.

The person who wants to go into business will need
to work hard — and may well have to persevere through
long "lean" periods. As the book does point out,
"moonlighting" or "adding a sideline" to an already
existing job may therefore be the most satisfactory way
for the majority of people to go. This will provide an
income to house, feed and cloth the entrepreneur and
dependents while the new venture is getting on its feet.
It may also provide access to contacts or customers for
the "sideline" business to grow on.

The "president" of a one-person company is also the
entire production crew, office staff, salesforce and
everything else. The only guarantee such a person has
is that he or she will have to do everything that must be
done, or it won't get done. Those of us who cannot just
write a check to cover equipment, supplies, inventory,
staff, salespeople and a long list of et ceteraa had better
be prepared to invest thousands of hours instead of
thousands of dollars in making the business successful.
Had the Guide stressed this more — pointing out

CREATIVE COMPUTING

that 80-100 hour work weeks are the rule rather than the
exception for serious moonlighters and other entre-
preneurs — its major deficiency of context would have
been eliminated.

The other major fault of the Guide is poor quality
control. The book was offset printed from typewritten
originals; the print on many pages was an unhealthy
pale grey instead of a crisp black. On my copy, too, the
plastic strip binder had opened about one-third of its
length because of faulty sealing. (This seems to be a
Velo-Bind R type of binding, with two thin plastic strips
outside the spine of the book. Personally, I find these
bindings clumsy and inconvenient. A wider margin to
accommodate a 3-hole punch would have been
preferable.) In addition, there are numerous typos and
misspellings.

On the whole, however, the book is sound in content
and very readable. Aside from the over-enthusiasm
already noted, the essential nature of each endeavour is
stated fairly. Reasonable accounts are presented
concerning the kinds of skill or knowledge required and,
in most cases, many helpful hints are provided. This is
definitely a good place for the would-be entrepreneur to
start. At $20, the price is rather high for so few pages,
but perhaps not too high when considered as a business
investment. — Cyril Solomons, Ph.D.

Part No.

VDS-M

VDS-II

VDS-IIMDD

MEM-3 2K-ASM

MEM-16K-ASM

MEM-OK-ASM

CI-KIT

CI-ASM

FDI-KIT

FDI-ASM

DD-ASM

TARBELL HAS HIGH-QUALITY S-100 HARDWARE

Description Price

8-slot Mainframe with room for 2 8" floppies 800.00
Single-Density Single-Sided Floppy Subsystem 2288.00
Mainframe above with 2 Double-Sided 8" floppies,
double-density interface, CP/M , Tarbell BASIC 2999.00
32K fully-buffered static memory AiT 725.00

16K fully-buffered static memory AiT 440.00

Fully-buffered static board without memory IC's 240.00
1500 baud bi-phase Cassette Interface Kit 120.00
1500 baud bi-phase Cassette Interface AiT 175.00
Universal Single-Density Floppy Interface Kit 225.00
Universal Single-Density Floppy Interface AiT 325.00
Double-Density DMA Floppy Disk Interface AiT 495.00

TARBELL HAS HIGH-QUALITY 8080/Z80 SOFTWARE

Part No.

CPM-1.4

CPM-2.0

MPM

TBAS-CAS

TBAS-DSK

SPLR

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TELE-COM

POLYVUE

PASCAL/MT

Description

Floppy Disk Operating System for our interfaces
Extended Version of above Operating System
Multi-User Version of above Operating System
Tarbell Cassette BASIC (uses 24k)
Tarbell Disk BASIC (uses 24k)
KLH Systems Spooler for CP/K 1.4 on disk
Screen-Oriented Editor/Assembler for CP/M
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Screen-Oriented CP/M Editor
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Price

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Prices are subject to change without notice.
CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research.

"iferjf

950 Dovlen Place. Suite B
Canon. California 90746

(213) 538^251
CIRCLE 205 ON READER SERVICE CARD

(213) 538 2254

How to Package and Market Your Own Software
Product — And Make it GO! No author indicated.
Published by Datasearch Inc., Memphis, TN (1978).
Looseleaf in 3-ring binder, 182 pages, $45.00, money-
back guarantee.

This publication packs 25 chapters into 182
typescript pages. The best summary of its purpose is
provided in the Introduction:

"The guide assumes that you have a piece of
software, written and reasonably debugged
and documented. From this point we'll pick
up and cover how to polish it up, turn it into a
finished product and hopefully a money-
maker."

This volume concentrates in detail on one potential area
of computer business for the moonlighter or entre-
preneur. To provide encouragement to such a software
entrepreneur, the lead-in chapter focuses on the
potential market. With total software sales currently
running about one billion dollars a year, the message
comes through loud and clear that there is plenty of
opportunity — all the way down to lucrative pickings for
"the one-person shop."

The next three chapters then discuss why users buy
'ready-made" packages, what they look for and how to
set up user contracts (including a sample). These are
followed by three chapters dealing with types of
software for which there is a potential market, ways in
which microcomputer software might be exploited and
how to perform market research for a new software
product. This last area is one which most beginners
should find instructive.

The longest chapter in the book (69 pages) is
entitled "29 proven ways to reach your markets.' These
include trade shows, seminars, audio/visual presenta-
tions, demos, ads, direct mail and associations, to name
just seven. Actually, not all 29 sections are specific
marketing techniques. Section 1 deals with the

PET PRODUCTS

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CIRCLE 208 ON READER SERVICE CARD

MAY 1980

187

qualification of prospects, while Section 20 makes a
very good plea for the avoidance of technical
buzzwords. But most newcomers to the business will
find at least a few techniques they had not already
thought of. There are also good words of advice, in most
cases, even on ideas that had already come to mind.

Six chapters deal with various aspects of the use of
salesmen, sales representatives and other outlets.
Specific sales techniques are covered, followed by
chapters on legal issues ("taxes and protection") and
financing the business, before embarking on an
additional four chapters on various aspects of selling
and marketing. The final two chapters list software
distributors and brokers, and marketing aids and
services, respectively.

I think it would be unfair to this publication to
compare it with conventional books, whether hard-
bound or softcover. It is, in fact, an entrepreneurial
effort in publishing akin to the software efforts it
describes. Quite obviously — especially since on page
156 the author tells how it was done — the manual (as he
calls it) "was laid out on an IBM Selectric and produced
in quantity on our offset printing equipment.

This homebrew approach results in a number of
rough spots. The printing is a bit weak in places, for
example, though no page was so lightly inked as to be
difficult to read (unlike some pages of the Guide,
above). There are also many misspellings and typo-
graphical errors that would have been caught (we can
hope) by professional editing.

On the positive side, however, this manual has a lot
going for it. Most software people are not sufficiently
familiar with the details of marketing or salesmanship
to be able to do justice to their products. Books on
marketing or salesmanship, on the other hand, do not

KIM

SYM
AIM

ATARI

The 6502 Journal

PET

APPLE

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Are you tired of searching through computer
magazines to find articles that relate to your 6502
system? Since 1977 MICRO has been devoted ex-
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program descriptions with complete source listings,
a continuing 6502 bibliography, with the same
printed quality as the magazine you are now reading.
In the near future, MICRO plans to add a hardware
catalog, product evaluations, technical data sheets,
and a news section on current 6502 happenings. We
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MICRO is the complete reference source for all 6502
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You can order twelve issues of MICRO for $15.00 within the
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P.O. Box 6502
Chelmsford, MA 01424

CIRCLE 158 ON READER SERVICE CARD

188

a ddress themselves to computer software and its unique
problems. This is the only work I know of which
combines these two fields. For such people there are
three options: locate a marketer/ salesperson who can
do this part of the job for them (they hope); try to do it
without help, themselves (and hope even harder); or
obtain and study this manual to provide the help.

As is the case with most guides of this kind, nothing
is really original. Anyone on the marketing/sales side
of business is likely to read through the 182 pages and
say "I learned all that 10, or 20 (or whatever), years
ago." The point of the book is that computer
entrepreneurs did not learn these things years ago, and
need this information and guidance. A software
producer may work with a seasoned marketing
representative or sales representative who knows what
he or she is doing, and can be trusted to do it (no easy
find according to the book). This will take a load off the
producer, but guidance is still needed on how to work
properly with the rep and get maximum benefit out of
the arrangement. Thus, even if marketing is handled by
someone else, the software producer needs to know how
it ought to be done, to make sure it actually is done. For a
lot of new software producers, getting expert help is
going to be even more of a hassle than doing it
themselves — unless they just sell all their rights — so
they will need to use what they learn from the book.

I think the best parts of the book for the
entrepreneur are those providing warnings, or advice
on what not to do. Obviously, no "do it yourself book
such as this can really tell the reader what to do in order
to become rich and famous in the software industry. But
with a bit of advice the beginner might well avoid
frustrating and expensive errors — whether of
commission or omission. The author's experience as a
software rep really shows, for example, in the chapter
on marketing representatives and salesmen. Even here
— in his own field, where most software producers will
be on totally unfamiliar ground — the author cannot
provide a check list of, say, 5 or 10 things to do to
guarantee success. But the things he tells the reader
could (if taken to heart) help avoid hiring a poor
salesman, contracting with a mediocre rep, or souring
a good one through mistreatment.

This book, therefore, compensates to a large extent
for the over optimistic attitude expressed in The
Datasearch Guide to Low Capital, Startup
Computer Businesses. This is not to say that the book
fails to provide positive advice. It does. A lot. The point
is that, in this reviewer's opinion, the negative advice
provided is even more valuable. Novices to marketing
could easily spend hundreds of dollars on a booth at the
wrong computer show, advertise in the wrong journal,
or advertise in the wrong way. Though high, the price of
the manual ($45) is not excessive when viewed as
insurance against such expensive mistakes. (The
publisher makes the decision of whether or not to buy
even easier by offering a 30-day trial period with money-
back guarantee). Whether for the insurance or for
positive advice on such diverse matters as sending out
news releases, writing sales letters, setting priorities on
contacting prospects, or making sales presentations,
this manual deserves to be required reading for the
would-be software marketing entrepreneur. It will not
work miracles; a good software product will still be
needed, and a lot of hard work will still need to be done,
but it should help. — Cyril Solomons, Ph.D.

CREATIVE COMPUTING

Boo Irs For Classroom
And Self Teaching

&&^ Computers

K vv°^ in Mathematics:

A Sourcebook of Ideas

Here is a huge sourcebook of ideas
for using computers in mathematics
instruction. This large format book
contains sections on computer literacy,
problem solving techniques, art and
graphing, simulations, computer assist-
ed instruction, probability, functions,
magic squares and programming styles.

One section presents over 250 prob-
lems, puzzles and programming ideas-
more than is found in most "collection of
problems" books.

Pragmatic, ready-to-use, classroom
tested ideas are presented for everything
from the most basic introduction to
binary numbers to advanced techniques
like multiple regression analysis and
differential equations. Every item dis-
cussed has a complete explanation
including flowcharts, programs and
sample runs.

The book includes many activities
that don't require a computer. And if
you're considering expanding your com-
puter facilities you'll find the section on
how to select a computer complete with a
microcomputer comparison chart inval-
uable.

Much of the material has appeared in
Creative Computing but the back issues
are no longer available. Hence this is
your only source to this practical and
valuable material. Edited by David H.
Ahl.this mammoth 224-page softbound
book costs only $15.95. (The individual
issues, if they were available, would cost
over $60.00). [1 2D]

GRADES 7

. AND UP

Computer Coin Games

Computer Coin Games by Joe Weis-
becker aids newcomers to the field of
computers by simplifying the concepts of
computer circuitry through games which
can be played with a few pennies and full
sized playing boards in the book.
Enhanced by outrageous cartoons,
teachers, students and self-learners of all
ages will enjoy this 96 page softbound
book. [10R] $3.95.

Problems for

Computer

Solution

1 1 1 1 ik Ste P hen </• Rogowski

GRADE 9 AND UP

Here are 90 problems with a thorough
discussion and references for each.
Eleven types of problems are included,
for example, arithmetic, algebra, geo-
metry, number theory, probability and
science. Even includes three classic
unsolved problems and seven appen-
dices. 104 pages softbound, $4.95 [9Z].

The teacher's edition contains solu-
tions with complete listing in Basic,
sample run and in-depth analysis ex-
plaining the algorithms and theory
involved. 280 pp softbound, $9.95 [9YJ.

GRADES 4 TO 8

Be A

Computer

Literate

Marion J. Ball & Sylvia Charp

This informative, full color book is an
ideal first introduction to the world of
computers. Covers kinds of computers,
how they work, their applications in
society, flowcharts and writing a simple
program. Full color drawings, diagrams
and photos on every page coupled with
large type make this book easy to read
and understand. Used as a text in many
schools. 66 pp softbound, $3.95 [6H].

The Impact of Com-
puters on Society and
Ethics: A Bibliography

Gary M. Abshlre. REFERENCE

Where is the computer leading us? Is
it a menace or a messiah? What are its
benefits? What are the risks? What is
needed to manage the computer for
society's greatest good? Will we become
masters or slaves of the evolving com-
puter technology? This bibliography was
created to help answer questions like
these. It contains 1920 alphabetical
entries of books, magazine articles, news
items, scholarly papers and other works
dealing with the impact of computers on
society and ethics. Covers 1948 through
1979. 128 pp hardbound. $17.95. [12EJ.

®®®<jXtxjxs><i><tm9m99>9mm»<i>3>9m9m»*
GRADES 3 TO 8

Computer Rage

This fun and educational new board
game is based on a large-scale multipro-
cessing computer system. The object is
to move your three programs from input to
output. Moves are determined by the roll
of three binary dice representing bits in a
computer. Hazards include priority inter-
rupts, program bugs, decision symbols,
power failures and restricted input and
output channels. Notes are included for
adapting game for school instruction. A
perfect introductory tool to binary math
and the seemingly-complex computer.
[6Z)$8.95.

f.l'lllltll*',

r-

J

' '••••iMv,
' : "'"l»ir.l„,, 1

1

hM

The Best of
Creative Computing

The first two years of Creative Com-
puting magazine have been edited into
two big blockbuster books. American
Vocational Journal said of Volume 1,
"This book is the 'Whole Earth Catalog' of
computers." [6A] Volume 2 continues in
the same tradition. "Non-technical in
approach, its pages are filled with infor-
mation, articles, games and activities.
Fun layout." —American Libraries. [6B]
Each volume $8.95.

To Order

Send your check for books plus $2.00
shipping and handling per order to
Creative Computing, P.O. Box 789-M,
Morristown, NJ 07960. NJ residents aod
5% sales tax. Visa, Master Charge or
American Express are also acceptable.
For faster service, call in your bank card
order toll free to

800-631-8112
(in NJ, call 201-540-0445)

creative coittpuMitfj

PO. Box 789-M. Morristown. NJ 07960

MAY 1980

189

Basic Computer Games

Edited by David Ahl, this book con-
tains 101 imaginative and challenging
games for one, two, or more players —
Basketball, Craps, Gomoko, Blackjack,
Even Wins, Super Star Trek, Bombs
Away, Horserace. Simulate lunar land-
ings. Play the stock market. Write poetry.
Draw pictures.

All programs are complete with listing
in Microsoft Basic, sample run and
description. Basic conversion table in-
cluded. 125,000 copies in print. 192 pages
softbound.[6C]$7.50.

More Basic
Computer Games

Contains 84 fascinating and enter-
taining games for solo and group play —
evade a man-eating rabbit, crack a safe,
tame a wild horse, become a millionaire,
race your Ferrari, joust with a knight, trek
across the desert on your camel, navigate
in deep space.

All games come complete with pro-
gram listing in Microsoft Basic, sample
run and description. 192 pages soft-
bound. [6C2]$7. 50.

To Order

Send your check for books plus $2.00
shipping and handling per order to
Creative Computing, P.O. Box 789-M,
Morristown, NJ 07960. NJ residents aad
5% sales tax. Visa, Master Charge or
American Express are also acceptable.
For faster service, call in your bank card
order toll free to

800-631-8112
(in NJ, call 201-540-0445)

creative <;oiup?j fci i*j J

P O Box 789-M Morristown NJ 07960

Have You Been

Bitten By The

Computer Bug?

Two Free Catalogs

Send for our big 20-page Book
Catalog featuring a full line of Creative
Computing Press and Book Service
titles, back issues of Creative Computing
Magazine, t-shirts, posters and games. A
Sensational Software Catalog of over 400
outstanding microcomputer programs is
also available. Each package is outlined
in detail with accompanying screen
photos and illustrations. Make the most
of your computer resources with Creative
Computing I

The Best of Byte

This is a blockbuster of a book
containing the majority of material from
the first 12 issues of Byte magazine. The
146 pages devoted to hardware are
crammed full of how-to articles on
everything from TV displays to joysticks
to cassette interfaces and computer kits.
But hardware without software might as
well be a boat anchor, so there are 125
pages of software and applications
ranging from on-line debuggers to games
to a complete small business accounting
system. A section on theory examines
the how and why behind the circuits and
programs, and "opinion" looks at where
this explosive new hobby is heading. 386
pp softbound. $1 1 .95 [6F]

Katie and the
Computer

Fred D'lgnazio and Stan Gilliam. This
is a delightful story told in words and full
color drawings of Katie's adventures
when she "falls" into a computer. In
Katie's journey through the land of
Cybernia she meets the Software Colo-
nel, the Bytes, the Table Manager and
even a ferocious Program Bug. Her
journey parallels the path of a simple
command through he stages of pro-
cessing in a computer, thus explaining
the fundamentals of computer operation
to 4-10 year olds. Supplemental explan-
atory information is contained in the
front and back end papers. 42 pp.
hardbound $6.95.

Computer Music
Record

A recording was made of the First
Philadelphia Music Festival which is now
available on a 12" LP record. It features
eight different computer music synthe-
sizers programmed to play the music of
J.S. Bach, J. Pachelbel, Rimsky-Kor-
sakov, Scott Joplin, Neil Diamond,
Lennon & McCartney and seven others.
The music ranges from baroque to rock,
traditional to rag and even includes an
historic 1963 computerized singing dem-
onstration by Bell Labs. $6.00 [CR101].

More Games, Challenging Problems

And Programs Than You Can

Shake A Joystick At !

190

CREATIVE COMPUTING

flRTJ
CQC1RJTER

Artist and
Com pu tor

This unique book by Ruth Leavitt
covers the latest techniques in computer
art, animation and sculpture. In its pages
35 artists explain how they use compu-
ters as a new means of self-expression.
The San Francisco Review of Books said
"Get yourself a copy of this book if you
enjoy feeding your mind a diet of
tantalizing high-impact information." O-
ver 160 illustrations, some in full color.
121 pages hardbound [6E] $10.00. Soft-
bound [60) $4.95.

Wolverton Prints

Set of 8 computer Myths Explained

by Monte Wolverton. On heavy stock,
large 12X17" size, suitable for framing,
dressing up that drab line printer or file
cabinet. Only $3.00 [5G]

The

Colossal

Computer

r» Cartoon

Book

The best collection of computer cartoons
ever! 15 chapters of several hundred car-
toons about robots, computer dating,
computers in the office, etc. Great gift item.
128 pp. softbound $4 95 [6G]

creative computing

P.O. Box789-M

Morristown, NJ 07960

Please use this order form for fast, dependable
service. It gives us the information necessary to insure
prompt delivery.

To make payment: We gladly accept your personal

check, bank draft, money order, VISA, Master Charge or

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MAY 1980

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BOOKS, POSTERS, RECORDS, GAMES

Quan. Cat.

Title

3G Binary Dice

5G Computer Myth Posters

6A Best of Creative Computing-Vol. 1

6B Best of Creative Computing-Vol. 2

6C Basic Computer Games

6C2 More Basic Computer Games

6D Artist and Computer

6E Artist and Computer - Hardbound

6F Best of Byte

6G Colossal Computer Cartoon Book

6H Be A Computer Literate

6Z Computer Rage Game

9Y Problems for Computer Solution
Teacher's Edition
Problems for Computer Solution
Computer Coin Games
Katie and the Computer
Computers in Mathematics-

A Sourcebook of Ideas
Impact of Computers on Society
and Ethics: Bibliography

CR101 Computer Music Record

9Z
10R
12A
12D

12E

Price

$1.25
3.00
8.95
8.95
7.50
7.50
4.95
10.00
11.95
4.95
3.95
8.95
9.95

4.95

3.95

6.95

15.95

17.95

6.00

BACK ISSUES OF CREATIVE COMPUTING AND ROM
Ouan. Issue Creative Computing or ROM

Total Back Issues Ordered

Price: $2.00 each, 3 for $5.00, 10 for $15.00

Super Special : One of every back issue.
32 magazines in all for only $40.00!

Prices subject to change
without notice.

191

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NJ residents add 5% tax

Total subscriptions

TOTAL

Total

$2 00

IncJex To AdvERTisERS

Reader

Service Advertiser Page

102 Aardvark Technical Services 185

103 AB Computers 182

104 Acorn Software Products 139
101 AddmasterCorp. 171

* ALF Products 69

106 Alpha Business Computers 157

105 Alpha Supply Company 125

107 American Square Computers 182

108 APF Electronics 15

109 Apple Computer Co. Cover 2

115 Apple Jack 161

116 Applied Digital Data Systems 33

118 Aries Computer Products 10

110 ASAP Computer Products 175

111 Automated Simulations 23

1 1 2 Basics & Beyond 1 39

113 The Bobwhite Medical Services 139

114 The Bottom Shelf 5

* Business & Home Computer Shows 85

119 C&S Electronics 134

120 California Computer Systems 38-39
191 Center for Instructional Development 35

117 Cload Magazine 141
123 Compumax Associates 29

121 CompuServe (MicroNet) 47

122 Compusoft Publishing 19

128 Compute Magazine 153

125 Computer Corner/ N J 180

126 Computer Corner/ White Plains 180

127 Computer Design Labs 131

* Computer Headware 90

129 The Computer Shopper 127

132 The Computer Stop 161,31

133 Computerware 41

137 Computronics 135
' Connecticut Microcomputer 157

131 Corvus Systems Cover 3

138 Cottage Software 151

130 Creative Discount Software 121

140 Cromemco 1

134 Diablo Systems 59
231 Discount Data Products 45

135 The Discount Software Group 45

139 Disc/3 Mart 169

141 Dynacomp 55
143 Eduware Services, Inc. 119

Reader

Service Advertiser

145 Electronics Book Club
142 Electronic Specialists

146 Folio Books

147 Galaxy
144 GE Enterprises

152 Hayden Book Co.

148 Home Video

150 Instant Software

149 Iridis

1 53 Ithaca Intersystems

151 Leedex

154 Level IV

155 The Leyland Co.

160 Lifeboat Associates

167 Lobo Drives International

156 Masters Software

157 Matchless Systems
159 Micro- Ap

158 Micro/Computerist Magazine

161 Micro Computer Technology Inc.

169 Microcomputer World

162 Mlcrofantastic Programming

171 Micro Learning Ware

163 Micro Management

165 Micro Power & Light Co.

164 Microsette

* Microsoft Consumer Products

166 Microware Associates
21 1 Mississippi Micros, Inc.

168 Mountain Hardware

* NCC Personal Computing Festival

170 North Star Computers

172 Ohio Scientific

173 Omikron

174 Omni Communications Co.

175 Osborne/ McGraw-Hill

176 Pacific Exchanges

177 Percom Data Co.
187 The Peripheral People
207 Peripherals Plus

178 Personal Software

179 Pickles & Trout

180 Pro-data Group

181 Programma International

182 The Program Store

183 Quality Software

Reader

Page

Service Advertiser

Page

11

184 Quest Electronics

177

147

185 RACET computes

145

72-73

186 Radio Shack Sales Center

151

121

188 RCA

181

182

189 Realty Software

53

51.101

190 Rochester Data

179

49

193 Simutek

193

133

194 Small Business Applications

77

185

192 Small System Software

145

181

221 The Software Exchange 116-117,75,91

161

195 The Software Factory

90

141

210 The Software Store

105

101

197 The Software Works. Inc.

129

36-37,149

198 Soroc Technology, Inc.

16

25

196 Southwestern Data

41

63

201 Spectrum Software

41

27

203 Sunshine Computer Co.

67

103

199 Sybex

43

188

202 System Software

129

ic. 147

205 Tarbell Electronics

187

149

• Tora Systems

169

151

208 Total Information Services

187

151

209 Trans Net Corp.

40

149

21 1 Ucatan Computer Store

123

80

' United Software of America

186

147

213 U.S. Robotics

122

21

200 Vantage Press

83

134

206 Winthrop Publishers Inc.

95

165

123
tlval 69

Creative Computing

7

300 Adventure

143

Cover 4

300 Air Traffic Controller

184

53

350 Back Issues

96-97

180

350 Best of Byte

81

155

350 Computers in Mathematics

95

122

• Computer Store of the Month

182

9

350 Creative Computing Press

189-191

83

350 More Basic Games

167

159

300 Sensational Software

136-137

2

300 Space War/ Super Invader

163

184

300 TRS-80 Software

57

171

350 T-Shirts

123

109

111

* Direct Correspondence Requested

121,169

~~ ") — N. -^ <*-»

The man who follows the crowd will usually get
no further than the crowd. The man who walks
alone is likely to find himself in places no one
has ever been.

Creativity in living is not without its attendant
difficulties, for peculiarity breeds contempt. And
the unfortunate thing about being ahead of your
time when people finally realize you were right,
they'll say it was obvious all along.
You have two choices in life: you can dissolve
into the mainstream, or you can be distinct. To
be distinct, you must be different. To be different,
you must strive to be what no one else but you
can be.

Alan Ashley-Pitt

"My programmer doesn't understand me. "

'Ignorance is not bliss — it is oblivion."

Philip Wylie

192

CREATIVE COMPUTING

251 258 261 266 271

252 257 262 267 272

253 258 263 266 273

254 259 264 269 274
256 260 266 270 275

276 281 286 291 296

277 282 287 292 297

278 283 288 293 298

279 284 289 294 299

280 286 290 295 300

301 306 311 316 321

302 307 312 317 322

303 306 313 318 323

304 309 314 319 324

305 310 315 320 325

326 331 336 341 346

327 332 337 342 347

328 333 338 343 348

329 334 339 344 349

330 336 340 345 350

351 366 361 366 371

352 367 362 367 372

353 358 383 366 373

354 359 364 369 374

355 360 365 370 375

101 106 111 116 121

102 107 112 117 122

103 108 113 118 123

104 109 114 119 124
106 110 115 120 125

126 131 136 141 146

127 132 137 142 147

128 133 138 143 148

129 134 139 144 149

130 135 140 145 150

151 156 161 168 171

152 157 162 167 172

153 156 163 166 173

154 159 164 169 174

155 160 166 170 175

176 181 188 191 196

177 182 187 192 197

178 163 168 193 198

179 184 189 194 199

180 186 190 196 200

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202 207 212 217 222

203 208 213 218 223

204 209 214 219 224
206 210 215 220 225

226 231 236 241 246

227 232 237 242 247

228 233 238 243 248

229 234 239 244 249

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8K BASIC-m-ROM. 8K of static RAM
and audio cassette interface. Can
directly expanded to 32K static RAM
and two minifloppy disks

C4PMF $ T795

All the features of the C4P plus real
time clock, home security system
interface, modem interface, printer
interface. 16 parallel lines and an
accessory BUS. The C4P MF starts
with 24K RAM and a single miniflc.
and can be directly expanded t<
and two mini-floppies Over 45 disl-
now available including games,
personal, business, educational and
home control applications progran
well as a real time operating system,
word processor and a data base
management system.

Coaputari com* with keyboards inri lloppwfl wh«r* i
Oih»t •quipmenl shown u opt ton* I

For literature and the name of your local
dealer, CALL 1-SOO 321-6850 TOLL FREE.

AURORA. OH 44202 • (21 6) 831 -5600

CIRCLE 172 ON READER SERVICE CARD